travel economy 2023

What a nearly $16 trillion travel economy means for your future vacation

Anyone who has taken a trip this summer can tell the tourism sector is exploding with packed flights, soaring hotel rates and cruise ships buzzing with passengers.

Tourism remains the bright spot even in China, which is facing economic turmoil at the moment.

That kind of demand is expected to go only higher in the coming years. The World Travel & Tourism Council estimates the tourism economy will expand to become a $15.5 trillion industry by 2033, according to the WTTC's Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2023 report .

That means an estimated 24 million new travel- and tourism-related jobs added to the sector over the next decade.

It's not all good news, however.

"Despite all this, the year ahead will not be without its challenges. Inflation, economic uncertainty, labour shortages and the climate crisis are limiting factors," WTTC president and CEO Julia Simpson noted in the report. "And as travel returns to its pre-COVID-19 peak, some businesses are struggling to keep pace with demand. Worldwide, we need strong efforts to increase capacity and connectivity, as well as action from both industry and governments to resolve staffing problems."

The state of tourism and the high cost of travel

The biggest travel economies aren't necessarily new faces: The U.S., China, Germany, the U.K. and Japan take the top five positions, respectively. But China is expected to overtake the U.S. in terms of travel economy size in the next decade, Simpson told Bloomberg this week .

That's unlikely to mean much in terms of your next vacation. What will, however, is that rising demand means hotel rates and airfare will only go higher.

Global leisure travel spending is expected to go from roughly $4 trillion last year to nearly $8 trillion in 2033.

Higher interest rates around the world mean it isn't as conducive to build new hotels as it was even just a few years ago. That means the hotel supply out there today is generally expected to remain about the same over the next few years in markets like the U.S., so the CEOs at companies like Hilton anticipate rates can go up simply from the case of there not being enough supply to meet traveler demands.

Bargains are still out there

Hotel supply not keeping up with growing demand doesn't mean you won't be able to find a discounted vacation over the next decade, especially in the near term.

A presentation at hotel data provider STR's recent Hotel Data Conference in Nashville noted hotels in Germany, Thailand, Malaysia and Japan haven't yet recovered to pre-pandemic performance levels. That could present an opportunity for better hotel rates, as owners look to woo back guests.

There's even potential opportunity for deals here in the U.S. There are signs of a flat summer in terms of hotel performance, and Americans heading abroad are largely to blame. But there are also fewer inbound travelers from abroad.

The same STR presentation noted there are about 1 million fewer international visitors to the U.S. each month this summer compared to 2019, while there are 200,000 more Americans heading abroad each month compared to pre-pandemic.

Further, Expedia indicates several fall travel deals out there. Offseason travel isn't a new concept for those looking for bargains, but it's something to consider even more in the years to come, considering swelling demand in peak travel periods like the summer.

Expedia reports airfare is down 20% to cities like Denver, Chicago, Tokyo and Florence, Italy, compared to summer prices. Beach destinations like the Outer Banks of North Carolina; Myrtle Beach, South Carolina; and Panama City Beach, Florida, have Vrbo vacation rentals priced at 25% below their summer rates.

Keep in mind: The offseason travel option isn't for everyone, especially families who plan their vacations around school schedules.

The Expedia report notes that 70% of couples with double income and no kids — sometimes known as "DINKs" — prefer traveling in the fall at times when occupancy rates are lower in popular cities like London, Paris and New York City.

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• Premium Statistic Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide 1950-2023
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• Premium Statistic Leading museums by highest attendance worldwide 2019-2022
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These Trends Will Define How We Travel in 2023

From the economy to the environment, from health and wellness to food and friends, these factors are influencing how we travel the world this year..

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Instead of following the White Lotus fans to Sicily this year, why not head to Italy’s Polignano a Mare, which topped Booking.com’s list of most welcoming cities in the world.

Photo by Vincenzo de Simone/Unsplash

When we look at 2023, several factors will shape how we travel this year. Of course, there’s the economy and concerns about a possible recession. Add to that the rising cost of, well, just about everything due to inflation, and travelers are keeping closer tabs on their spending. But financial concerns aside, consumer surveys indicate that after nearly three years of being hampered by the pandemic, travelers aren’t holding back and are planning and booking trips with a vengeance this year.

As they plan their adventures, people are also looking to reconnect—with friends, family, and the world. And as they travel through that world, they are doing so with greater awareness of their impact on it. Health, wellness , and food are also top of mind as we think more intently about our mental health and overall well-being .

Given all of that, these are the six trends that will define how we travel in 2023.

In search of lesser-known locales

Booking.com rated Hualien City on the east coast of Taiwan as one of the world’s most welcoming cities.

Photo by Su San Lee/Unsplash

Travelers are ditching beaten paths for alternative, under-the-radar destinations. Whether it’s due to a heightened awareness of the worrying effect overtourism is having on some of the world’s most visited places, or to simply wanting to unearth a destination that feels fresh, new, and unique to the discoverer, either way, travelers in 2023 will be flocking to hidden gems. Think Lyon over Paris for food lovers and volcanic hikes in the Azores instead of Hawai‘i. According to Skift Research , 70 percent of millennials and Gen Zs report that they will be seeking travel experiences their family and friends haven’t heard of.

Airbnb’s “anywhere” searches—just add dates and the number of guests for far-flung suggestions—and filters for lodgings labeled off-the-grid, shepherd’s huts, and “OMG!” are tools that can help explorers find that next travel surprise. Another way to search for alternative destinations is through Booking.com’s new list of the world’s most welcoming cities (based on hotel and transit reviews), which includes an intriguing lineup of places such as Polignano a Mare, Italy; Hualien City, Taiwan; and Klaipeda, Lithuania.

Wellness that focuses on the healing benefits of nature

Forestis, a boutique wellness lodge in Italy’s Dolomites, channels ancient forest reverence.

Photo by Jeremy Austin/Forestis

The pandemic sent travelers fleeing to the wilds—or at least local parks—for solace in naturally socially distanced settings, while also triggering a new appreciation for the physical and mental health benefits of switching off and smelling the roses. We’ve come to recognize that nature is not just a pretty view, but a soul-restoring, endorphin-eliciting, stress-relieving outlet. Consequently, biophilic—or nature-loving—design can be found everywhere from the future Pittsburgh International Airport expansion , where baggage claim connects to outdoor gardens, to Ambiente, a Landscape Hotel in Sedona, opening this month with accommodations in 40 glass-walled cubes for maximum immersion in Arizona’s high desert.

Forest bathing , a practice that derives from the Japanese shinrin-yoku , or meditative walks in nature, and actual bathing are being integrated into back-to-basic wellness treatments and experiences . Commune with nature at Forestis , a boutique wellness lodge in Italy’s Dolomites, which channels ancient forest reverence in its Druid-inspired Wdya movement techniques , and alternate between hot pools, cold dips, and sauna visits at the new World Spa in New York City, a true urban sanctuary.

The rise of the thrifty traveler

Why buy brand-new gear when you can rent or buy gently used equipment for camping and other gear-intensive outdoor adventures?

Photo by Cristofer Maximilian/Unsplash

Whether it’s the pinch of an inflationary economy, a green rejection of consumerism, or the only way to slake wanderlust, travelers will venture boldly with smaller budgets. The virtues of thrift have already shown up in the stats on resale clothing—the secondhand apparel market is projected to grow three times faster than retail by 2026, according to the online reseller ThredUp . Travelers can now buy used Patagonia ski jackets at recent online startups like Out&Back Outdoor , rent camping equipment rather than buying it through outfitters like Arrive Outdoors , and see the world at bargain rates through growing hostel-meets-coworking brand Selina . In a survey, Hotels.com found nearly a quarter of global travelers plan to be more frugal in 2023.

Travelers will have more ecofriendly options

We can expect to start seeing more electric vehicles being offered by rental car agencies this year and beyond.

Photo by Michael Fousert/Unsplash

In 2023, the travel industry is finally starting to walk the talk on its climate goals. The vast majority of consumers (90 percent) are now looking for sustainable options when traveling, according to a survey of 11,000 global travelers conducted last year by Expedia Group Media Solutions. Half said they would pay more to take a sustainable trip. That’s a sizeable demand, and the industry is finally (really) working to meet it. Actors like England-based room2 hotels are modeling innovations like “whole life net zero” that accounts for emissions during construction and eventual demolition. Big-player Marriott International plans to implement a search filter for its hotels this year to identify those that are sustainable. G Adventures publishes a “ripple score” for each trip based on the amount of money that stays in a destination, which factors in things like local sourcing for food.

J. D. Power, which surveys consumers on rental car satisfaction, predicts that car rental agencies will offer more electric vehicles this year, in part responding to governmental financial incentives and in part to appeal to more environmentally focused renters. Decarbonizing aviation remains a more distant goal—the waste-oil-derived sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is key to making the industry net-zero carbon-producing by 2050, but greater investment in the technology is needed. Although airlines like Swiss are modeling hydrodynamic fuselage skin to reduce drag, and we will surely continue to see a parade of innovations in air travel. Actions like France’s ban on domestic flights that are 2.5 hours or less are pushing more people to train travel , a better environmental option.

Vacation homes with chef-worthy kitchens

Book a vacation rental and let your inner chef shine.

According to the World Food Travel Association , more than half of leisure travelers are food travelers, keen to experience food tours, cooking classes, winetastings, craft breweries, and local markets. All that provisioning from markets and wineries has led to increased demand for vacation homes to feature deluxe kitchens.

In a recent report, vacation rental company Vrbo found more than half of travelers seeking rentals with friends or family say cooking amenities are the most important criteria—often as a way to trim costs and to bond as a group. Airbnb’s new filter for “chef’s kitchens” turns up results like a Wisconsin lake estate with Viking kitchen appliances and a Spanish villa-style home in downtown Avila Beach along California’s Central Coast with a massive and airy gourmet kitchen. Vrbo said its top in-demand cooking amenities include outdoor kitchens, pizza ovens, and on-site gardens with fresh produce.

Hotels are creating unique spaces for gatherings and celebrations

Larger groups can book adjoining apartments at the Bode Nashville.

Courtesy of Bode

In its 2023 trends report, Hilton noted a rise of intimate group travel to celebrate milestones regardless of the date; think a 40th birthday–level celebration but on your 42nd birthday. Travelers still have a lot of making up to do in 2023, and while vacation rentals often ban parties, hotels are creating spaces within their properties carved out specifically for small groups of family or friends to gather and celebrate.

“COVID expanded multigenerational travel to include any kind of group, and hotels are finding ways to encourage those connections by creating floors that can be totally closed off,” says Jack Ezon, the founder of the luxury travel agency Embark Beyond in New York City. The Atticus Hotel in Oregon’s Willamette Valley wine region reports booming business for its five-bedded Bunkhouse room . Bode hotels in Nashville and Chattanooga were designed with friends in mind with adjoining apartments. And groups of four can take a shared dorm room at The Pad in Silverthorne, Colorado.

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Global Tourism Outlook in 2023

Global travel will show resilience in the face of the approaching economic downturn signalled by the pace of forward bookings and positive survey data. A continuing recovery in business travel, as well as some remaining built-up savings and pent-up demand, will support the ongoing travel recovery.

Nevertheless, the recession in the advanced economies will limit the pace of recovery in 2023. The US economy is set for a mild recession in 2023 but this will be countered by the strong dollar and accumulated savings. A looming recession and higher than previously anticipated inflation across Europe will erode earnings and weigh on consumer spending and tourism demand.

Staff shortages will continue to increase labour costs for the industry which will have to be, at least partially, passed on to consumers. Additional costs for travel will also feed through from higher energy prices and especially jet fuel prices.

Mass outbound tourism from China is expected to resume in the second half of 2023, although significant uncertainty remains around this timing.

The resumption of Chinese travel will contribute to the recovery of long-haul travel market share in 2023. The absence of Chinese outbound demand beyond this would be a major blow for the travel & tourism industry and for destinations worldwide.

There remains strong pent-up demand for cruise operations supported by bookings data which suggest that increased capacity will be filled. However, there will be increased deployment challenges and pricing pressure for cruise lines.

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• Sustainability

Tourism-driven growth to propel global economy in 2023

The global economic growth is expected to remain subdued in 2023 and 2024 due to a variety of factors, but the International Monetary Fund has raised its growth forecast for the global economy to 3%, marking a 0.2% increase from its earlier projection in April. This slight improvement is attributed in part to a rise in post-pandemic travel, as noted in the latest economic review by the IMF . This positive trend is further supported by a robust job market and a flourishing services sector.

In May, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared that the coronavirus pandemic no longer constitutes a global health emergency. However, the reverberations of the pandemic’s aftermath continue to be felt, as emphasised by Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, the chief economist of the IMF. The initial three months of 2023 exhibited remarkable resilience in demand for services, outdoor activities, and travel and tourism.

READ | Gender-inclusive trade key to resilient global economy

The engine of growth is notably powered by nations recognised for their appeal to tourists. While manufacturing-centric countries have also experienced growth, it has been slightly less pronounced compared to the tourism sector. Recent data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) indicates that global air traffic in May sustained its recovery, reaching 96.1% of pre-pandemic levels.

Nonetheless, the optimism associated with tourism-driven growth might wane in the upcoming months. Certain economies heavily reliant on tourism in southern Europe face limited room for further recovery, compounded by the adverse impacts of climate change. This region has been particularly devastated by wildfires.

Risks for global economy

Elevated consumer prices and heightened interest rates continue to cast a shadow over economic growth, particularly for developed nations. The risk profile remains elevated, with higher interest rates eroding consumer purchasing power, thus constraining growth prospects. To curb economic fervour, banks have increased interest rates, which now stand at their highest since the global financial crisis of 2008. Both the United States Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank are poised to raise borrowing costs again this week.

The global drive to combat inflation through policy tightening, including measures taken by the Reserve Bank of India, has led to an increase in borrowing costs, thereby restraining economic activity. The IMF underscores that the impact of elevated interest rates extends to public finances, disproportionately affecting poorer countries grappling with elevated debt burdens.

In addition, China’s fragile economic recovery looms as a significant risk. Ongoing debt issues in China’s property market contribute to ongoing uncertainty, as the country slowly recuperates from the pandemic.

Looking ahead, the global economic outlook is expected to remain hindered by the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine crisis triggered by Russia’s invasion. The trajectory of China’s economic health, the spectre of inflation, and the elevated cost of borrowing are also among the paramount challenges confronting the global economy. This outlook falls short of the 3.8% average observed in the pre-pandemic years of 2000 to 2019.

Engines of global economic growth

In the year ahead, India and China are poised to lead in growth, while advanced economies, including Europe and the United States, are anticipated to expand at a more subdued pace. India’s growth is projected at 6.1% for 2023, reflecting a 0.2-percentage-point upward revision from the April estimate. This upward momentum can be attributed to a stronger-than-anticipated surge in domestic investment during the fourth quarter of 2022.

Several policy measures can bolster global economic growth. Governments worldwide should take proactive steps to combat inflation, while central banks in economies contending with persistent core inflation should maintain a restrictive stance until signs of cooling underlying inflation become evident. Premature easing before price pressures have sufficiently abated is cautioned against.

The IMF also advocates for the establishment of fiscal buffers, considering that fiscal deficits and government debt persist above pre-pandemic levels. Addressing this entails credible medium-term fiscal consolidation to restore budgetary flexibility and ensure sustainable debt levels. For economies with access to international markets, the pace of fiscal consolidation should be contingent on the strength of private demand.

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Economic Impact Research

• In 2022, the Travel & Tourism sector contributed 7.6% to global GDP ; an  increase of 22%  from 2021 and only  23%  below 2019 levels.
• In 2022, there were  2 2 million new jobs , representing a 7.9% increase on 2021, and only 11.4% below 2019.
• Domestic visitor  spending  increased by 20.4%  in 2022, only 14.1% below 2019.
• International visitor spending  rose by 81.9% in 2022, but still 40.4% behind 2019 numbers.

Regional overview 2019

Regional overview 2022

Regional overview 2022 vs 2019

Why conduct research?

From the outset, our Members realised that hard economic facts were needed to help governments and policymakers truly understand the potential of Travel & Tourism. Measuring the size and growth of Travel & Tourism and its contribution to society, therefore, plays a vital part in underpinning WTTC’s work.

What research does WTTC carry out?

Each year, WTTC and Oxford Economics produce reports covering the economic contribution of our sector in 185 countries, for 26 economic and geographic regions, and for more than 70 cities. We also benchmark Travel & Tourism against other economic sectors and analyse the impact of government policies affecting the sector such as jobs and visa facilitation.

Visit our Research Hub via the button below to find all our Economic Impact Reports, as well as other reports on Travel and Tourism.

• Stand Up for Free Enterprise

The State of the Travel Industry in 2023: Current Trends and Future Outlook

Kentucky chamber ceo: we must protect the free enterprise system, how franchising can help fuel the american dream, microsoft president: responsible ai development can drive innovation, suzanne clark's 2024 state of american business remarks, rhythms of success: the free enterprise tune of a small business.

January 12, 2023

Featured Guest

Tony Capuano CEO, Marriott International, Inc.

Chip Rogers President & CEO, American Hotel & Lodging Association (AHLA)

As COVID-19 restrictions have continued to ease, the travel and hospitality industries have seen a resurgence in customers. Companies like Marriott have seen percentage increases in revenue and rate, even topping pre-pandemic levels.

During the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s 2023 State of American Business event, Chip Rogers, President and CEO of the American Hotel and Lodging Association , and Tony Capuano, CEO of Marriott International, Inc. , sat down for a fireside chat. Read on for their insights on the post-COVID state of the travel industry, a shifting customer base, and the outlook for 2023 and beyond.

2022 Demonstrated the Power and Resilience of Travel

After declines amid the pandemic, 2022 brought about a positive recovery for the travel industry.

“[2022] reminded us of the power and resilience of travel,” said Capuano. “If you look at the forward bookings through the holiday season, [you’ll see] really strong and compelling numbers … so we’re really encouraged.”

“The only caveat I would give you about that optimism is, as you know, the booking windows are much shorter than we’ve seen them in a pre-pandemic world,” he added. “So those trends can change more quickly than we’re accustomed to."

The ‘Regular’ Customer Segments Are Shifting

At the start of pandemic recovery, industry leaders believed leisure travel would lead travel recovery, with business travel closely behind and group travel at a distant third, according to Capuano. While some of those predictions have held, others have shifted.

“Leisure [travel] continues to be exceedingly strong, and group [travel] has surprised to the upside,” he explained. “Business travel is perhaps the tortoise in this ‘Tortoise and the Hare,’ slow-and-steady recovery.”

However, Capuano noted customer segments are becoming less and less strictly defined.

“[There’s] this trend we've seen emerge over the pandemic of blended trip purpose … [where] more and more folks are combining leisure and business travel,” he said. “If this has staying power, I think it’s absolutely a game changer, as we get back to normal business travel and hopefully maintain that leisure travel.”

To accommodate this shifting demand, Marriott has focused on expanding offerings to accommodate both the business and leisure sides of travelers’ trips.

“[We’ve had] a very big focus on [expanding bandwidth], so that if [we’ve] got 300 rooms full of guests on Zoom calls simultaneously, we’ve got the bandwidth to cover it,” Capuano added. “[We’re also] being more thoughtful about fitness, leisure, and food and beverage offerings — and having the flexibility to pivot those offerings as somebody sheds their business suit on Thursday and changes into shorts and flip flops for the weekend.”

2023 Offers Hope for Continued Growth in the Travel and Hospitality Sectors

As the travel and hospitality sectors continue to grow and shift in the post-pandemic era, Capuano shared reasons for optimism in 2023.

“Number one, it's our people,” he emphasized. “When you see their passion, their enthusiasm, their resilience, their creativity, and just how joyful they are to have their hotels full again … it's hard not to be filled with optimism.”

“If you look at how far the industry has come over the last few years,” Capuano continued, “any lingering doubts folks may have had about the resilience of travel — and about the passion that the general public has to explore cities and countries — it's hard not to be excited about the future of our industry.”

• Post-Pandemic Work

From the Series

State of American Business

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16 Tips to Make Economy Seating More Comfortable

• Stay hydrated and energized by drinking plenty of water and bringing healthy snacks on board. Avoid alcohol and sugary drinks.
• Utilize personal space and be considerate of fellow passengers by avoiding placing belongings on extra seats or using someone else's seat as a footrest.
• Bring entertainment like books, music, or games to pass the time, and bring noise-canceling headphones to block out cabin noise. Don't forget to bring a sweater to stay warm in chilly air conditioning.

Flying economy class can be uncomfortable, but some passengers can make it feel like first class . The truth is explorers can use simple tips and tricks to make the economy flight more comfortable. Some of the tips on making the airplane seat more comfortable are common, while others are more in-the-know hacks.

This article has tips for making economy seating more comfortable, so visitors can enjoy a pleasant flight without compromising their budget — but there are some ways to upgrade the airplane seat . From selecting the right seat to packing cleverly, these tips will help travelers get the most out of their economy flight.

UPDATE: 2023/10/15 20:58 EST BY LUANA FERREIRA

More Tips To Make Economy Flights More Comfortable For Travelers!

Economy flights aren't always comfortable, but there are many ways travelers can make it easier. This list was updated and expanded to bring more tips to make economy seats more comfortable. Stay comfy, and safe travels!

RELATED: 10 Tips For For Booking The Cheapest Flight Any Time You Travel

Practice Deep Breathing And Relaxation Techniques

Practicing deep breathing and relaxation techniques can significantly enhance comfort during travel. Deep, controlled breaths promote relaxation by calming the nervous system and reducing stress. Techniques like diaphragmatic breathing or guided meditation help maintain a steady oxygen flow, easing muscle tension.

This practice can alleviate anxiety, improve mental clarity, and enhance well-being. Incorporating deep breathing into your journey encourages a more peaceful and enjoyable travel experience, making it a valuable tool for any traveler, especially in the confines of economy class.

Another breathing technique to relax is alternate breathing between nostrils.

Avoid Caffeine and Alcohol

Avoiding caffeine and alcohol during travel can enhance a more comfortable experience. Both substances can lead to dehydration, disrupt sleep patterns, and increase feelings of restlessness. Caffeine is a diuretic, which can lead to frequent restroom trips and potential dehydration, while alcohol can worsen dehydration and disrupt the body's natural sleep cycle.

By abstaining from these beverages, travelers are more likely to stay hydrated and maintain a more regular sleep pattern. Additionally, avoiding these substances can help regulate energy levels and promote a more balanced mood throughout the trip.

Travelers should remember that caffeine is present in many drinks: energetic drinks, decaf coffee, chocolate, and green tea are some examples.

Select A Good Seat

Sometimes travelers can be lucky enough to get an upgrade, but if they’re stuck in economy class, they should select a good seat. If the airline allows, book a seat near the back of the plane where there’s more legroom. Or if going for a window seat, choose one in the first row to have more space.

Besides, this position is usually the most spacious and can provide extra legroom. However, before booking a seat, visitors should double-check with the airline if their preferred seat is available.

Furthermore, good seats are usually in the middle of the plane – that way, travelers won’t be affected by turbulence and can avoid noisy engines.

Bring Your Pillow And Blanket

Dedicated travelers should always carry a pillow and blanket to make their economy seats more comfortable . Comfy pillows are essential if visitors want to rest or sleep during the flight. And blankets will keep them warm and protect them against cold drafts.

Blanket sets are usually available in different materials, such as fleece or cotton, and come in various colors. Packing a small blanket will help explorers save money while keeping them warm and cozy in the cabin.

Moreover, travelers should bring a small neck pillow to support their head and neck if they prefer to sleep on their side.

Wear Comfortable Clothes

Sitting in economy seating for long periods can be uncomfortable, so travelers should wear comfy clothes. Loose-fitting garments made from breathable fabrics are ideal for flights. Wearing layers is also a great idea, as it allows explorers to adjust their clothing depending on the temperature in the cabin.

Nonetheless, travelers should avoid wearing tight clothes and high heels; instead, they should opt for comfy sneakers or sandals.

Additionally, don’t forget to bring a light jacket or scarf – visitors can feel cozy and protected against cabin drafts.

Use The Tray Table For Extra Legroom

When seated in economy class, travelers can use the tray table for extra legroom. Instead of folding it down, explorers should put the tray table flat against the seat. This will give them extra space to stretch their legs, and they can also use it as an improvised footrest.

The tray table can help store books, an iPad, or a laptop during the flight. Just make sure to bring a small cushion to put on the tray table – this will make it more comfortable for travelers’ legs.

Related: 18 Surprising Things That Aren't Allowed On A Plane (10 Shouldn't Be)

Choose Aisle Seats

Picking aisle seats on an economy flight will give travelers more room to stretch their legs and move around. Besides, it’s easier for them to get up and go to the restroom without disturbing other passengers .

Also, aisle seats are usually closer to the bathroom, so explorers won’t have to walk far when they need to use it.

Before picking an aisle seat, travelers should check if there’s a galley or a bulkhead behind it – this could be uncomfortable during the flight.

Pack Lightly

Saving space in the cabin is essential for economy flights, so travelers should pack lightly. Before packing, explorers should make a checklist of the items they need. That way, visitors can be sure they have the right clothes and toiletries for their journey.

Moreover, travelers should avoid bringing large suitcases or backpacks. Instead, they should opt for a light bag stored in the overhead compartment. This way, explorers will save space in the cabin and make sure their journeys are comfortable.

A good decision is searching for tips for minimalist packing that actually works .

Bring An Eye Mask And Ear Plugs

Economy cabin noise can be overwhelming, so it’s essential to block out the sounds during flights. That’s why travelers should bring an eye mask and earplugs. Visitors can enjoy a peaceful flight even with the noise from the engines or other passengers.

Also, earplugs are essential if explorers want to avoid eavesdropping on other conversations. That way, they can keep their peace and privacy while on board. Moreover, if visitors need a quick nap, the eye mask and ear plugs will help them relax and peacefully drift away.

Noise-canceling headphones can be the best friend of a regular traveler. They make the journey much easier.

Stay Hydrated And Energized

Visitors should stay hydrated and energized while on board. Drinking plenty of water will help travelers avoid dehydration, which can cause headaches and fatigue. Also, visitors can bring snacks to keep their energy levels up during the flight.

Visitors should bring healthy snacks such as energy bars or nuts. That way, they can stay energized and cozy in the cabin.

Explorers should avoid drinking alcohol or sugary drinks, as these can make them feel more tired in the cabin.

Utilize Personal Space

By understanding the concept of personal space, passengers can make sure they don’t disturb other travelers. Explorers should avoid placing their belongings on the seat next to them or in the aisle. Also, visitors should avoid using someone else’s seat as a footrest.

Additionally, visitors should stay in their seats and not lean over into the next person’s area. That way, they can ensure they don’t interfere with the comfort of their fellow passengers. Moreover, keeping to one’s own space will help explorers stay comfortable during the flight.

Related: 10 Things To Know When Traveling From Miami To The Bahamas By Plane

Bring Entertainment To Pass Time

Explorers should bring some entertainment to make time pass faster. Visitors can read, listen to music, watch movies, or play computer games. This way, they can keep themselves busy and make the flight less boring.

Also, visitors should remember to bring their headphones or earbuds . That way, they can enjoy their music without disturbing other passengers in the cabin.

Visitors should avoid playing video games with loud sound effects. That way, they can ensure the comfort and peace of their fellow travelers.

Bring A Sweater

Another tip to make economy flights more comfortable is to bring a sweater. The air conditioning can get very chilly during the flight (especially when one is trying to sleep). While it can be easy to just dress up in T-shirts and shorts during the summer, just remember that weather has no bearing on a flight! Take a sweater (and long pants) to avoid being cold.

Wearing dressing layers and socks and bringing a blanket can help to mitigate the colder temperatures in a plane.

Related: Don't Like Flying? Here Are The Longest Flights In The World

Bring A Full Set Of Headphones

Airplanes can be quite noisy - especially behind the engines - where the economy seats are located. One great way to make economy flights more comfortable is to bring a good pair of noise-canceling headphones. The cheap headphones the airlines normally give out are of very bad quality.

Book An Exit Row Seat

Airplanes are designed with safety in mind, and they have a number of emergency exits along the body of the aircraft. These rows normally have extra legroom (to facilitate the evacuation of the aircraft). These rows are a great option for those looking for extra legroom to stretch out and relax (and especially for taller folks out there).

Bring A Snack Onboard

There is typically no need to buy snacks on long-haul economy flights. But often, no refreshments are served on short-haul economy flights, and passengers are typically not permitted to bring their own hot beverages. Still, passengers can bring their own snacks on the aircraft (so long as they get through security). Alternatively, splurge a little and buy an in-flight beverage and snack.

3 ways Russia's war-time economy is set to weaken after a surprisingly strong 2023

• Russia's economy is bound to weaken in 2024, researchers at Finland's central bank said.
• That's because Moscow's surprising growth spurt in 2023 isn't sustainable.
• Russia is set to spend a record amount on its military this year, will which hinder growth.

Russia's economy is set to weaken this year, according to researchers from Finland's central bank.

Russia won't be able to maintain the surprisingly strong growth it saw, the Bank of Finland's Institute for Emerging Economies said in a recent report . Researchers at the institute are forecasting Russia's economic growth to slow to 2% this year, followed by 1% year-over-year growth in 2025 and 2026.

That's a stark contrast from what Russia saw last year, with its economy growing 3.6% , according to Russia's federal statistics service. But much of that growth was fueled by military spending amid the country's war against Ukraine, and there's a limit to how much that can continue to fuel its economy, the researchers said.

"With Russia already experiencing severe capacity constraints, growth this year is expected to decelerate. Russian economic growth in the years ahead will remain subdued and fuelled mostly by government spending. Russia's long-term potential growth rate, in particular, has been reduced by the shift to a wartime economy," the report said.

The report pointed to three areas of the Russian economy that could take a hit. 

Inflation could get worse

Russian central bankers will be challenged in their goal of bringing down high prices. Russian inflation came in at 5.9% for 2023, according to BOFIT data, well above the 4% price growth central bankers are shooting for.

Related stories

Russia's central bank has already hiked interest rates to 16% to reel in inflation, but efforts to control prices will be contradicted by robust military spending, which will stimulate price growth, the report said. 

"To finance the war effort, the Russian government is prepared to abandon earlier fiscal and monetary policies characterised by conservative budget rules and inflation targeting," the researchers said. "State spending will increase considerably in 2024 mainly due to war-related expenses, which will certainly hamper measures to bring down inflation levels," they later added.

Private consumption will slow

Russian consumers are unlikely to spend at the same pace they did last year. Even in its own budget plans, Russia is expecting demand in the public sector to sag in 2025 and 2026.

Private investment in the nation is unlikely to make up for that decline, the report added. High borrowing costs and risks stemming from the Ukraine war have put off investors, with Russia losing around $19 billion in foreign direct investments in 2022 alone, according to United Nations data.

"Continued high growth in 2025 and 2026 is very unlikely," researchers said of Russia's economy, though they noted that the outlook for private demand was dependent on its "military situation."

"Private consumption will continue to grow due to labour constraints, albeit at a slower pace," they later added.

Wages growth will ease

Salaries in Russia jumped last year as the country grappled with a worker shortage, but wage growth is likely to slow in 2024 as private consumption sags, the report suggested.

"The significant wage hikes of 2023 are unlikely to repeat this year and growth in private consumption slows down," researchers said.

Russia is struggling with a severe shortage of workers , which is one of the nation's "biggest bottle necks" to economic growth, the report added. Moscow had a deficit of nearly 5 million workers by the end of 2023, according to an estimate from the Russian Academy of Science's Institute of Economics.

"To achieve continuous growth significantly above the long-term potential growth rate will require redirection of capital investment to civilian uses along with significant productivity gains. This goal becomes all the more elusive due to the fact that the Russian population, and particularly the pool of young men available to the labour market, keeps shrinking," the report said. 

Other economists foresee a difficult future for Russia as the conflict in Ukraine drags on. At this point, Russia can't afford to win or lose the war , one European economist recently warned, as its economy is now too dependent on conflict in Ukraine to keep itself going strong without it.

Watch: The war in Ukraine by the numbers, one year later

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Standing Up to China, Philippine Leader Courts New Network of Partners

Escalating tensions in the South China Sea, President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. says, are not only a regional issue, but a global one.

By Sui-Lee Wee and Camille Elemia

With China aggressively asserting its claims on the South China Sea, President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. of the Philippines spent his first year on the job beefing up Manila’s alliance with its oldest ally, the United States. Now he is shoring up support from a wider and new network of partners.

Mr. Marcos is adding a new intensity to his muscular foreign policy at a critical moment in his country’s territorial dispute with Beijing. Maritime clashes between Chinese and Philippine vessels have become more frequent in recent months.

In January, Mr. Marcos and the leaders of Vietnam, another country fighting off Chinese claims to the crucial waterway, pledged closer cooperation between their coast guards. This month, Mr. Marcos clinched a maritime cooperation deal with Australia. And this past week, he took his pitch to Europe.

“It has to be recognized that the South China Sea handles 60 percent of the trade of the entire world. So, it’s not solely the interest of the Philippines, or of ASEAN, or of the Indo-Pacific region, but the entire world,” Mr. Marcos said on Tuesday in Berlin, apparently referring to global maritime trade and using shorthand for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

Standing alongside Chancellor Olaf Scholz of Germany, Mr. Marcos, the first Philippine president to visit Germany in a decade, added, “That is why it’s in all our interest to keep it as a safe passage for all international commerce that goes on in the South China Sea.”

This flurry of diplomacy, analysts said, might ultimately help to deter China. But they also acknowledged that Beijing was going to continue doubling down on its territorial claims, increasing the risks of a conflict that could ultimately draw in the United States, the Philippines’ oldest treaty ally. Washington has repeatedly condemned Beijing’s actions and has vowed to come to the aid of Manila in the event of an armed conflict.

The foreign policy strategy adopted by Mr. Marcos, who took office in June 2022, is almost the opposite of the approach of his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte. While Mr. Duterte spurned the West and courted China, Mr. Marcos has revived and cemented ties with traditional security partners like the United States and Japan. He has also cultivated new relations with the likes of Sweden and France, and his government has pushed for arms deals and military drills.

Tensions flared again this month when Chinese boats blocked the Philippine vessels off the Second Thomas Shoal, a contested reef 120 miles off the coast of the western province of Palawan. The confrontation culminated in Chinese and Philippine coast guard vessels colliding.

Mr. Marcos told reporters then there was no reason yet to invoke the mutual defense treaty with the United States.

China claims 90 percent of the South China Sea, some of it hundreds of miles from the mainland and in waters surrounding Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and the Philippines. In the past decade or so, China has asserted ever greater control over these waters, using two island chains called the Paracels and the Spratlys to expand its military footprint by building and fortifying outposts and airstrips.

The militarization of the Spratly Islands allowed China to maintain a round-the-clock presence in waters more than 500 miles from the coast of China. At another formation, the Scarborough Shoal, Chinese boats have repeatedly harassed Filipino fishing boats in an area that an international tribunal in The Hague had ruled was a traditional fishing ground of the Philippines, Vietnam and other nations. The Chinese presence also prevented Manila from fully exploring oil and gas deposits in the surrounding water.

China has blamed the Philippines for the frequent clashes in the South China Sea.

Wang Yi, China’s foreign minister, in December admonished the Philippines for “changing its policy stance, reneging on its commitments and continuing to provoke and cause trouble at sea.”

Mr. Wang also issued a warning: “If the Philippines misjudges the situation, insists on going its own way, or even colludes with malicious external forces to continue causing trouble and chaos, China will definitely safeguard its rights in accordance with the law and respond resolutely.”

Two weeks later, the Philippines announced that it had signed agreements with Britain and Canada to increase defense cooperation. They were part of 10 security agreements that Mr. Marcos has signed with seven countries since last year, according to a tally of public statements.

“China is basically pushing us closer to the United States and to the other countries that have already indicated their support, as far as Germany and as far as the Czech Republic,” said Renato Cruz De Castro, a professor of international studies at De La Salle University in Manila.

On Thursday, Petr Pavel, the president of the Czech Republic, said he was willing to cooperate with the Philippines in defense and cybersecurity, adding that his country “fully” supports Manila in the South China Sea.

“To us, South China Sea may seem to be far, far away, but if you take into account the percentage of share of world or global trade that passes through this area, any disruption of these routes would have an adverse impact on Europe, not only in the form of shortage of goods but also soaring prices,” Mr. Pavel told reporters at a joint news conference with Mr. Marcos. “Which is why we have to pay attention to this topic.”

New allies, Mr. De Castro said, are welcome because the Philippines cannot rely on the United States alone, especially if former President Donald J. Trump returns to power next year.

“The U.S. is simply — even Americans would say — so unstable right now, the political system is so volatile, look at what’s happening with the U.S. military assistance to Ukraine,” he said. “And I’m not saying that Trump would win, but there’s always uncertainty because of how unstable American domestic politics is.”

Another important calculus for Mr. Marcos, analysts said, is securing investments for the Philippines.

“That means that we can really be assertive, we can really protect the South China Sea interests without thinking of the economic backlash that China might impose on us,” said Aries A. Arugay, the chairman of the political science department of the University of the Philippines Diliman.

Even India, which has been silent on the South China Sea dispute for years, announced last June that it would provide loans with preferential rates to the Philippines for its military modernization. In August, both countries signed agreements to cooperate in the coast guard sectors.

Last week, when he was in Australia, Mr. Marcos warned that the constant clashes between Filipino and Chinese vessels have increased the risks of miscalculation.

“The potential for outright conflict is much higher now than it was before,” he said. “We worry in the Philippines because it could come from not a strategic decision by anyone saying, ‘OK, we’re going to war,’ but just by some servicemen making a mistake, or some action that’s misunderstood.”

An earlier version of this article misstated one site where Chinese boats harassed Philippine fishermen. It is the Scarborough Shoal, not the Spratly Islands.

How we handle corrections

Sui-Lee Wee is the Southeast Asia bureau chief for The Times, overseeing coverage of 11 countries in the region. More about Sui-Lee Wee