disadvantages of tourism in switzerland

16 Pros and Cons of Living in Switzerland

If you are doing research for a supportive place to live in Europe, you might want to look long and hard at Switzerland .

It is ranked as one of the best places in the world to call home.

At the same time, the country also has several cities on the list of most expensive places to live.

It is hard to argue with all that beauty, but we are here to help shed some light on both sides of the Switzerland coin.

Get your skis shined up, this info is going to move you!

1. Happiness Index

2. the swiss alps, 3. proximity to everything, 4. exercise all year long, 5. education, 6. low crime rates, 7. variety of sustenance , 8. eco-friendly, 1. cost of living, 2. gender pay gaps, 3. sunday shutdown, 4. expat language learning, 5. housing market, 6. making friends, 7. limited space, 8. air pollution, pros and cons of living in switzerland – summary table, switzerland safety overview, what is switzerland's healthcare system like, what is the swiss retirement age, what'= is the most populated city in switzerland, what is the most affordable city to live in, does switzerland have required vacation time, pros of living in switzerland.

Of all the countries around the world, Switzerland is often ranked one of the top three happiest.

Why are they ranking so high?

There are several factors, such as feeling supported by the country, income, life expectancy, trust in the government, freedom, and crime rates.

Switzerland happens to have the longest life expectancy, coming in at around 85 years on average.

When you have such scenic views, you might want to stick around longer, right?

There is beauty in the most unexpected of places across the globe.

Switzerland did not choose the Alps, the Alps chose Switzerland.

So, the valleys and towns that sprung up around it have tapped into the views that put the cleanest air in your lungs and make you want to live longer.

The Swiss Alps stretch from one end of southern Switzerland all the way through into Austria and Italy .

Switzerland does not have a monopoly on the mountain ranges, but it makes the country one of the biggest tourist attractions.

Switzerland is landlocked in a unique way.

All the way around, there is one interesting country after another.

It only takes a train ride to be in some of the most historic places in Europe.

Switzerland has the advantage of basically being in the middle of it all, so everything is relatively close to natives. 

Not only is Switzerland next to everything, but it sits in a great place weather-wise.

Due to the abundance of natural resources, you can be outside every season and stay active.

During the warmer months, there are plenty of lakes and gorgeous terrain to enjoy.

When winter rolls around, there’s skiing in the Alps.

There really is no stagnant time where people huddle up or hibernate. 

The standards for learning in Switzerland are high.

That includes public schools as well as private schools.

International schools also give a boost to a student, especially ex-pat children.

While there are four official languages, most public schools are taught in German or French.

That means international schools really come in handy.

Continuing on through higher education after standard years are over is highly encouraged with going on half of the country obtaining a degree.

Maybe it’s because the happiness level of people who live there is so high.

Whatever it is, something about living in Switzerland makes citizens less likely to commit crimes.

This provides a lot of assurance to parents who typically let their children be much more independent in comparison with other places.

There is just not a whole lot to worry about, which helps the country as a whole feel better about being out late or traveling.

Since Switzerland is surrounded by unique cultures, the food spills beyond borders.

Here, you will find 450 types of cheeses and 200 kinds of bread and other baked goods.

Because Switzerland is so well positioned, they are able to keep crops in production, so a majority of what is eaten is local.

That healthy eating likely has a lot to do with why the citizens feel so good about things. 

Switzerland is putting a lot of effort into becoming a more sustainable society.

The country is the first to vote on having an environmentally friendly economy.

Their big goal is to be totally green living by 2050.

One way they are making this happen is by putting laws in place that will protect the farmlands against industrial expansion.

Much of the natural environment is kept intact.

It is not only laws but the attitude of the Swiss who help put the importance of land over corporations.

Cons of Living in Switzerland

All that beauty and cheese comes at a cost.

If you are able to find housing, it might break you.

There are no cheap dining options.

The Swiss might not mind so much, considering they are so healthy and happy.

The third most expensive city in the world is Geneva and it is not the only Swiss city on the list.

From entertainment to groceries, everything is a budget buster.

Head as far from a city as you can to keep your savings from taking a hit.

After reading the last point, you may be thinking of taking on the challenge of finding a high-paying job to finance life in the city.

Unfortunately, if you are a woman, that might be an uphill battle.

It has been reported that women make almost 20% less than their male counterparts doing the same job.

Also, men overwhelmingly hold those higher-powered positions.

Switzerland still has some efforts to make to catch up with other developed nations in this respect.

Aside from corner stores and the train station, a majority of Switzerland takes Sunday off.

Depending on perspective, this might not be as much of a con as you think.

In other parts of the world, the 24/7 lifestyle means being used to getting whatever you want when you want it.

So, it can be tough getting used to having to prepare in advance or wait.

Switzerland’s Sunday practice may have been inspired by religion, but they believe it’s a day of rest for everyone.

One big benefit of moving to a country where they speak a language you are not fluent in is the ability to practice.

Immersion is always the best way to learn a language, so living in a new place will definitely have you sounding like a native in no time, right?

Well, not exactly.

Most Swiss people can speak English quite proficiently.

When they meet an English speaker, they tend to speak to them in English as opposed to helping with their German or French.

The housing standards are high and most places you will find are very modern.

You just have to find one that’s available.

Competitive does not even begin to describe how swiftly prospective tenants move towards occupying a newly opened space.

Trying to win a bid towards an apartment will make your head spin.

Want any special features, like outside space or pet-friendly?

You will probably wait a long time. 

This is more for people who did not grow up in Switzerland.

If you are born in the country, you were around people in school as well as having family nearby.

If you are moving there fresh, it is hard to get close to a Swiss neighbor.

In general, people tend to keep to themselves.

You would really have to go out of your way to find a friend, much less develop a friend group. 

Due to the serious efforts by the government to turn Switzerland into an eco-friendly paradise, the land is not in great abundance.

Well, that combined with the Alps taking over so much of the country, it is a tight squeeze.

That also contributes to competitive housing.

So, you are unlikely to come into possession of a sprawling estate or even have a huge backyard.

They are trying to make the most of the space they have. 

One of the motivating factors behind the Swiss push for green living is air pollution.

It is causing about 3,500 deaths a year, by being responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

The weight this has on the economy is to the tune of $4,000,000,000. 

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Frequently Asked Questions

This is a topic that would not be a pro or con, 100%.

The pro of the healthcare available is that it is about the best you can get anywhere in the world.

The technology is top-notch, as are the medical professionals.

However, the system is on the higher end financially.

You can retire at age 65 for men and 64 for women.

At that time, you can fill out your form for retirement and collect a pension and healthcare.

There is more than one pension you can qualify for, however.

The state pension is mandatory for all Swiss citizens upon retirement age.

The next pension is called the occupational pension plan.

Everyone from the age of 17 has to participate, as do companies.

Despite not being the capital, Zürich accommodates the most people.

Currently, there are almost half a million who call Zürich home and about a million more in the suburbs.

It far outweighs the number two city, Geneva, which has around 200,000.

You may be thinking that is because it is a lot cheaper than Geneva, but it is not.

Zürich is just behind Geneva on the most expensive cities list.

Uri, which is basically in the middle of the country.

The local taxes are low and it is more possible here than anywhere else in Switzerland to own land.

Not just the home, but the actual land around it.

If you wanted to have a garden, this would be where you could do it.

Yes, it is the law to have a bare minimum of four weeks annually of vacation.

That rule applies whether you work part-time or full-time.

While we are at it, they are also very particular about overtime.

No taking advantage of employees here.

That does a lot for the morale of Swiss citizens and probably helps to keep them so happy.

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12 Comments on 16 Pros and Cons of Living in Switzerland

Who wrote this absolutely not correct statement: “One of the motivating factors behind the Swiss push for green living is air pollution.” Check with official sites on the internet, which show you the PM2,5 PM10 and other air pollution criteria and see for yourself that Switzerland has a very clean air. It is criminal that you distribute such uncorrect information.

I am pretty sure they mean air pollution in the world in general, not specifically above Switzerland, you know, we all live on the same planet.

We get air pollution warnings all the time in So-Cal. Never did in Upstate NY or North Carolina. We all on the same planet but some areas have lower air pollution than others.

Air pollution is super low compared to most other countries on the planet. Germany is a chain smoker compared to Switzerland. So is Italy etc. They hardly burn fossil fuel for energy production. Get there and you will find out the moment you arrive.

So true. I was there for two weeks and the air is so clean and fresh and crisp, it will blow your mind. I want to move there as my ancestors came from Switzerland.

People smoke an insane amount in Switzerland. I can’t stand going to the train station or the bus stop…or walking in the city. I can’t speak for Germany but I lived in the Nordics before this and did not remember experiencing it the way it invades my life here.

I was Born in Switzerland and after a long stay in Other Countrys for work and Living .I was forced to stay in Switzerland with Covid Rstrictions and now after 2 years livin here i realize i Live in 3rd World Land full of social problems from Bad Migration to exessive cost for everything the only one how think Switzerland is Great are people from 3rd World country

Well that’s kinda the same thing for people who come from Mexico to America, America sucks but realistically we Americans see Switzerland as better, not perfect but it sounds like you guys have alot of safety nets and treat employees like humans. Not digging the gender pay gap though

I’m an American living in Switzerland, not all is that golden here. I miss the access to everything, the high cost of living (when you aren’t a C-level executive), the weird business hours, the incredibly expensive (and packed/hot) trains…we’re planning to leave. It doesn’t mean that it isn’t a paradise for others, but most of the time isn’t spent frolicking in the mountains, it’s inside an office.

Sorry for being so blunt but as a Data Scientist, I can clearly say that the pay gap myth has been debunked. It was also very clear that this was indeed written by a woke feminist mentioning pay gap as a negative, shameful!. This is one of the main reason why I stopped reading articles written by most modern women as it is heavily biased.

I wouldn’t even go as far to say “must have been a woke feminist”. Majority of people have been indoctrinated on the terrible data sorounding pay gap. I see regular men who are clueless adopting this view too.

Can an American live there year-round?

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Pros and Cons of Moving to Switzerland

Switzerland is famous for its snow-capped mountains, clear lakes, legendary chocolate and punctual trains. It lures expats with exciting employment packages and a high standard of living. But, as with every destination, there are ups and downs that come with expat life in Switzerland.

Below are some pros and cons of living in Switzerland.

Accommodation in Switzerland

+ pro: high housing standards.

Swiss housing construction is usually excellent. Kitchens and bathrooms are generally modern. Apartments often have a parking space and most housing is close to public transport.

- CON: Lack of availability, strict housing rules

The Swiss housing market can be competitive and expensive. Finding accommodation in Switzerland depends on various factors, and takes a significant amount of time. Finding pet-friendly housing and houses with private gardens can be extra challenging.

Apartment complexes sometimes have shared laundry facilities, and residents may be assigned specific times when they can use them. There are usually strict noise curfews too.

Lifestyle in Switzerland

+ pro: active outdoors culture.

Family-friendly places in Switzerland abound. An active outdoor culture is accompanied by beautiful lakes, biking trails and hiking routes in the mountains. In winter, expats can take to the slopes and ski.

- CON: Making friends with locals can be difficult

Integrating into the local community can be difficult. Clubs and activities are usually offered in the local language, so it's easiest for younger children to adapt.

- CON: The country closes down on Sundays

Switzerland pretty much closes up on Sundays, except for gas stations and small stores at train stations.

Education in Switzerland

+ pro: lots of excellent schooling options.

Public schools in Switzerland are excellent, and expats with younger children should consider sending them to one. Expats tend to send older children to one of the country's many international schools. The country also offers private and bilingual schools.

- CON: Adjusting to a new education system can be difficult

Older children who don't speak the relevant local language might struggle in Swiss public schools. Expat parents should note that schools often have an extended lunch break and may not have a cafeteria. Most kids go home for lunch and then back to school. Private schools are expensive and space may be limited.

+ PRO: Children can be independent

Children can be independent and are often seen walking alone, riding bikes or taking the bus with friends. There are few major safety issues in Switzerland, and most places are safe even at night.

Working in Switzerland

+ pro: unemployment is low.

Most expats come here to work , so they don’t need to worry about finding a job after they arrive. But unemployment in Switzerland is low, so trailing spouses have opportunities in cottage industries or doing volunteer work if they can't find anything else.

- CON: Jobs for expats are limited

Opportunities are limited for expats who don’t speak German or French, and Swiss employers don't always recognise foreign degrees.

Culture shock in Switzerland

+ pro: english is widely spoken.

English is taught in Swiss schools and most locals speak it quite well, which makes activities such as shopping easier, but some expats find that it makes it more difficult to practise local languages.

Expats shouldn't underestimate the potential for culture shock in Switzerland . It is a beautiful, modern European country, but there is a language barrier to overcome, and the Swiss have their own dialects of French and German. Finding a support circle of other expats and helping newcomers are good ways to deal with this.

Further reading

►See  Education and Schools in Switzerland if you're moving with children

Expat Experiences "I like that it is a small city, which feels cozy, and that it is so close to the lake and the mountains. As far as quality of life, I think that it is slightly higher than where I’m from simply because the salaries are so much higher. It makes things like travel much easier. I think, too, that people here stop and enjoy life more – either by going for a hike or taking hours to have a meal with friends."  Learn more about living in Switzerland in our interview with American expat Melissa. 

Are you an expat living in Switzerland?

Expat Arrivals is looking for locals to contribute to this guide, and answer forum questions from others planning their move to Switzerland. Please contact us if you'd like to contribute.

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Glacier tourism and climate change: effects, adaptations, and perspectives in the Alps

Emmanuel salim.

1 Univ. Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, 73000 Chambéry, France

Ludovic Ravanel

2 University of Lausanne, CIRM, 1967 Bramois, Switzerland

Philippe Bourdeau

3 Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, UMR PACTE CNRS, LabEx ITTEM, Grenoble, France

Philip Deline

Associated data.

Climate change strongly affects mountain tourism activities. Glacier tourism is highly affected by the retreat of glaciers. However, research on the effects and adaptations of glacier tourism to climate change is scarce in Europe. By analysing the glacio-geomorphological literature, semi-structured interviews, and observations at six major Alpine glacier tourism sites, we aim to identify the physical processes that affect glacier tourism in the Alps and how stakeholders perceive and adapt to them. The results reveal that glacier retreat and the associated paraglacial dynamics and permafrost warming strongly affect glacier tourism. Stakeholders perceive six main issues: management, itinerary, infrastructure, attractiveness, safety, and activity. In response, they have been adapting with eight strategies: management change, technical means implementation, mitigation, diversification, access and itinerary maintenance, heritage development, planning, and implementation of transformation projects. These strategies are discussed regarding their relevance to tourism model transition to guarantee future sustainability.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-021-01849-0.

Introduction

Today, tourism is primarily affected by climate change. A literature review reveals that tourism is one of the only attributes to be affected by 10 identified climate hazards: ‘warming, heatwaves, precipitation, drought, floods, fires, storms, sea-level rise and changes in natural land cover and ocean chemistry’ (Mora et al. 2018 . p. 1062). The United Nation World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) et al. ( 2008 ) reported that tourism is vulnerable to increased temperature, extreme events, cryosphere reduction, and drought (i.e. climate risk). Recently, Scott ( 2021 ) acknowledged that climate risk management is one of the two challenges (along with carbon risk) that tourism will face in the next 30 years. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; 2014 ) defines adaptation as a priority to cope with the effects of climate change.

In addition to studies on the global vulnerability of tourism to climate change (e.g. Scott et al. 2019 ), studies on different tourism niches have been conducted regarding whale watching (Lambert et al. 2010 ), bird watching (Kutzner 2019 ), or Arctic cruise tourism (Dawson et al. 2016 ). Winter activities have been the subject of many research studies in mountainous territories, especially concerning the effects of climate change on the ski industry and its adaptations (Gilaberte-Búrdalo et al. 2014 ; Joly and Ungureanu 2018 ; Steiger et al. 2019 ).

However, among other mountain tourism activities, glacier tourism is a vital summer tourism niche dramatically affected by the glacier retreat due to climate change (Wang and Zhou 2019 ; Welling et al. 2015 ). An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that glacier tourism is undergoing the consequences of climate change, leading to greater difficulty accessing glaciers (Stewart et al. 2016 ; Mourey and Ravanel 2017 ), more dangerous activities (Purdie et al. 2015 ), or loss of attractiveness of the site (Diolaiuti and Smiraglia 2010 ). Glaciers visited by tourists worldwide have been the subject of research concerning the effects of climate change.

Glacier tourism is of particular importance regarding summer tourism in the European Alps. For example, the Aiguille du Midi and Montenvers (France) are considered by the Savoie-Mont-Blanc Agency as the two most-visited tourist destinations in Savoy (Savoie-Mont-Blanc Tourisme 2019 ), and other glacier tourism sites in the Alps bring in more than one million visitors per year (Salim et al. 2021b ). However, this topic regarding the European Alps remains under-investigated despite the importance of glacier tourism in its tourism development (Salim et al. 2021a ). Accordingly, this paper aims to fill this geographical gap by contributing to the research on how climate change affects glacier tourism in the European Alps and how tourism operators and stakeholders adapt to these changes.

Literature review

Climate change and glacier tourism worldwide.

How climate change affects glacier tourism has been increasingly studied over the last 10 years. Particularly well-studied examples are the Fox and Franz Josef glaciers in New Zealand. The area attracts around 700,000 visitors per year and has been considered the area with the most accessible glaciers in the world (Purdie 2013 ). However, the Fox glacier has lost 700 m in length and 100 to 150 m in thickness from 2008 to 2014 at the level of its terminal tongue (Purdie et al. 2015 ). This extremely rapid retreat has completely changed the possibilities for accessing the glaciers, making hiking on the ice increasingly difficult and sometimes dangerous (Purdie et al. 2015 ; Stewart et al. 2016 ). In New Zealand Aoraki-Mont Cook National Park, the Tasman glacier has also retreated rapidly, allowing a proglacial lake to develop whose area almost tripled from 1990 to 2018 (Purdie et al. 2020 ). Touristic activities, such as boat tours, have been set up around it (Stewart et al. 2016 ).

Another example is the Athabasca glacier in Canada, which has lost almost 50% of its thickness and 1.5 km of its length since the end (mid-nineteenth century) of the Little Ice Age (Groulx et al. 2016 ). This evolution has increased the difficulty to access it for its one million annual visitors (Lemieux et al. 2018 ).

The situation is similar in Norway, where the glacier retreat led to a drop in visitors (Furunes and Mykletun 2012 ) or difficulties in summer skiing (Demiroglu et al. 2018 ). The retreat of the Icelandic glaciers raises similar issues. Access is increasingly complex, and the hazards are more significant. Moreover, the quality of the guided tours has degraded, and some attractions and ice caves have disappeared prematurely (Welling and Abegg 2019 ). Beyond these issues, Wang and Zhou ( 2019 ) pointed out the effects of climate change on glacier sites in terms of aesthetic, economic and cultural loss.

Climate change also threatens mountaineering routes and hut access in the French Mont Blanc massif (Mourey and Ravanel 2017 ; Mourey et al. 2019a , b ). Climate change has reduced the aesthetic value of the Forni glacier in Italy (Garavaglia et al. 2012 ), modified access to the normal Everest route (Watson and King 2018 ), and led to the vanishing of touristic glaciers, such as the Chacaltaya glacier in Bolivia (Kaenzig et al. 2016 ).

Adaptation to climate change

These different effects lead to the question of adapting to climate change. The IPCC ( 2014 ) defines adaptation as the processes involved in adjusting to the current and future effects of climate change. Three main types of adaptation can be identified: coping, incremental, and transformative (Fedele et al. 2019 ).

Coping (or reactive) strategies do not lead to profound changes in the system. It is usually implemented to resist the effects of climate change and can be considered a ‘business as usual’ strategy (Kates et al. 2012 ). In other words, coping strategies are mainly reactive and are implemented when the effects are not severe, the elements of the system do not have the opportunity to respond in another way, or the need for changes is not recognised (Fedele et al. 2019 ). Examples of coping strategies in glacier tourism are covering the glacier surface with white covers to limit shrinkage or constantly renovating a trail to access a glacier (Salim et al. 2021a ).

Incremental adaptation strategies provide the opportunity to continue the threatened activity by implementing minor changes. Such strategies aim to be more anticipatory than coping strategies (Fedele et al. 2019 ). However, this strategy provides limited changes that can sometimes increase the vulnerability of the system. For example, as access to the Fox and Franz Josef glaciers became more difficult and dangerous (Purdie et al. 2015 ), operators substituted walking with helicopter-assisted hikes. If they can continue to operate, they become more vulnerable, as the price has increased fivefold (Salim 2020 ). Moreover, this now fuel-dependent activity is indexed on energy costs (Espiner et al. 2017 ).

The third type of adaptation is the transformative strategy, which aims to transform the system from its vulnerabilities and move it out of an unsustainable trajectory (Fedele et al. 2019 ). Transformative adaptation can be implemented alone or with a series of incremental strategies (Kates et al. 2012 ). Transformative adaptation result in a new system order (Adger et al. 2011 ). The shift from ski tourism to sport tourism activities at Chacaltaya glacier by developing an altitudinal training centre (Kaenzig et al. 2016 ) is a transformative strategy.

Considering the lack of information about the current situation of glacier tourism in the Alps and because we hypothesise that the physical effects of climate change in high mountains would make this form of tourism very vulnerable, this paper aims to answer three research questions:

• i) What processes related to climate change affect Alpine glacier tourism?
• ii) Are stakeholders aware of these processes?
• iii) How do they adapt to the consequences of climate change?

Material and methods

Three methodological steps were implemented to answer these questions. First, we selected Alpine glacier tourism sites. Second, we conducted a literature review on the glacio-geomorphological processes for each selected site. Third, we conducted qualitative investigations combining on-site observations and semi-structured interviews.

Site selection

Out of the 73 Alpine glacier tourism sites identified by Salim et al. ( 2021b ), six were selected across these geographical areas: Écrins and Mont Blanc massifs (France; N  = 3), Valais (Switzerland; N  = 2), and Höhe Tauern massif (Austria; N  = 1) (Fig.  1 ). The sites were selected according to the following criteria: (i) modest altitude (< 3000 m); (ii) importance in terms of the number of visitors and reputation; and (iii) the largest tourist glacier in each country. For ease of reading and to limit the length of the paper, the six selected sites are described and mapped in detail in Appendix 1.

• (i) Franz-Josefs-Höhe is the main viewpoint on the Pasterze glacier, the largest Austrian glacier. The site represents a stopover on the Grossglockner toll tourist road, which approximately 800,000 people visited in 2019. 1 In the heart of the Höhe Tauern National Park, this site offers different viewpoints on the glacier, exhibitions on the history of the site and glacier, hikes to the glacier front, and glacier hikes accompanied by a guide from the National Park.
• (ii) Rhône Glacier (Switzerland) is located along the road leading to the Furka Pass. This site allows access in less than 10 min along flat paths to the glacier to the ice cave dug each year since 1870.
• (iii) Eggishorn (Switzerland) is a viewpoint accessible by cable car that allows visitors to observe the tongue of the Aletsch Glacier, the largest glacier in the Alps (22 km). It has been visited by an average of 178,000 people during summer per year since 2008. 2 Beyond the viewpoint, the site offers a themed trail, restaurant, and several hikes along the left lateral moraine. The Swiss association ProNatura also offers glacier tours and open-air lectures on landscape interpretation.
• (iv) Montenvers-Mer-de-Glace provides access to the largest French glacier via a cog railway. This site is visited by more than 400,000 people each year (Salim and Ravanel 2020 ). It offers the opportunity to visit an ice cave and several restaurants and take numerous hikes on and around the glacier.
• (v) Nid d’Aigle (France) is accessible by the Mont Blanc Tramway, another cog railway. Visited by about 70,000 people per year during summer, 3 this site offers a view of the Bionnassay glacier. It is also the starting point for the normal route to the Mont Blanc (4809 m a.s.l.).
• (vi) Glacier Blanc Valley (France) is the most frequented tourist area of Écrins National Park. Many hikes are possible from this starting point, with a view of Glacier Blanc, the largest glacier in the massif. The Pré de Madame Carle is the departure point for hikes to two mountain huts, the Glacier Blanc and the Écrins huts. They both allow accessing several mountaineering routes, including the Dôme de Neige des Écrins (4015 m a.s.l.), one of the most accessible 4000-m peaks in the Alps.

Location of the six selected sites in the European Alps (see Appendix 1 for each site description)

A glacio-geomorphological literature review was conducted to understand the processes affecting glacier tourist sites. The research was conducted using Google Scholar with keywords (name of the glacier, site, and mountain range) for each site. All titles were checked to select articles that deal with at least one glacio-geomorphological process close to the selected tourist sites during the last 20 years. Selected articles were included in a database for qualitative and quantitative analyses. This review comprises 73 articles published between 2007 and 2020.

Semi-structured interviews

Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders: public operators (city council, national parks, and tourist office; N  = 7), infrastructure managers (access operators, hut keepers, and ice cave managers; N  = 9), and entrepreneurs, such as mountain guides ( N  = 9). The interviewees were selected using a purposive sampling method (Patton 2002 ). The number of interviews reflects the number of each type of stakeholder present at the selected site.

The interview guide varied according to the specificities of each site. However, the common topics were as follows: (i) place of the interviewee in the tourist destination, (ii) importance of the studied site in the tourist destination, (iii) effects of climate change, (iv) implemented adaptations, and (v) effects of adaptation strategies and vision for the future. The interviews were conducted in four different periods: November 2013 to March 2014 4 (3), March to April 2017 (7), September to November 2019 (7), and 2020 (8). All of them took place within the tourist destination, except for three interviews in the summer of 2020, which were conducted using video conferencing due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). All interviews were recorded with the participants’ agreement and were transcribed for analysis using MAXQDA (Saillard 2011 ). The interviews lasted between 1 and 2 h.

General descriptors are used to protect the anonymity of the interviewees. Direct content analysis was applied (Hsieh and Shannon 2005 ), allowing the development of a first coding based on a theoretical category, in this case, climate change effects and adaptation. In the second step, a more inductive approach was applied to underline the different effects of climate change and adaptation strategies developed without using a preconceived category.

Processes studied in glacier tourism areas

The 73 papers included in the analysis identify 14 processes and parameters grouped into four main categories: glacier-related processes (Table  1 ), paraglacial-related processes (i.e. directly conditioned by former glaciation and deglaciation; Ballantyne 2002 ), permafrost-related processes, and the ‘other’ category concerning the air temperature as a studied parameter. Among the 73 papers, 48 refer to a process or parameter in an area directly related to one of the study sites.

Main glacial parameters measured for each glacier site

1 At the Montenvers profile (see Vincent et al. 2019 )

2. Own measurement (± 10 m)

3 Average thickness change on the glacier tongue (see Bonnefoy-Demogeot and Thibert 2018 )

4 On the cross-profile ‘C’ (see Kos et al. 2016 )

5 On the glacier tongue (see Kellerer-Pirklbauer and Kulmer, 2018)

The most studied glacier parameter concerns the evolution of the glacier length. This evolution is studied at all sites and exhibits a significant retreat in recent years. The Pasterze glacier retreated by about 1.1 km from 1964 to 2015 (Lieb and Kellerer-Pirklbauer 2018 ), and the Glacier Blanc retreated by 742 m from 1986 to 2015 while its front rose by about 200 m in altitude (Bayle 2020 ).

The second-most studied parameter concerns the loss of glacier thickness. This parameter was significant for all the measured glaciers (Bonnefoy-Demongeot and Thibert 2018 ; Gobiet et al. 2014 ; Tsutaki et al. 2011 ; Vincent et al. 2019 ).

The evolution of glacier velocity is the third parameter, which was only studied at the Mer de Glace (Peyaud et al. 2020 ), Rhône (Nishimura et al. 2013 ), and Pasterze glaciers (Kellerer-Pirklbauer and Kulmer 2019 ). For example, ice velocity at the tongue decreased from 75 m.a −1 in 1980 to about 20 m.a −1 in 2015 at Mer de Glace (Peyaud et al. 2020 ) and decreased from 15 m.a −1 in 1999 to 5 m.a −1 in 2011 at the Pasterze glacier (Kellerer-Pirklbauer and Kulmer 2019 ).

Water pockets, which can generate outbursts of flooding, have been studied at the Tête Rousse glacier in the Mont Blanc massif (Gilbert et al. 2012 ). The extent of the debris covering the glacier surface has been studied at several sites (Kaufmann et al. 2015 ; Lardeux et al. 2015 ; Avian et al. 2018 ). Finally, the warming of the ice at the base of hanging glaciers, possibly leading to destabilisation, has been studied at the Mont Blanc massif (Deline et al. 2012 ; Gilbert et al. 2015 ). The present and future formations of proglacial lakes have been studied, particularly around the Pasterze glacier (Avian et al. 2020 ), Rhône glacier (Church et al. 2018 ) and Mer de Glace (Magnin et al. 2020 ).

Two processes associated with the present paraglacial period have also been studied at every site. The first one is glacial debuttressing (Deline et al. 2012 ), which leads to landslides, as observed in the left lateral moraine of the Aletsch glacier in 2015, resulting in a volume of about 50,000 m 3 (Kos et al. 2016 ), and around the proglacial lake of the Pasterze glacier (Avian et al. 2020 ). The consequences of debuttressing on the access to huts have also been studied, for example, in the Mer de Glace basin (Mourey and Ravanel 2017 ).

These studies have demonstrated that paraglacial dynamics have forced changes in the itinerary and have become more frequent and intense since 1990 (Mourey, et al. 2019a,b ; Mourey and Ravanel 2017 ). Mourey, et al. ( 2019a,b ) indicated that the effects of the current paraglacial period on itineraries include an increase in the height of moraines with steeper slopes, the destabilisation of some of them, leading to rock falls, and the development of proglacial torrents, which can make some sections inaccessible.

The third process category concerns permafrost. The warming of the permafrost and the rock instability it induces are the two primary processes studied, especially in the Mont Blanc massif (e.g. Magnin et al. 2017 ; Ravanel et al. 2017 ; Gallach et al. 2018 ) but also on a larger scale (e.g. Gobiet et al. 2014 ; Haeberli et al. 2017 ; Stoffel et al. 2014 ). Ravanel et al. ( 2017 ) demonstrated that the heatwaves of 2003 and 2015 increased permafrost-related rockfall volumes in the Mont Blanc massif, and Magnin et al. ( 2017 ) found that increased temperature extended the warm permafrost (> − 2 °C) by up to 4300 m a.s.l. during the twenty-first century. The effects of permafrost warming on tourism infrastructure have been recently studied in the Alps (e.g. Duvillard et al. 2015 ,  2019 ; Patton et al. 2019 ). For example, Duvillard et al. ( 2019 ) found that more than 1000 infrastructures were built in the context of permafrost in the French Alps and that 12 of them have already been affected by its warming, resulting in costly adaptations.

Pohl et al. ( 2019 ) studied the evolution of the number of frost days for the Mont Blanc massif. They revealed that the frequency of frost occurrence could fall by 50% by the end of the century, between 3500 and 4500 m a.s.l., according to modelling based on IPCC scenario RCP8.5. Among the three categories of processes studied around the selected sites, the ‘glacier’ is the one that has been studied the longest, whereas paraglacial and permafrost-related processes have been increasingly studied since 2010.

Effects perceived by stakeholders

The interviews revealed that the effects induced by the four categories of processes related to climate change, identified through the literature review, are well perceived by tourist site stakeholders in addition to an added category related to snow cover. These effects have six types: itinerary, safety, infrastructure, management, activity, and attractivity issues (Fig.  2 ).

Processes, parameters, and associated effects. The centre of the figure presents four families of processes and parameters studied in the scientific literature. The first family of effects is associated with each of the families of processes. In the outer part of the frame, each family of effects is detailed. The colour code corresponds to the developed effect categories

(i) The first type concerns itinerary issues, primarily caused by the glacier or paraglacial processes, such as increasing the length of access itineraries due to the glacier retreat and extension of the proglacial margin. This situation is the case at Montenvers and Franz-Josefs- Höhe; the return trip duration between the access infrastructures (cog railway or car park) and the glacier has increasingly become longer. Some itineraries take longer to be followed. For example, the ski descent of the Vallée Blanche (Montenvers) takes more time because of the development of debris covering the glacier and the reduced snow cover. Thus, it is sometimes necessary to walk more than 1 km rather than ski. Itineraries can also become more challenging for the mountaineering routes around most sites. The glacial retreat leads to an increase in the slope angle, and the difficulty of the first climbing pitches newly free of ice can be greater than that of the rest of the route. Access also becomes more difficult because of the destabilisation of moraines, as in the access to the Écrins hut. Finally, some itineraries may disappear, as Alpine routes or walking paths may become temporarily or permanently inaccessible. An example is the path along the lateral moraine of the Aletsch glacier, which has been closed due to a large landslide (Kos et al. 2016 ).

(ii) The second type concerns safety issues derived from the glacier, paraglacial dynamics and permafrost-related processes. Rockfalls due to permafrost warming endanger mountaineering routes. Summer melting of the glacier releases boulders that can fall on visitors at the entrance of ice caves at the Rhône glacier and Mer de Glace. Moraine destabilisation affecting itineraries and accesses can be a source of hazards.

(iii) Infrastructure issues can be related to all observed processes. Infrastructure is destabilised because of permafrost warming (e.g. the arrival station of the Eggishorn cable car) or glacial debuttressing (e.g. the Moosfluh cable car at Aletsch). Permafrost degradation also leads to increased risks for downstream infrastructures, such as at Franz-Josefs-Höhe. The digging of ice caves is also affected. At Mer de Glace, the cave is dug at approximately the same place every year. Glacioclim measurements (Vincent et al. 2007 ) show that at the location where the cave is dug, the glacier’s speed has decreased from 49 m.a −1 in 2000 to 11 m.a −1 in 2019. As a result, the cave can no longer be dug in the same place every year for stability reasons. Finally, higher summer temperatures—particularly heatwaves—can affect infrastructure. For example, access by cogwheel train to Nid d’Aigle stops when the temperature is too high, resulting in the expansion of the rails on portions suffering from design weaknesses.

(iv) The various processes and their consequences can lead to management issues. This issue can cascade from the itinerary issue. For example, the increasing access time needed to return from the glacier to the Montenvers train station requires the installation of a watchpoint to guarantee visitor safety, additional time in winter to clear the snow from the 550 steps leading up from the ice cave gondola to the train station, and longer train operating times to guarantee the return journey. This issue can also be the result of physical processes. As an example, for ice caves, the summer melt means that more work must be done to keep the ice cave visitable during the summer. In addition, rising summer temperatures cause stock management problems. For example, at the Écrins hut, conserving a large quantity of food for the entire opening season is no longer possible.

(v) The following type concerns activity issues dominated mainly by the glacier and paraglacial processes and dynamics. The retreat of the glacier front and thickness make access to the glacier more physically challenging, reducing the time spent on the ice and the interest in the activity. Glacier retreat limits the potential for easy glacier climbing, reduces the possibilities for mountain guides to organise technical training on the ice, and forces them to reduce the number of clients they lead, raising the cost of individual ascent. The first reason for this is that the development of the debris covering hampers the realisation of exercises on the ice, and the glacier retreat sometimes increases the slope angle resulting in a more challenging route (a typical example is access to Dôme des Écrins). Contrastingly, the second reason is that, as the glacier melts, some parts become flatter. Thus, the ice walls used for some exercises no longer exist (a typical example is the tongue of Mer de Glace).

(vi) Finally, these elements and the landscape modification due to the decrease in ice volume and increase in debris cover have led to attractivity issues, a potential decrease in visitor satisfaction, and a potential decline in the number of future visitors. Further, managers indicate that new attractions may emerge, such as new lakes or the relatively fresh temperature at these altitudes compared to the valleys.

The presented issues are not equally perceived by various stakeholders (Table ​ (Table2). 2 ). The itinerary issue, which is the most frequent issue mentioned, is perceived by almost all mountain guides but only half of the infrastructure managers. In contrast, the management issue, the least perceived issue, is only perceived by infrastructure managers. These results, presented in Table ​ Table2, 2 , should be treated with caution. Many interviewees mention specific issues, but they may be the same problem mentioned from different viewpoints. In contrast, a less perceived issue may be relevant only for one type of stakeholder (infrastructure issue is a good example, as mountain guides do not have to manage infrastructure).

Occurrence of mention of each issue by type of stakeholder

Adaptation strategies developed

Analysis of the interviews indicates that 29 different adaptation strategies have been implemented to address the effects of climate change described above. The strategies can be arranged into eight categories (Fig.  3 ; Table ​ Table3 3 ).

Relations between processes, effects, and adaptation strategies

Summary of adaptation strategies and their respective adaptation categories

Four categories concern more or less short-term adaptations. First, technical means correspond to technological and technical solutions. Examples are the safety structures at the Franz-Josefs-Höhe to cope with permafrost issues, flexible piles under the Moosfluh lift to adapt to landslides, and relocation of the Montenvers ice cave to cope with the slowing and retreat of the glacier. The second category is management changes, such as altering the opening hours of sites (e.g. at Montenvers), introducing surveillance staff to guarantee visitor safety when access times are extended, or increasing maintenance work at the Rhône glacier to ensure safe summer exploitation. The third category is itinerary and access maintenance, for example, by adding safety or progression infrastructure to the existing infrastructure, creating new itineraries that can lead to tension and conflicts with protected areas and environmental protection associations, or closing some of the most affected itineraries. Finally, the fourth is mitigation, aimed at reducing the glacier retreat rate, primarily by installing protective covers to limit summer melting around ice caves. This strategy allows the manager to operate the infrastructure over more extended periods and protect visitors from rockfalls.

The four other strategies aim at longer-term developments. The fifth strategy is transformation projects, such as at Montenvers and Nid d’Aigle, where operators try to respond to issues related to climate change by redefining the tourist offer. Valorisation methods have been redesigned, and marketing catchphrases have been modified. At Montenvers, managers intend to reduce the place of the glacier in the marketing elements to anticipate its disappearance. They focus communications on the historical and scientific aspects of the area. The sixth strategy, planning between stakeholders, has also been implemented, for example, concerning problems linked to infrastructure or the management of access routes to and from the Écrins hut. The seventh strategy involves the loss of attractiveness of certain sites and the difficulty of carrying out some activities, which has pushed stakeholders towards diversification. Mountain guides now propose new activities to substitute ice walking initiation, and mountain hut keepers organise artistic, heritage, and festive events for new visitors. In contrast to transformation, diversification involves the addition of new activities without abandoning the old ones. Finally, the strategy regarding glacier heritage, which consists of patrimonialisation of glaciers, can be observed at all sites, with the creation of interpretation panels or the construction of glacier interpretation centres and hikes with the mediation of scientists.

Similar to the issue section, the presented adaptation strategies vary according to the stakeholder type (Table ​ (Table4). 4 ). For example, the diversification strategy is implemented by all types of stakeholders. In contrast, the mitigation strategy is only implemented by public and infrastructure operators. These results should be taken with caution for the same reason as the issue results. The effects of climate change on glacier tourism sites and the adaptation strategies deployed to address them vary across the Alps. Figure  4 summarises the climate change effects and adaptations implemented by stakeholders for each site.

Occurrence of mention of each adaptation strategy by stakeholder type

Spatialisation of identified effects and adaptations. The inner circle indicates the presence or absence (blank) of the effect category. The outer circle indicates whether the adaptation category is observed at the site

Studied and perceived processes and effects

The three main categories of processes investigated in the scientific literature and areas close to the selected glacier tourism sites (i.e. glacier, paraglacial and permafrost-related processes) are also categories of processes perceived by interviewees as influencing Alpine glacier tourism sites. As demonstrated in other areas (Furunes and Mykletun 2012 ; Purdie 2013 ; Stewart et al. 2016 ), Alpine glacier tourism is strongly challenged by climate change consequences.

Among the 13 processes recognised from the literature review, 12 are perceived by tourism operators. The only process that was not mentioned in the interviews is the formation of englacial water pockets. This outcome may indicate that this hazard, which would directly threaten one of the sites (Nid d’Aigle), is not perceived as a threat by the operators. A possible reason is that this threat is well monitored.

The numbers and importance of processes perceived by stakeholders vary according to the site, depending on the activity type proposed on the glacier. For example, stakeholders perceived the most negligible effects in terms of numbers at Nid d’Aigle, but it is also the only site that does not provide activities on the glacier. The perception of effects also depends on the rapidity of the glacier retreat. At Montenvers, where the glacier is retreating very quickly and visibly (Peyaud et al. 2020 ), managers of the private company are much more worried than those around the Aletsch glacier, whose vanishing will take much longer (Jouvet and Huss 2019 ).

As observed in other places (e.g. Stewart et al. 2016 ; Welling and Abegg 2019 ), climate change induces access and itinerary issues at sites with glacier access. As in Norway and Iceland (Furunes and Mykletun 2012 ; Welling and Abegg 2019 ), the quality and sometimes feasibility of glacier activities have been reduced. Safety issues are comparable to those in New Zealand and Nepal (Purdie et al. 2015 ; Watson and King 2018 ). Such infrastructure issues occur in Iceland (Welling and Abegg 2019 ), and these management issues occur in New Zealand (Stewart et al. 2016 ). Finally, attractivity issues are common to all study sites except for the Aletsch glacier, whose managers consider that its size pushes back the question for decades. It is also a core issue emerging in glacier tourism studies worldwide (Welling et al. 2015 ; Wang and Zhou 2019 ; Salim et al. 2021a ).

Adapting glacier tourism to climate change

Similar to the results by Salim et al. ( 2021a ) about glacier tourism, an essential part of the mentioned adaptation strategies is reactive or incremental (Table ​ (Table3). 3 ). Among the eight categories of identified adaptations, two (technical means and mitigation) include only reactive strategies. According to Fedele et al. ( 2019 ), reactive strategies are implemented when effects are not severe or when stakeholders do not have the technology or means to answer in another way. In the observed cases, reactive strategies are implemented when their cost is low enough to cope with relatively slight effects. For example, access infrastructure to the Mer de Glace and Pasterze glaciers are set up because the cost remains low compared to the benefits (allowing activities to continue). This tendency can be considered in the context of the built-in permafrost infrastructure, where the majority of the developed adaptation strategies are reactive (Duvillard et al. 2021 ). However, reactive strategies may fail in the long term, for example, in the case of the installation of covers on the Rhône Glacier and Mer de Glace. Nevertheless, these strategies may extend the operating period while waiting to implement longer-term strategies or even considering an end to the activity. As one of the ice cave managers stated, these adaptations ‘are short-term solutions. Well, on the long term, we know very well, me and my team, that it’s not going to continue’.

In this case, as described by Fedele et al. ( 2019 ), incremental strategies are reflected by such strategies as the creation or modification of itineraries or changes in staff organisation, the opening season, or the practice calendar by shifting to winter or spring to take advantage of the presence of snow. These adaptation strategies allow the activity to continue by changing organisations and practices. However, it does not allow the vulnerabilities to be overcome. As such, heritage is an adaptation category that falls entirely within this framework. As carried out on the investigated sites, this strategy allows visitors to better understand the landscape but remains utterly dependent on the glacier as the only medium. From this viewpoint, it can be a strategy to move to a new model that meets visitors’ motivations and expectations (Salim and Ravanel 2020 ).

Transformative adaptation strategies are relatively rare, as in other contexts (Fedele et al. 2020 ). They primarily consist of planning changes in the narrative of the site. For example, Montenvers managers changed their marketing strategy by focusing on historical aspects and natural elements, and the site will become a ‘climate change laboratory’. The other major category of transformative adaptation is illustrated by transformation projects, which involve implementing costly projects that completely redesign a site, such as Nid d’Aigle. Similar to glacier tourism worldwide (Salim et al. 2021a ), the largest tourism operators can implement transformative adaptation strategies when they perceive a significant threat to their business for the future.

Conversely, entrepreneurs or small companies often do not have the technical, temporal, or financial means to make transformative changes. For example, high mountain guides must continuously manage their activity, making it challenging to plan a change over the long term. In addition, they can increase their geographical mobility to find higher sites offering even better glacial conditions to extend their usual practices (Bourdeau et al. 2021 ). Welling and Abegg ( 2019 ) emphasised that this situation results in decisions that are not undertaken. However, the hut keepers who are forced to adapt on the spot are organising themselves to welcome new clients and propose new activities or alternative practices and objectives.

An upcoming world without ice

According to the IPCC scenarios, Central Europe will potentially lose about 60% to 99% of its ice volume by the end of this century (Bosson et al. 2019 ). Mer de Glace will no longer be visible from the Montenvers viewpoint in less than 30 years (Peyaud et al. 2020 ), and the Aletsch Glacier tongue could disappear before 2100 (Jouvet and Huss 2019 ). Accordingly, pursuing and adapting activities while maintaining dependency on ice is doomed to failure in the long term (decades). Coping and incremental adaptations are therefore useful as adaptations that facilitate the transition of tourism stakeholders.

Transition management (Gössling et al. 2012 ) is recommended in this case to ensure the sustainability of activities in the future. A transdisciplinary approach (Otero et al. 2020 ), describing a reflection involving all parties—including researchers—could allow the tourism offer to be renewed. Moreover, transdisciplinarity offers an opportunity to redesign glacier tourism to achieve sustainable development goals (UNWTO and UNDP 2017 ).

Conclusions

As occurring worldwide, glacier tourism sites in the European Alps are severely affected by climate change. Glacier retreat and the associated paraglacial dynamics and permafrost degradation, which have been studied by scientists, are also perceived by Alpine glacier tourism stakeholders. Rising air temperature, proglacial lake formation, and reduced snow cover also influence glacier tourism sites. The consequences of the glacio-geomorphological changes on glacier tourism include issues related to itineraries and glacier access, reduction of visitor safety and infrastructure, management issues and, finally, challenges to the proposed activities and attractiveness of the sites.

Site managers, entrepreneurs offering site activities, and public institutions have been adapting by responding with technical means, management evolution, ice-melt mitigation, activity diversification, management of glacier itineraries and access, planning, and glacier heritage and transformation projects. Most of these adaptations allow activities to continue in the short (years) and middle (decade) terms but do not necessarily guarantee long-term site sustainability (few decades).

Furthermore, big companies can adapt sustainably by planning long-term changes that small companies cannot. In many cases, however, independent actors (mountain guides and hut keepers) are more flexible and have more substantial capacity for incremental and transformative adaptation than more structured organisations. Because glacier evolution in the coming decades will lead to the disappearance of these tourist glaciers, transformative projects must begin today. Accordingly, the coping and incremental adaptation strategies can be viewed as transitional strategies that must include innovations to favour the emergence of new models. Planning and cooperation between stakeholders and researchers should be engaged to face the immense challenges that are coming. Trans- and inter-disciplinarity appears crucial to ensure that stakeholders have all the necessary knowledge to make decisions that will guarantee sustainability. In any case, stakeholders should already be considering their futures in the post-glacial era.

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

1 Unpublished data provided by the Grossglockner Road company.

2 Unpublished data provided by the Aletsch Arena company.

3 Unpublished data provided by the Mont-Blanc company.

4 Those interviews have been conducted for the purpose of Bourdeau’s (2014) study and were supported by the CNRS-Zone-Atelier-Alpes and the Centre d’Oralité Alpine .

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Contributor Information

Emmanuel Salim, Email: [email protected] .

Ludovic Ravanel, Email: [email protected] .

Philippe Bourdeau, Email: [email protected] .

Philip Deline, Email: [email protected] .

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Climate change and tourism

Global climate change is a fact. The tourism industry is rising to the challenges and taking responsibility.

Guests in Vevey sought to cool off by the lake during the record summer of 2022.

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In 2022, Switzerland experienced record summer temperatures, which also had a direct impact on Swiss tourism. Never before have Swiss rivers been this warm, with some even drying up almost completely. The Lake Constance Navigation Company was forced to suspend operations between Rorschach and Rheineck. In Zermatt, the cable cars and mountain railways discontinued summer ski operations due to the lack of glacier snow. Some SAC huts face potential closure over the coming years since the thawing permafrost is causing the rock masses on which the huts are built to slide. Such extreme weather phenomena have become more frequent in recent years, confirming the fact that climate change is indeed caused by mankind. The “Federal Tourism Strategy” therefore lists climate change as one of the five most important challenges for Swiss tourism.

Tourism as the fifth most important export industry

But anyone who lapses into overly zealous activism in the face of the numerous challenges is acting just as poorly as someone who simply does nothing. Making up almost 5% of foreign trade, tourism is Switzerland’s fifth most important export sector. In mountain destinations in particular, many jobs depend on tourism, whether directly or indirectly. Unilateral bans, as demanded by some politicians, fall short, endanger these jobs and therefore cannot be reconciled with the overarching idea of sustainability. Smart, holistic initiatives and measures are more effective. These always consider geographical conditions, as the effects of climate change vary greatly from region to region. The same applies to the opportunities that open up for Switzerland at an international level and for the various destinations at a regional level.

Innovative, responsible, Swisstainable

In the third quarter of 2022, the Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) counted a total of 13.7   million arriving and departing passengers (local and transfer passengers) in scheduled and charter traffic. This corresponds to 62% more than in the same period of the previous year. Although still 18% below 2019 pre-pandemic levels, the marked increase shows how great the demand on air travel is.

International tourism without air travel is therefore unrealistic; international aviation cannot be unilaterally influenced by the Swiss tourism industry. On Swiss soil, however, the industry can take the reins. Here, Switzerland Tourism ST ensures a longer duration of stay as well as a geographic and seasonal diversification of visitor flows. The entire industry is committed to measures and approaches that can basically be assigned to the following two action areas: slowing down climate change by avoiding greenhouse gases, and adapting to climate change by means of new, holistic strategies. The Swisstainable movement belongs to the latter: it intends not only to ensure the survival of tourism service providers, but also to ensure nationwide prosperity in the long term, despite climate change.

In addition to various measures and campaigns within the framework of the Swisstainable movement, the programme of the same name forms the centrepiece. Both experienced pioneers and those just venturing onto this journey can take part, with three levels of recognition available, and show their commitment to sustainability with the Swisstainable insignia. After all, a strong position with respect to sustainability is increasingly becoming a competitive advantage, and Switzerland offers all the prerequisites to achieve this.

Reducing greenhouse gases in tourism

Reducing harmful greenhouse gases in all areas of life nevertheless remains essential – whether thanks to more climate-friendly energy sources or through our own mindful consumption. This is where the economy is called upon to develop innovative products. The ski destination of St. Moritz provided an excellent example of this for the first time during the 2022/23 winter season: In the ski resorts, all diesel vehicles, construction machines, 36 snow groomers and 65 service vehicles run on a CO 2 -neutral diesel, the GTL (Gas-to-Liquids) Fuel Alpine. All service buildings, businesses and restaurants are also heated with the CO 2 -neutral heating oil, GTL Fuel Heating. In addition, Swiss International Airlines (SWISS) is the first scheduled airline to fly from Switzerland with SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel), a synthetically produced kerosene, from 2021. What makes this so special is that carbon from existing sustainable biomass or gases is reused and converted into fuel. SAF is thus a genuine alternative to fossil kerosene.

At the same time, a significant degree of personal accountability is required – whether in people’s private lives or in the world of business. The “Swisstainable Veggie Day” conducted by ST, a project of ST’s Swisstainable movement, showed how personal responsibility can be promoted with an initiative.

Despite the challenges posed by climate change, with which the Swiss tourism industry was confronted in 2022, it tackled its responsibilities and took ownership in 2022. Keeping at it will pay off sooner rather than later.  

Read other stories

Winter tourism is changing

A longer autumn, less snow, declining guest numbers. New ideas for the winter season are both welcome and needed.

Indulgence without compromise

The first Swisstainable Veggie Day was very well received throughout Switzerland, by both restaurants and guests.

Book Swisstainable worldwide

Thanks to partnerships with significant global travel companies, Swisstainable offers can now be booked directly worldwide.

In focus 2022

A road trip with Roger Federer

The tennis star promotes the Grand Tour of Switzerland together with actress Anne Hathaway – and breaks all records.

New market structure

Switzerland Tourism restructured the markets, strengthening agility and resilience for times of crisis.

Short-haul guests are back

Hotel overnight stays from short-haul markets have almost returned to pre-pandemic levels, with several reasons for this.

Key indicators for 2022

The most important key indicators for the year at a glance.

Sustainable Tourism in Switzerland

Sustainable Tourism

Recycling Public Transportation Outdoor Activities Drink Tap Water Renewable Energy Sources

Car-Free Resorts Swiss Travel Pass

Hiking + Biking Skating + Water Activites

Responsible Travel - Sustainable Tourism in Switzerland

Being a responsible traveler entails actions that can easily be included in Switzerland. From using public transportation to selecting your hotels wisely; opting for outdoor activities and reducing your consumption of single use plastic. All these little steps will allow you to leave a positive environmental footprint on our planet and Switzerland has all the tools to make it happen.

As a global leader in sustainable tourism, Switzerland ranks first on the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). The big cities like Zurich, Berne and Geneva have been praised repeatedly for its sustainability skills. Apart from improving the environment, the Swiss are also leaders in recycling and are committed to the 3 R’s (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle). Organic waste gets composted and what cannot be recycled gets combusted to energy. Adapting to these practices in Switzerland is easy and you will leave a positive impact while traveling without even noticing it.

A good way to minimize CO2 emissions and to responsible travel is to use public transportation as much as we can, wherever we can. Fortunately, Switzerland has one of the most efficient public transportation networks in the world and the best part, it is eco-friendly! Thanks to the density of its net you can explore Switzerland hassle free by train, boat or postal bus. All three are well synchronized and will guarantee you a wonderful experience! Aside from the environmental benefits it creates, the ticket prices for the Swiss rail system are reasonable, especially for foreign travelers. Including discounts and numerous perks, the Swiss Travel System is the preferred method of transportation, even for the Swiss themselves. Book your Swiss Travel Pass online and take your first step to become a responsible traveler!

Switzerland stands out in the world for its stunning nature. The beauty of the Alps and the turquoise lakes between the mountains are constantly attracting photographers and adventurers. These natural wonders also permit gentle tourism to be practiced. Hiking , biking , skating and even some water activities can enhance your vacation without leaving a negative impact on the environment. Plan your own leisure tour with the guidance of the fabulous Switzerland Mobility platform – a network for non-motorized activities around the country. Choose your favorite activity and a region and discover the outdoor paradise Switzerland represents.

Another gift of nature in Switzerland is water. It meets very high standards of quality and groundwater protection zones make it possible to distribute water without having to treat it. This is a great benefit not only for everyone hydrating in Switzerland, but also for the environment. You can safely drink water from every tap (unless marked not safe for drinking), meaning that you can bring your reusable bottle and fill it up anytime. This way you will be traveling responsibly and will avoid single use plastic during your vacation.

Another point to take into consideration while traveling responsibly is to select your hotels wisely. Many hotels in Switzerland are dedicated to sustainable tourism. This means that they monitor water and electricity consumption, use renewable energy sources, reduce waste or use regional products. Also, opt for local-owned hotels instead of big chains. Supporting local economy and communal organizations is part of the sustainability skills you can implement while traveling.

Switzerland is proud of its car free resorts which are yet another great option to travel gently and practice sustainable tourism! Besides, it is a great experience that cannot easily be found in other countries around the world.

Responsible travelers blend in and leave a positive footprint wherever they go. Magic Switzerland encourages you to immerse yourself in every destination you visit in Switzerland and in any other country. Know the culture, be conscious, raise awareness and travel responsibly. Enhance your own understanding of our world with exploration and discovery while at the same time you decrease your travel footprint. And remember, small changes eventually add up!

What to do in Switzerland Best places to visit Car-free destination Swiss Alps Transportation in Switzerland Swiss Rail Passes Scenic Trains Switzerland sample Itineraries Vacation Planner Grand Tour of Switzerland

Tourism in Switzerland 

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Tourism in Switzerland is big business. But why is this industry so important and what does it all mean? Read on to find out…

Tourism in Switzerland

The geography of switzerland, the tourism industry in switzerland, statistics about tourism in switzerland, the most popular tourist attractions in switzerland, the most popular types of tourism in switzerland , the economic impacts of tourism in switzerland, the social impacts of tourism in switzerland, the environmental impacts of tourism in switzerland, faqs about tourism in switzerland, to conclude: tourism in switzerland.

Switzerland, nestled in the heart of Europe, is renowned for its stunning alpine landscapes and precise craftsmanship. This article unpacks the intricacies of Switzerland’s tourism sector, discussing its paramount importance to the national economy, while spotlighting the charm of its snow-clad mountains, luxurious watchmaking towns, and multicultural cities.

Switzerland is a landlocked country located in Central Europe. Here are some key points about the geography of Switzerland:

1. Location: Switzerland is situated in the heart of Europe and is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.

2. Landscape: Switzerland is known for its stunning mountainous landscape. The Swiss Alps dominate the southern part of the country, while the Jura Mountains stretch along the western border. The Swiss Plateau, with its rolling hills and fertile plains, occupies the northern and central regions.

3. Alps: The Swiss Alps are one of the most prominent mountain ranges in the world and cover about 60% of Switzerland’s total land area. This region includes famous peaks such as the Matterhorn, Eiger, and Jungfrau. The Swiss Alps offer breathtaking landscapes, skiing and snowboarding opportunities, and picturesque alpine villages.

4. Lakes: Switzerland is also known for its beautiful lakes, which dot the landscape throughout the country. Lake Geneva (Lac Léman), Lake Zurich, Lake Lucerne, and Lake Maggiore are among the largest and most popular lakes in Switzerland. These lakes provide scenic beauty, water-based activities, and charming lakeside towns.

5. Rivers: Several major rivers flow through Switzerland, including the Rhine, Rhône, and Aare. These rivers not only contribute to the natural beauty of the country but also offer opportunities for river cruises, water sports, and picturesque riverside walks.

6. Climate: Switzerland has a varied climate influenced by its diverse topography. The high Alpine regions have a cold and snowy climate, while the lower areas experience mild summers and cold winters. The climate is also influenced by the Mediterranean in the south and the continental climate in the north.

7. Biodiversity: Despite its small size, Switzerland boasts significant biodiversity. The varied landscapes support diverse ecosystems, including alpine meadows, forests, wetlands, and glacial regions. The country is home to numerous plant and animal species, including chamois, ibex, marmots, and various bird species.

8. Natural Parks: Switzerland has several national parks and nature reserves dedicated to preserving its natural heritage. These protected areas, such as the Swiss National Park and the Aletsch Glacier, provide opportunities for hiking, wildlife viewing, and nature conservation.

9. Transportation: Switzerland has a well-developed transportation infrastructure, including an extensive network of trains, cable cars, and roads that make it easy to access different regions of the country. The famous Swiss railway system is known for its efficiency and scenic routes.

10. Tourism: The unique geography of Switzerland, with its mountains, lakes, and charming towns, attracts millions of tourists each year. Visitors come to enjoy outdoor activities such as skiing, hiking, and mountain climbing, as well as to explore cultural attractions, historical sites, and picturesque landscapes.

Overall, Switzerland’s geography offers a diverse and breathtaking environment, making it a popular destination for nature lovers, outdoor enthusiasts, and those seeking picturesque scenery.

Switzerland has a thriving tourism industry and is known worldwide as a popular travel destination. Here are some key aspects of the tourism industry in Switzerland:

1. Scenic Beauty: Switzerland is renowned for its stunning landscapes, including the majestic Swiss Alps, picturesque lakes, charming towns, and lush green valleys. The country’s natural beauty attracts visitors from around the globe.

2. Outdoor Activities: Switzerland offers a wide range of outdoor activities throughout the year. In winter, skiing, snowboarding, and snowshoeing are popular, with world-class ski resorts such as Zermatt, Verbier, and St. Moritz. In summer, hiking, mountain biking, paragliding, and water sports on the lakes are among my favourite activities.

3. Cultural Heritage: Switzerland has a rich cultural heritage that attracts tourists interested in history, art, and architecture. The country is home to numerous castles, museums, art galleries, and UNESCO World Heritage sites. Cities like Zurich, Geneva, Lucerne, and Bern offer a blend of historical and modern attractions.

4. Wellness and Spa Tourism: Switzerland is famous for its wellness and spa resorts, offering relaxation, rejuvenation, and therapeutic treatments. Places like Baden-Baden, Davos, and Leukerbad are renowned for their thermal baths, wellness retreats, and health resorts.

5. Culinary Experiences: Swiss cuisine is known for its cheeses, chocolates, and other delicious specialties. Visitors can enjoy authentic Swiss dishes, wine tasting, and culinary tours. Additionally, Switzerland has a strong tradition of fine dining, with many Michelin-starred restaurants.

6. Adventure Tourism: Switzerland attracts adventure seekers with activities like mountaineering, rock climbing, canyoning, and glacier trekking. The country’s challenging terrain and well-maintained infrastructure make it an ideal destination for thrill-seekers.

7. Rail Journeys: Switzerland is famous for its scenic rail journeys, offering breathtaking views of the Alps, lakes, and countryside. The Glacier Express, Bernina Express, and GoldenPass Line are popular train routes that provide unforgettable travel experiences.

8. Shopping: Switzerland is known for its luxury watches, chocolates, cheeses, and other high-quality products. Cities like Zurich and Geneva are shopping hubs, offering a wide range of boutiques, department stores, and renowned Swiss brands.

9. Sustainability and Ecotourism: Switzerland places a strong emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendly tourism. Many hotels, resorts, and tourism operators in Switzerland adhere to eco-friendly practices, promoting responsible tourism and preserving the natural environment.

10. Events and Festivals: Switzerland hosts various cultural, sports, and music events throughout the year, attracting visitors from all over the world. The Montreux Jazz Festival, Basel Carnival, Fête de l’Escalade in Geneva, and Swiss National Day celebrations are among the popular events.

The tourism industry in Switzerland plays a significant role in the country’s economy, providing employment opportunities and contributing to local businesses. The Swiss government and tourism organisations continuously promote Switzerland as a desirable destination, ensuring that visitors have memorable experiences while preserving the country’s natural and cultural heritage.

Now lets put things into perspective. Here are some statistics about tourism in Switzerland:

1. In 2019, Switzerland welcomed a record-breaking 12.5 million international tourists, representing a 1.9% increase compared to the previous year.

2. Tourism contributes significantly to the Swiss economy, accounting for around 2.9% of the country’s GDP.

3. Switzerland is known for its high tourism receipts. In 2019, the tourism industry generated approximately 18.8 billion Swiss francs (CHF) in revenue.

4. The number of overnight stays in Switzerland reached 38.8 million in 2019, with domestic tourists accounting for 18.8 million stays and international tourists for 20 million stays.

5. The average length of stay for international tourists in Switzerland is around 2.6 nights.

6. Germany is the largest source market for tourists visiting Switzerland, followed by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and China.

7. The Swiss Alps are the most popular tourist destination in Switzerland, attracting visitors with their stunning landscapes, ski resorts, and outdoor activities.

8. The cities of Zurich, Geneva, Lucerne, and Basel are the most visited urban destinations in Switzerland, offering a mix of culture, history, and modern amenities.

9. Switzerland has a well-developed tourism infrastructure, including an extensive network of hotels, resorts, transportation options, and tourist facilities.

10. Switzerland is known for its commitment to sustainability and eco-tourism. Many tourism operators and accommodations in Switzerland have implemented eco-friendly practices to minimise their environmental impact and promote responsible tourism.

Please note that these statistics are based on pre-pandemic data and may vary due to the impact of COVID-19 on the tourism industry.

Switzerland is known for its stunning landscapes, charming cities, and cultural heritage. Here are some of the most popular tourist attractions in Switzerland:

1. Zermatt and the Matterhorn: Zermatt is a picturesque Alpine village located at the foot of the iconic Matterhorn, one of the most famous mountains in the world. It is a popular destination for skiing, hiking, and mountaineering.

2. Lucerne and Lake Lucerne: Lucerne is a beautiful city situated on the shores of Lake Lucerne. It offers a blend of historic architecture, such as the Chapel Bridge, and breathtaking natural scenery. Visitors can also take boat cruises on the lake and explore nearby mountains.

3. Geneva: Known as the international centre for diplomacy, Geneva is a cosmopolitan city with a rich history. It is home to numerous international organisations, including the United Nations. Visitors can explore the Old Town, visit museums, and enjoy the scenic shores of Lake Geneva.

4. Interlaken: Nestled between two lakes and surrounded by the Swiss Alps, Interlaken is a popular destination for outdoor activities. It serves as a gateway to adventure sports such as paragliding, skydiving, and canyoning. It also offers easy access to the Jungfrau region, known for its stunning mountain landscapes.

5. Bern: The capital city of Switzerland, Bern, is known for its well-preserved mediaeval old town, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The city offers attractions like the Bear Park, the Rosengarten, and the Zytglogge (Clock Tower).

6. Zurich: Switzerland’s largest city, Zurich, is a vibrant metropolis with a mix of modern and historic attractions. Visitors can explore the Old Town, visit museums, enjoy shopping on Bahnhofstrasse, and take a boat cruise on Lake Zurich.

7. Lausanne and Lake Geneva: Lausanne is a picturesque city located on the shores of Lake Geneva. It is home to the International Olympic Committee and offers a blend of history, culture, and beautiful scenery. The Olympic Museum and the Lausanne Cathedral are popular attractions.

8. The Swiss National Park: Located in the eastern part of the country, the Swiss National Park is a nature lover’s paradise. It is Switzerland’s oldest national park and is home to a wide variety of alpine flora and fauna. Visitors can explore hiking trails and enjoy the untouched beauty of the Swiss Alps.

9. Chillon Castle: Situated on the shores of Lake Geneva near Montreux, Chillon Castle is a well-preserved mediaeval fortress. It offers stunning views of the lake and the surrounding mountains and provides insights into the region’s history and architecture.

10. The Aletsch Glacier: The Aletsch Glacier is the largest glacier in the Alps and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Located in the Jungfrau region, it offers breathtaking views and opportunities for hiking and mountaineering.

These are just a few examples of the many wonderful tourist attractions Switzerland has to offer. The country is renowned for its natural beauty, outdoor activities, cultural heritage, and welcoming hospitality.

Switzerland attracts a diverse range of tourists due to its natural beauty, outdoor activities, cultural heritage, and well-developed infrastructure. Here are some of the most popular types of tourism in Switzerland:

1. Alpine Tourism: Switzerland is renowned for its magnificent Alpine scenery, making it a popular destination for winter sports enthusiasts. Skiing, snowboarding, and mountaineering are major attractions in places like Zermatt, St. Moritz, Verbier, and Davos.

2. Adventure Tourism: The country offers various outdoor adventure activities, including hiking, cycling, rock climbing, paragliding, and river rafting. The Swiss National Park, Jungfrau Region, and Engadin Valley are popular destinations for adventure tourism.

3. Cultural Tourism: Switzerland has a rich cultural heritage with diverse traditions, languages, and historical sites. Cities like Zurich, Geneva, Basel, and Lucerne offer a blend of mediaeval architecture, art galleries, museums, and music festivals. Château de Chillon, the Abbey of St. Gallen, and the Old Town of Bern are notable cultural attractions.

4. Wellness and Spa Tourism: Switzerland is famous for its luxury wellness retreats and thermal spas. Places like Bad Ragaz, Leukerbad, and Scuol offer rejuvenating spa experiences, thermal baths, and wellness treatments set amidst scenic landscapes.

5. Nature Tourism: Switzerland’s picturesque landscapes, including its lakes, waterfalls, and scenic hiking trails, attract nature enthusiasts. The Swiss National Park, Lake Geneva, Lake Lucerne, and the Aletsch Glacier are popular natural attractions.

6. Train Tourism: Switzerland’s efficient train network, including the famous Glacier Express and Bernina Express, offers panoramic views of the country’s stunning landscapes. Train enthusiasts and travellers seeking scenic journeys often opt for these picturesque train rides.

7. Culinary Tourism: Swiss cuisine, known for its cheese, chocolate, and fondue, is a draw for food lovers. Visitors can explore cheese factories, chocolate factories, vineyards, and traditional Swiss restaurants to indulge in the country’s culinary delights.

These are just a few examples of the popular types of tourism in Switzerland. The country’s diverse offerings cater to a wide range of interests and preferences, making it an attractive destination for travellers from around the world.

Tourism in Switzerland plays a significant role in the Swiss economy and has a substantial impact on various sectors. Here are some of the economic impacts of tourism in Switzerland:

1. Employment: The tourism industry in Switzerland is a major source of employment. It creates job opportunities in hotels, restaurants, transportation, tour operations, travel agencies, and various related sectors. Both direct and indirect employment is generated, benefiting the local workforce.

2. Revenue generation: Tourism in Switzerland contributes significantly to the country’s revenue. International tourists spend money on accommodation, food and beverages, transportation, shopping, attractions, and other tourism-related services. This expenditure leads to the generation of income and tax revenues for the government.

3. Small business development: The tourism industry in Switzerland provides opportunities for small businesses and entrepreneurs to thrive. Local artisans, craftsmen, souvenir shops, and family-owned businesses benefit from the influx of tourists, helping to diversify the economy.

4. Infrastructure development: The demand for tourism infrastructure, such as hotels, resorts, restaurants, and transportation facilities, drives investment and development in these areas. The construction and maintenance of infrastructure create job opportunities and stimulate economic growth.

5. Regional development: Tourism in Switzerland helps in the development of rural and less-developed regions of Switzerland. When tourists explore different areas, they contribute to the economic growth of those regions, encouraging investment and development beyond major cities and popular tourist destinations.

6. Cultural preservation: Tourism in Switzerland often fosters the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage. Historic sites, museums, traditional festivals, and local traditions gain recognition and support due to tourist interest. This helps preserve Switzerland’s cultural identity and can have positive economic impacts on communities.

7. Multiplier effect: The tourism industry has a multiplier effect on the economy. When tourists spend money, it circulates through the economy, benefiting various sectors and creating a ripple effect. For example, money spent by tourists at a hotel can generate income for the hotel staff, local suppliers, restaurants, and shops, leading to further economic activity.

However, it’s important to note that tourism in Switzerland also brings challenges and potential negative impacts, such as overcrowding, environmental concerns, increased living costs in tourist areas, and seasonal fluctuations in employment. Sustainable tourism practices and careful planning are necessary to mitigate these issues and ensure the long-term benefits of tourism in Switzerland.

Tourism in Switzerland has a significant impact on Swiss society, both positive and negative. Switzerland is known for its natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and well-preserved historical sites, making it a popular tourist destination. Here are some of the social impacts of tourism in Switzerland:

1. Economic benefits: Tourism in Switzerland contributes significantly to the Swiss economy by generating revenue and creating employment opportunities. It supports various sectors such as accommodation, transportation, restaurants, and souvenir shops, providing jobs for locals and boosting their income levels. This economic stability positively affects the standard of living and social welfare of Swiss residents.

2. Cultural exchange: Tourism in Switzerland brings people from different parts of the world to Switzerland, fostering cultural exchange and understanding. Visitors have the opportunity to experience Swiss traditions, language, cuisine, and customs, while locals gain exposure to diverse cultures and perspectives. This interaction enhances mutual respect, tolerance, and appreciation for cultural diversity.

3. Preservation of heritage: Tourism in Switzerland plays a vital role in preserving cultural and historical heritage. The revenue generated from tourism often goes towards the restoration and maintenance of historic buildings, museums, and landmarks. This ensures the preservation of Swiss heritage for future generations and promotes a sense of pride among the local population.

4. Promotion of local traditions and crafts: Tourism in Switzerland encourages the promotion and revitalization of traditional Swiss crafts, such as watchmaking, chocolate production, cheese-making, and textile manufacturing. Visitors are interested in experiencing and purchasing authentic Swiss products, which helps to sustain local industries and traditions. This contributes to the preservation of cultural identity and supports local artisans and businesses.

5. Infrastructure development: The tourism industry drives the development of infrastructure in Switzerland. To cater to the needs of tourists, there is a continuous improvement in transportation networks, accommodation facilities, and recreational amenities. These developments benefit not only tourists but also residents, making travel and access to various services more convenient and efficient.

6. Environmental concerns: The influx of tourists can put pressure on Switzerland’s delicate ecosystems and natural resources. Popular tourist destinations, such as mountainous regions, may experience increased foot traffic, leading to erosion, pollution, and habitat disturbance. Sustainable tourism practices and responsible visitor behaviour are crucial in minimising these negative environmental impacts.

7. Seasonal employment and seasonality challenges: Tourism in Switzerland is often seasonal, with peaks during summer and winter. This can create a challenge in terms of employment stability, as many jobs are tied to specific seasons. Seasonal employment opportunities can be beneficial for local residents, providing them with additional income. However, the reliance on seasonal employment may lead to economic uncertainties and fluctuations in local communities.

To maximise the positive social impacts and mitigate the negative ones, Switzerland focuses on sustainable tourism practices, responsible tourism education, and conservation efforts. The government, local communities, and tourism industry stakeholders work together to strike a balance between economic growth, cultural preservation, and environmental protection.

Tourism in Switzerland has both positive and negative environmental impacts. While the industry promotes appreciation for the country’s natural beauty and supports conservation efforts, it also poses challenges to the environment. Here are some key environmental impacts of tourism in Switzerland:

1. Carbon emissions: Travel to Switzerland, especially by air, contributes to carbon emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels. Tourists coming from distant locations often rely on air travel, which is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. This can contribute to climate change and impact the fragile alpine ecosystems of Switzerland.

2. Overcrowding and habitat disturbance: Popular tourist destinations in Switzerland, particularly in the Alps, can experience overcrowding during peak seasons. Increased visitor numbers can lead to habitat disturbance, trampling of vegetation, soil erosion, and damage to fragile ecosystems. It can also disrupt the natural behaviour and breeding patterns of wildlife.

3. Waste generation and pollution: Tourism in Switzerland generates a substantial amount of waste, including plastic bottles, food packaging, and other disposable items. Improper waste management can lead to pollution of water bodies, soil, and scenic landscapes. It is crucial to promote responsible waste disposal and recycling practices to mitigate this impact.

4. Water consumption and scarcity: Tourism in Switzerland places demands on water resources, particularly in areas with limited water availability. Hotels, restaurants, and recreational activities require water for various purposes. In regions already facing water scarcity or during dry periods, increased tourism can exacerbate the strain on local water supplies and ecosystems.

5. Ski tourism and landscape modification: Switzerland is renowned for its ski resorts, attracting winter sports enthusiasts from around the world. The development of ski infrastructure, including ski lifts, trails, and snowmaking systems, can lead to landscape modification and habitat fragmentation. This can affect the natural flow of water, soil erosion, and disrupt wildlife habitats.

6. Wildlife disturbance: The presence of tourists in natural areas can disrupt wildlife behaviour and disturb sensitive species. Activities such as hiking, skiing, and wildlife viewing, if not conducted responsibly, can lead to stress, displacement, and changes in animal behaviour. It is essential to promote guidelines and regulations to minimise wildlife disturbance and protect biodiversity.

7. Energy and resource consumption: The tourism industry requires significant energy and resource consumption for transportation, accommodation, and other services. This includes energy-intensive activities like heating and cooling in hotels, water consumption, and the operation of recreational facilities. Encouraging sustainable practices, such as energy-efficient infrastructure and renewable energy sources, can help reduce these impacts.

To address these environmental concerns, Switzerland has taken steps to promote sustainable tourism practices. The country emphasises the use of renewable energy, waste management initiatives, protected area management, and the development of eco-friendly infrastructure. Efforts are made to raise awareness among tourists and encourage responsible behaviour, such as minimising waste, using public transportation, respecting wildlife, and following designated trails. Additionally, Switzerland actively participates in international collaborations and agreements to address climate change and protect biodiversity.

Now that we know a bit more about tourism in Switzerland, lets answer some of the most common questions on this topic:

1. Q: What is the best time to visit Switzerland?

   A: Switzerland is a year-round destination, offering different experiences in each season. Summer (June to August) is ideal for outdoor activities and exploring the scenic landscapes, while winter (December to February) is perfect for skiing and winter sports enthusiasts. Spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October) offer pleasant weather and fewer crowds.

2. Q: Do I need a visa to visit Switzerland?

   A: Whether you need a visa to visit Switzerland depends on your nationality. Citizens of certain countries can enter Switzerland for tourism purposes without a visa for a limited period (usually up to 90 days). It’s recommended to check with the Swiss embassy or consulate in your country for specific visa requirements.

3. Q: Is English widely spoken in Switzerland?

   A: While Switzerland has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), English is widely spoken, especially in tourist areas, hotels, and major cities. You should have no trouble communicating in English, but it’s always helpful to learn a few basic phrases in the local language.

4. Q: How do I get around in Switzerland?

   A: Switzerland has an efficient and well-connected public transportation system. Trains, trams, buses, and boats cover most areas of the country. The Swiss Travel Pass offers unlimited travel on public transportation and can be a convenient option for visitors. Rental cars are also available, but they may not be necessary if you plan to primarily rely on public transport.

5. Q: Are the Swiss Alps only for experienced hikers?

   A: The Swiss Alps offer a range of hiking options suitable for all skill levels. While some trails may be more challenging, there are plenty of easy and moderate routes that can be enjoyed by beginners and families as well. It’s important to choose trails that match your fitness level and come prepared with proper gear and information.

6. Q: Is Switzerland an expensive country to visit?

   A: Yes, Switzerland is known for its high cost of living, and tourism expenses can add up. Accommodation, dining out, and activities can be relatively expensive compared to other destinations. However, there are ways to manage costs, such as opting for budget accommodations, self-catering, and exploring free or low-cost attractions.

7. Q: What are some must-visit attractions in Switzerland?

   A: Switzerland offers a wealth of attractions. Some popular ones include the Matterhorn in Zermatt, Lake Geneva, Jungfraujoch (the “Top of Europe”), Lucerne and its Chapel Bridge, the Rhine Falls, the Chillon Castle, and cities like Zurich, Geneva, and Bern. Additionally, exploring the scenic landscapes and charming Swiss villages is highly recommended.

8. Q: Can I drink tap water in Switzerland?

   A: Yes, tap water in Switzerland is generally safe and of high quality. You can drink tap water without any concerns. It’s a great way to stay hydrated and save money on buying bottled water.

9. Q: Are there any cultural etiquettes or customs to be aware of?

   A: Switzerland has a rich cultural heritage, and it’s appreciated when visitors respect local customs. It’s customary to greet people with a handshake, dress modestly when visiting religious sites, and observe quietness in public places. Tipping is not mandatory, but leaving a small amount as a token of appreciation for good service is common.

Switzerland is renowned worldwide for its stunning Alpine landscapes, luxury watches, and world-class chocolate. The tourism sector plays a vital role in its economy, attracting visitors to its ski resorts, scenic train journeys, and cultural cities. As tourism thrives, it brings both positive economic influx and challenges, especially in terms of sustainability and maintaining the pristine nature of its environments. In closing, Switzerland continually works towards blending its deep-rooted traditions with the demands of modern tourism, ensuring a harmonious experience for both visitors and residents.

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Advantages and disadvantages of travel technology in the Information Society

Sofía R. Ustáriz Journalist

‘Information society’ is the name given to the process of evolution we are living in a society that increasingly uses information and communication technologies (or ICTs); which, between 2015 and 2019, represented an expenditure of $205 million for companies worldwide, and which is growing at a stable 2.5% per year.

The information society is a consequence of the digital transformation and is based on the rapid dissemination of ideas, experiences and opinions, everything from the economy to our affective relationships are related through ICTs, consequently, our society evolves as a whole and faster, bringing increasingly effective solutions for day-to-day problems, and the tourism sector is no exception.

Let’s explore the advantages and disadvantages of ICTs in the tourism sector in the 21st century.

Advantages and disadvantages of travel technology

Big data, facial recognition, customer service and information management software are just some of the technologies that the travel and tourism sector currently uses. They facilitate many of the tasks that users perform when traveling and optimize internal processes in companies. However, like all technological advances, they also present some difficulties.

Advantages of travel technology

• Accessibility: people can access all the information they need about a tourist destination with a simple Google search. Book hotel rooms, buy flights and schedule tours in different parts of the world and on different dates from the comfort of their couch. No need to hire a travel agency to plan a vacation.
• Flexibility: finding deals or setting alarms to find the best flight and stay options is much easier, as is getting information about places to visit. And, if the need arises to change tickets and reschedule reservations, there is no need to go to the airline. In addition, tasks that used to be cumbersome, such as taking out travel insurance, can now be done from the phone.
• Security: Cybersecurity plays an important role in the travel industry, which is why so many identity checks are performed both when buying tickets and when boarding the plane. Cybersecurity travel technology, such as facial, fingerprint and document recognition, makes airports increasingly controlled environments.

Disadvantages of travel technology

• Privacy risks: by providing our personal information, such as identity, credit cards, e-mails, address, etc., we are also giving up certain rights to our privacy, allowing both the companies with which we make travel transactions and their allied companies to receive, store and use all our information.
• Scams: sites offering cheap flights or hotel reservations with offers that end up being scams are very common. Therefore, it is very important to check the reputation of the site on the Internet. If we do not find much information about it, it is better to go for safer offers.
• Greater State controls for companies: with the new regulations on information privacy in the European Union and the proposed laws in America, Asia and Oceania, companies must make a greater investment in cybersecurity and avoid at all costs agreements that sell information about their customers, which has a great economic cost for them and can increase the price of many of their services.

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Advantages And Disadvantages Of International Tourism

• Miscellaneous
• Aug 13, 2023
• Noshin Bashir

Several countries heavily rely on tourism as a significant part of their economies. These countries often have stunning natural landscapes, rich cultural heritage, unique infrastructure, historical sites, or unique attractions that draw in a large number of tourists. Some examples of countries that heavily rely on tourism include MALDIVES, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Switzerland, etc. 

 With its breathtaking beaches and luxurious resorts, tourism is the backbone of the Maldives’ economy, contributing a substantial portion of its GDP. Apart from the Maldives, Spain, and Thailand are major tourist destinations known for their beaches, historic cities, and cultural sites. Ancient history, stunning islands, and archaeological sites of Greece attract tourists from around the world.

Tourism brings about a range of benefits to both the host country or destination and the tourists themselves. Here are some of the key advantages of tourism. For instance, tourism is a significant contributor to economic growth, generating revenue and creating employment opportunities in various sectors, such as hospitality, transportation, entertainment, and retail.

Tourism also brings in foreign exchange through expenditures by tourists on accommodations, food, transportation, attractions, and souvenirs. This revenue can bolster a country’s balance of payments and support local economies.

Additionally, the need to cater to tourists often leads to improved infrastructure such as transportation networks, airports, roads, and public facilities, which can benefit both tourists and local residents. Tourism provides opportunities for a wide range of job types, from hotel staff and tour guides to artisans and performers, contributing to job diversification within local communities.

Above all, tourism promotes cultural exchange and encourages the preservation and maintenance of historical sites, landmarks, and cultural heritage, as they become valuable assets for attracting visitors.

While these advantages are notable, it’s important to implement sustainable tourism practices that minimize the negative impacts and ensure that the benefits of tourism are distributed equitably among local communities, economies, and the environment.

It’s important to note that while tourism can bring economic benefits to these countries, it also poses challenges, such as managing environmental impact, preserving local culture, and ensuring equitable distribution of tourism-related income.

While tourism offers numerous benefits, it also comes with its share of disadvantages. Here are some common drawbacks associated with tourism. First, tourism can lead to environmental degradation through increased pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, and overuse of natural resources. Popular tourist destinations often experience increased waste generation and strain on local ecosystems.

Second, excessive tourism can lead to the commodification and commercialization of local cultures, resulting in the loss of authentic traditions and values. Communities may start catering primarily to tourists, diluting their own cultural practices.

Besides, the sheer volume of tourists in some places can overwhelm infrastructure, damage historical sites, and disrupt the lives of local residents. This phenomenon, known as over-tourism, can lead to negative impacts on both the environment and the community. Moreover, as demand for goods and services rises due to tourism, the cost of living in a destination can increase, making it challenging for local residents to afford basic necessities.

Tourists sometimes may unintentionally disrespect local customs, traditions, and etiquette due to a lack of awareness, causing tensions between visitors and locals. Above all, natural disasters can really turn the tourism industry upside down as has been in the case of the recent pandemic. T he COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of economies heavily dependent on tourism, as travel restrictions and health concerns have led to a significant decrease in tourist arrivals.

Many countries imposed strict travel restrictions and lockdown measures to contain the spread of the virus. This resulted in the closure of borders, suspension of international flights, and restrictions on movement, bringing international travel to a halt. This led to a massive decrease in tourist arrivals, causing a severe decline in revenue for tourism-dependent economies. Airlines too faced a sharp decline in demand for flights, leading to financial struggles, layoffs, and even bankruptcies for many airlines around the world.

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