Fit To Fly Certificates: Do I Need One? How Do I Get One?

Here we'll answer common questions surrounding Fit to Fly certificates...

Note: In regard to Covid-19, some private medical providers use terms such as "Fit to Fly Covid-19 certificate" “Covid test certificate for travel” or similar to describe the proof passengers may require to show that they are fit to travel; but these are not the same as a ‘Fit to Fly Certificate.'

What is a Fit to Fly certificate?

A Fit to Fly certificate is a letter issued by a medical practice that has been approved by the Quality Care Commission (QCC).

This letter must be signed and stamped by a General Medical Council-registered doctor.

Medical health oxygen

Who requires a Fit to Fly certificate to travel?

Those with certain medical conditions may need a Fit-to-Fly certificate to travel.

When do you need a Fit to Fly certificate?

You may require a Fit to Fly certificate if you've had/have a:

  • recent illness, hospitalisation, injury or surgery
  • existing/ongoing and unstable medical condition
  • need for additional oxygen or use of medical equipment on board
  • travelling to get medical treatment

Fit to Fly certificates for pregnant women

Do i need a fit to fly certificate if i am pregnant.

A commonly asked question by pregnant women looking to fly abroad for a holiday is do you need a fit to fly letter when pregnant?

Pregnant women will need a certificate to travel with most airlines after the 28th week of pregnancy as evidence that you are ‘Fit to Fly.'

What information will be needed for a Fit to fly pregnancy certificate?

For your fit to fly pregnancy letter (certificate), either your GP or midwife will need to confirm that:

  • you are healthy
  • your pregnancy is normal
  • your due expected due date

Fit to Fly Medical

How do I get a Fit to Fly certificate?

For Fit to Fly certificates, there are usually two parts to the medical clearance process:

  • You will be asked to provide information about your situation or condition- You would return this to the airline which would then tell you if you are fit to fly or not.
  • If the airline has concerns about how flying might impact your particular condition, it will ask you to complete a further form. You may also be asked to provide medical proof at this stage, often a doctor's note.

If you are required to prove that you are fit to travel, you may be able to get a doctor's appointment to get a Fit to Fly certificate.

How much is a Fit to Fly certificate?

Fit to Fly (or Fit to Travel) certificates may be available from some NHS practices.

However, since these certificates are not normally provided as an NHS service, they are chargeable.

Fees for a Fit to Fly certificate can vary from £13 to £40.

The  British Medical Association (BMA)  publishes a list of suggested fees which doctors can use to price their services.

How much is a private Fit to Fly certificate?

Obtaining a Fit to Fly/Fit to Travel certificate from a private medical provider may cost more than this.

Pregnant lady flying

How long does a Fit to Fly certificate last?

How long a Fit to Fly certificate is valid for will depend on your airline and your destination(s).

You should find out information about the validity of your Fit to Fly certficate from your travel provider and relevant agencies at your destination.

For instance, if you try to fly on a Fit to Fly certificate issued several weeks before departure, you may well be denied boarding.

If you suffer from a long-term health condition, it is likely that you will need update your Fit to fly certificate each time you travel as your condition may have changed.

Airlines' medical certification requirements

 Check what you need to fly on these links:

  • easyJet fit to fly certificate policy
  • TUI fit to fly certificate policy
  • Ryanair fit to fly certificate policy
  • Jet2 fit to fly certificate policy
  • Emirates fit to fly certificate policy
  • British Airways fit to fly certificate policy
  • AirAsia fit to fly certificate policy
  • Wizz Air fit to fly certificate policy

Fit to Fly Covid-19 guidelines

When should i take a covid-19 test.

A small number of destinations still have Covid-19 entry requirements in place and may require you to provide proof of a negative Covid-19 test.

Covid Testing

Can I get a Covid-19 test on the NHS?

Gov.uk states : "If you need proof of a negative coronavirus test to enter another country, you must use a private test provider."

How much is a private Covid-19 test?

There are hundreds of Government approved providers and costs vary depending on the provider.

To make sure you have access to affordable private COVID-19 testing we've partnered with MyHealthChecked to offer you a special discounted rate .

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'Fit for Travel' is the NHS public access website providing travel health information for people travelling abroad from the UK. The website is compiled and updated by a team of experts from the Travel Medicine Division at the Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health. There is a searchable map giving details of immunisations needed for each country.

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fit for travel nhs england

  • International travel, immigration and repatriation during COVID-19

NHS COVID Pass

The NHS COVID Pass service has now closed.

Applies to England

  • Guidance for Northern Ireland
  • Guidance for Scotland
  • Guidance for Wales

This page applies to England. See information about COVID certificates in  Guernsey ,  Jersey  and the  Isle of Man .

There are no longer any domestic requirements to demonstrate your vaccination status.

The NHS COVID Pass is no longer required to travel abroad to any countries.

If you are travelling abroad, you should review travel entry requirements  for the countries you will visit or travel through.

The NHS COVID Pass was developed at the height of the pandemic to let you share your COVID-19 vaccination status in a secure way. It was mainly used for international travel, as well as for some domestic purposes, such as entry to venues or events.

Updated guidance as the service has now closed.

Updated information on the XBB vaccine under COVID-19 booster vaccinations.

Updated information on previous medical exemptions – users can no longer view a record of these within the NHS COVID Pass.

Updated guidance.

From 21 July 2022, children aged 5 to 11 in England and the Isle of Man can get a digital NHS COVID Pass for international travel.

Updated to reflect that children aged 5 to 11 in England and Wales can also get a NHS COVID Pass letter for travel if they have evidence of a positive COVID-19 NHS PCR test within the last 180 days.

Updated to reflect that the domestic NHS COVID Pass is no longer available and the medical exemptions service is no longer accepting new applications.

Updated to tell users that from 12 May 2022 the domestic NHS COVID Pass will no longer be available and new medical exemption applications will not be accepted from this point.

NHS COVID Pass letters for international travel are now available for children aged 5 to 11 living in England, Wales and Isle of Man.

Updated to reflect that the domestic NHS COVID Pass letter is no longer available. Updated to no longer encourage high-risk events and venues to check COVID status as a condition of entry. Merged with guidance on medical exemptions and guidance for organisations wanting to use the NHS COVID Pass.

Removed information about the passenger locator form, as people entering the UK no longer need to complete it.

Children aged 5 and above can now have details of eligible COVID-19 vaccinations they have received overseas added to their NHS Record.

Updated to provide information on how to contact the Vaccination Data Resolution Service.

Updated to reflect new government guidance on self isolation policy if you test positive for COVID-19.

From 18 February, residents in England who have received one or more of the following vaccines can have them added to their NHS Record to generate an NHS COVID Pass: Sinopharm Beijing/BIBP, SinoVac-CoronaVac, Covishield (Institute of India) or Covaxin (Bharat Biotech).

Added details about the information that will be needed to prove the identity of children aged 12 and over to get a digital NHS COVID Pass for international travel (available from 3 February 2022).

Updated to reflect it is no longer a legal requirement for venues or events to check the COVID-19 status of attendees as a condition of entry.

From 3 February, children aged 12 and over will be able to get a digital NHS COVID Pass for international travel.

Updated video about the NHS COVID Pass letter for travel abroad in British Sign Language (BSL).

Updated 'What to do if you get a positive test result' section to reflect change in self-isolation rules - people who test positive can stop self-isolating on day 6 if they have negative rapid lateral flow test results on days 5 and 6. Added a reference to the change in rules on 27 January, when it will no longer be mandatory for venues to check the COVID-19 status of attendees as a condition of entry.

Added video about the NHS COVID Pass letter for domestic use in British Sign Language (BSL).

Updated the section 'What to do if you receive a positive test result' to reflect that from 11 January, asymptomatic people in England with a positive lateral flow test are no longer advised to take a confirmatory PCR test to confirm they have COVID-19.

Updated the section 'What the NHS COVID Pass letter tells you: translated versions and alternative formats' to reflect that there are 2 NHS COVID Pass letters (one for travel, one for domestic use). Updated the section 'How to use the NHS COVID Pass when travelling abroad' to add information about the passenger locator form.

Updated the section on how to use the NHS COVID Pass when travelling abroad to reflect that proof of prior infection cannot be used as evidence of your COVID-19 status when entering England.

Guidance updated to reflect changes to the self-isolation advice for people who have received a positive COVID-19 test result.

Added call-out to reflect the NHS COVID Pass digital service will be offline from 10pm on Tuesday 14 December due to planned maintenance.

Updated to correct guidance in the 'Residents in England who have taken part in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials' section.

Added guidance on new mandatory certification rules on visiting certain venues and events coming into force on Wednesday 15 December if approved by Parliament.

Updated to reflect that fully vaccinated children aged 12 to 15 can request an NHS COVID Pass letter for international travel.

Updated to reflect that fully vaccinated children aged 12 to 15 can request an NHS COVID Pass letter for international travel from 9am on 13 December.

Updated to reflect that you can order an NHS COVID Pass letter to show proof of your booster vaccination for international travel.

Added the section 'Residents in England who have received COVID-19 vaccinations overseas'.

Updated information for residents in England who have taken part in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials.

Added information about how to store your NHS COVID Pass in Google Pay Wallet.

Updated to reflect the latest information on how to obtain your NHS COVID Pass in digital or letter format via the NHS.UK website.

From 19 November, you can see details of your COVID-19 booster vaccination in your NHS COVID Pass.

Added information about COVID-19 booster vaccinations: The NHS COVID Pass for travel does not currently include COVID-19 booster vaccinations. You do not need a COVID-19 booster vaccination to get an NHS COVID Pass for domestic use in England. Also updated to reflect the UK linking with the EU Gateway. Your NHS COVID Pass can be scanned to check and validate your COVID-19 vaccination status in venues in over 40 countries, including those in the EU.

Updated content to reflect changes to international travel rules on 4 October 2021 (the red, amber, green traffic light system was replaced by a single red list of countries and simplified travel measures for arrivals from the rest of the world).

Added information on using the NHS COVID Pass if you're unable to get vaccinated and/or tested for medical reasons.

From 23 September, you will be able to store your NHS COVID Pass for international travel in Apple Wallet, even if your device is offline.

Updated the 'Children' section: children under 18 do not have to demonstrate their COVID-19 status for entry to domestic events or venues in England. Children aged 16 or over can get an NHS COVID Pass for travel but should follow the entry requirements of the country they are travelling to.

Added a link to information about COVID certificates in the Isle of Man.

Updated to clarify that if you've been vaccinated in Scotland, to obtain your NHS COVID Pass you must be resident in England and registered with a GP in England.

Updated to confirm that you can get NHS COVID Pass if you have been fully vaccinated in England, Wales or Scotland. Updated information for those participating in vaccination clinical trials. Added the phone number for contacting the NHS COVID Pass service from overseas.

Added: 'If you're in the UK armed forces, visit 'My health care hub' on the Defence Gateway (login required) to find out how to get your NHS COVID Pass.'

Updated the BSL guide (video) for people who have received an NHS COVID Pass letter.

Updated to add a link to guidance for people fully vaccinated by the USA or EU.

Updated to reflect that proof of natural immunity shown by a positive PCR test can be used to demonstrate COVID-19 status when travelling abroad; the NHS COVID Pass can be stored used the Apple Wallet when using an iPhone or iPad; and those who received the Novavax vaccine as part of a formally approved vaccine trial, can now obtain the NHS COVID Pass.

Updated to remove information on the Events Research Programme trials, which ended on 25 July 2021.

Updated to reflect that from Monday 19 July, you may be asked to demonstrate your COVID-19 status as a condition of entry to a venue or event in England. Added the conditions of obtaining an NHS COVID Pass for use at domestic events in England.

Added links to guidance about COVID-19 vaccine certification in Guernsey, Jersey and Northern Ireland.

Updated to reflect that the NHS COVID Pass letter has new branding, and that a full course of approved vaccinations now includes the single-dose Janssen vaccine.

Updated to reflect that from 21 June 2021, the NHS service to demonstrate your COVID-19 vaccination status is now called the NHS COVID Pass. Also added that people taking part in event trials as part of the Events Research Programme will also be requested to use the NHS COVID Pass.

Added video in British Sign Language about what to do if you cannot get a post-vaccination letter.

Added information about what to do if you cannot get a post-vaccination status letter.

You can now request a COVID-19 vaccination status letter to be posted to you via the NHS.UK website.

Added link to easy-read version of the COVID-19 post-vaccination confirmation letter.

Updated information on how to access your COVID-19 vaccination status on the NHS website and NHS app.

Updated to add a link to a video about the post-vaccination confimation letter in BSL.

This page has been updated to reflect the latest information on the COVID-19 vaccination status service and includes information on obtaining information in foreign languages and alternative formats.

Updated to reflect that if you call 119 to request a letter about your vaccination status, we expect the letter to take up to 7 working days to reach you.

Updated to reflect that you must wait at least 5 working days after you’ve completed your course of the vaccine before asking for a letter confirming your vaccination status to be posted to you. The letter can take up to 5 working days to reach you. It will be sent automatically to the address registered with your GP.

Updated to reflect that if you're aged 13 to 15, you'll need to contact your GP surgery to request access to GP online services before you can use the NHS App.

Updated to reflect that you should register with the NHS App before booking your international travel.

First published.

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Information on how to stay safe and healthy abroad. About us.

  • Destinations
  • Asia (East)
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India (Asia)

Advice for all destinations.

Read the information on the COVID-19: Health Considerations for Travel page for advice on travelling during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Vaccinations and malaria risk

Review both the Vaccination and Malaria sections on this page to find out if you may need vaccines and/or a malaria risk assessment before you travel to this country.

If you think you require vaccines and/or malaria risk assessment, you should make an appointment with a travel health professional:

  • How to make an appointment with a travel health professional

A travel health risk assessment is also advisable for some people, even when vaccines or malaria tablets are not required.

  • Do I need a travel health risk assessment?

Risk prevention advice 

Many of the health risks experienced by travellers cannot be prevented by vaccines and other measures need to be taken.

Always make sure you understand the wider risks at your destination and take precautions, including:

  • food and water safety
  • accident prevention
  • avoiding insect bites
  • preventing and treating animal bites
  • respiratory hygiene
  • hand hygiene

Our advice section gives detailed information on minimising specific health risks abroad:

  • Travel Health Advice A-Z

Other health considerations

Make sure you have travel insurance before travel to cover healthcare abroad.

Find out if there are any restrictions you need to consider if you are travelling with medicines .

Know how to access healthcare at your destination: see the GOV.UK English speaking doctors and medical facilities: worldwide list

If you feel unwell on your return home from travelling abroad, always seek advice from a healthcare professional and let them know your travel history.

Vaccinations

  • Confirm primary courses and boosters are up to date as recommended for life in Britain - including for example, seasonal flu vaccine (if indicated), MMR , vaccines required for occupational risk of exposure, lifestyle risks and underlying medical conditions.
  • Courses or boosters usually advised: Diphtheria; Hepatitis A; Tetanus; Typhoid.
  • Other vaccines to consider: Hepatitis B; Rabies.
  • Selectively advised vaccines - only for those individuals at highest risk: Cholera; Japanese Encephalitis.

Please Note: If you travel to India from the UK, transiting through Europe or the Middle East  (and you have not been in a South American or African country in the previous week) a yellow fever vaccination certificate is not required.

Notes on the diseases mentioned above

Risk is higher during floods and after natural disasters, in areas with very poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water.

  • Diphtheria :  spread person to person through respiratory droplets. Risk is higher if mixing with locals in poor, overcrowded living conditions.

Risk is higher where personal hygiene and sanitation is poor.

Risk is higher for long stays, frequent travel and for children (exposed through cuts and scratches), those who may require medical treatment during travel.

  • Japanese Encephalitis :  spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. This mosquito breeds in rice paddies and mainly bites between dusk and dawn. Risk is highest for long stay travellers to rural areas, particularly if unable to avoid mosquito bites.
  • Tetanus :  spread through contamination of cuts, burns and wounds with tetanus spores. Spores are found in soil worldwide. A total of 5 doses of tetanus vaccine are recommended for life in the UK. Boosters are usually recommended in a country or situation where the correct treatment of an injury may not be readily available.
  • Typhoid :  spread mainly through consumption of contaminated food and drink. Risk is higher where access to adequate sanitation and safe water is limited.

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease transmitted by mosquitoes.You cannot be vaccinated against malaria.

Malaria precautions

  • Malaria risk is present throughout the year. Risk is highest in north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Mizoram, district of Amini in Arunachal Pradesh, north and south Chhattisgarh, Odisha (Orissa) and the city of Mangalore. In central Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh risk is not high enough to warrant antimalarial tablets for most travellers, however, it may be considered for certain groups who may be at higher risk (see below under Low risk with additional advice).
  • There is low to no risk in all other areas.
  • Check with your doctor or nurse about suitable antimalarial tablets.
  • See malaria map – additional information can be found by clicking on the Regional Information icon below the map.
  • High risk areas: atovaquone/proguanil OR doxycycline OR mefloquine  are usually advised.
  • Low risk with additional advice: antimalarial tablets are not usually recommended, however, they can be considered for certain travellers who may be at higher risk e.g. longer stay in rural areas, visiting friends or relatives, those with medical conditions, immunosuppression or those without a spleen. Atovaquone/proguanil OR doxycycline OR mefloquine  is advised for those at risk.
  • Low to no risk: antimalarial tablets are not usually advised
  • If you have been travelling in a malarious area and develop a fever seek medical attention promptly. Remember malaria can develop even up to one year after exposure.
  • If travelling to an area remote from medical facilities, carrying standby emergency treatment for malaria may be considered.

Other Health Risks

Altitude and travel, dengue fever.

There is a risk of exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) in this country.

Please be aware that the risk of COVID-19 in this country may change at short notice and also consider your risk of exposure in any transit countries and from travelling itself. 

  • The 'News' section on this page will advise if significant case increases or outbreaks have occurred in this country.

Prior to travel, you should:

  • Check the latest government guidance on the FCDO Foreign travel advice and country specific pages for travel to this country and the rules for entering the UK on return.
  • Ensure you are up to date with UK recommendations on COVID-19 vaccination.
  • You can check this in the FAQ's.
  • If you are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 you should carefully  consider your travel plans  and consider seeking medical advice prior to making any decisions.

For further information, see  Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)  and  COVID-19: Health Considerations for Travel  pages.

Polio Vaccine Requirement for India

There is no risk of polio in this country. However, proof of polio vaccination may be necessary if you are travelling to India from a country where polio is still found. Please discuss this with a travel health professional. 

Zika Virus Infection

This country has been categorised as having a risk of Zika (ZIKV) virus transmission.

ZIKV is mainly spread through mosquito bites. The mosquito responsible most commonly bites during daylight hours and is common in towns and cities. There is a low risk of sexual transmission.

The illness is usually mild but infection during pregnancy may lead to babies being born with birth defects. There is no vaccine currently available against ZIKV.

Advice for All Travellers

You should practice strict mosquito bite avoidance at all times. Do not travel without adequate travel insurance . Seek pre-travel health advice from a travel health professional 6 to 8 weeks in advance of travel.

  • If you are pregnant, consider postponing non-essential travel to this country.
  • If you are planning pregnancy , or there is a possibility you may be pregnant , you should use contraception and condoms during travel and for:
  • 2 months afterwards if you are female
  • 3 months afterwards if you are male

These measures reduce the chance of sexual transmission of ZIKV and/or the risk of ZIKV infection in pregnancy.

For further information, see Zika virus infection page.

  • 09 Feb 2024 - Kyasanur Forest disease in India: Karnataka
  • 145 additional items in the news archive for this country

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Travel Health & Vaccinations

Key contact

NHS Borders Vaccination Service                          01896 809 250

NHS Fit For Travel website                                        www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk

Visiting another country can put individuals at risk from diseases that may not normally be found in the UK.

Start planning as soon as possible – book your holiday, book your vaccinations

Travellers should start arranging advice and vaccinations as soon as possible after booking their trip abroad, at least 10 weeks before departure date . This will ensure any vaccinations provided take full effect before travelling.  If you are travelling sooner, you will be advised to contact a private travel clinic.

Many individuals travel abroad on holiday, to work, study or live. There are always risks associated with travelling.  The most common destinations for UK travellers are considered low risk but if travelling to certain destinations, specific advice, vaccinations or additional protection, such as anti-malarials, might be necessary.

Getting risk assessed and vaccinated against certain diseases before travelling is one of the most effective things a traveller can do to protect their health abroad.

Some vaccinations are given as a precaution, while other vaccinations may be required to enter a particular country.

NHS Borders runs a weekly travel health clinic in Galashiels Health Centre, offering essential risk assessment, guidance and vaccinations before starting patients start their journeys.

______________________________________________________________________________________

Visit the NHS Fit For Travel website to understand any risks and recommendations associated with your destination(s).

Fit For Travel  is a free website that provides up to date health information and advice about how to avoid illness and stay healthy when travelling abroad.

The website has specific advice covering:

  • Country/destination specific health risks and recommended vaccinations
  • Travel news and alerts
  • General travel advice, including guidance about air travel, breast/bottle feeding abroad, staying safe in the sun, cruises and personal safety.

Complete a health questionnaire and return it to NHS Borders Vaccination Service.

If, after reviewing the Fit For Travel site, you identify that there may be risks associated with your destination(s) and you need expert advice, you should complete a health questionnaire.

The questionnaire will be used by a travel nurse to help risk assess your journey and identify whether you need any vaccinations.

Click here  to download and print a health questionnaire as a PDF.

Click here  to download and print a health questionnaire as a Word document.

To receive a printed copy by post, call the NHS Borders Vaccination Hub on 01896 809 250. Please note this may take 2–5 days to arrive.

Completed forms may be:

E-mailed to [email protected]

Posted to NHS Borders Vaccination Hub, 7 Tweedside Park, Tweedbank, Galashiels, TD1 3TE

Handed to an NHS Borders reception in a health centre in a sealed envelope addressed to NHS Borders Vaccination Hub, 7 Tweedside Park, Tweedbank, Galashiels, TD1 3TE.

Book and attend a consultation

Once you return a health questionnaire, NHS Borders Vaccination Hub will be in touch to book an initial travel risk assessment consultation.

You will be seen by a nurse who is fully qualified and trained to give travel health advice and vaccinations.

The nurse will initially review your health questionnaire and carry out a travel risk assessment by talking through your intended itinerary and destinations.

The nurse will provide advice and may recommend certain vaccinations or medications such as anti-malarials.

The nurse will discuss next steps, including booking any follow up appointments to receive vaccinations that require multiple doses.

Book and attend vaccination appointments

If the nurse recommends travel vaccinations, NHS Borders Vaccination Hub will be in touch to book appointments and take any payment.

Certain vaccinations are provided by the NHS at no cost to a patient - hepatitis A, typhoid, cholera, polio.

Other vaccinations will be available but at a cost to a patient.

NHS Borders Vaccination Hub will accept credit or debit card payments.

Vaccination clinics take place in Galashiels Health Centre on a weekly basis.

Schedule of fees for NHS Borders patient

Please note there may occasionally be some changes to costs due to vaccine availability.

Click here for further information on protecting yourself against Malaria.

Frequently asked questions

How can I get help if I have accessibility needs?

For support with accessibility needs, including filling in the health questionnaire, please contact NHS Borders Vaccination Hub 01896 809 250.

What should I do if I have existing health conditions?

If you have any underlying health conditions such as diabetes, chronic heart, kidney or liver disease or if you have recently undergone surgery or treatment such as chemotherapy, please contact your GP for advice. Your GP will be best placed to advise you on any risks or requirements associated with existing conditions.

Do I have to pay for travel vaccinations?

There is no cost for attending the initial risk assessment consultation.

Certain vaccinations (Hepatitis A, typhoid, cholera and polio) are available at no cost to NHS Borders patients but other vaccinations are chargeable to patients as per the schedule of fees.

How far in advance should I start my travel health and vaccinations journey?

It’s important to start planning as soon as possible. Usually, it’s best to start arranging advice and vaccinations at least 10 weeks in advance of your departure date.

I have been away travelling and have returned unwell...

Please contact your GP in the first instance or NHS 24 on 111.

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Health Advice for Travel Abroad

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Travelling abroad means encountering unfamiliar places and situations which may carry unexpected risks. Good planning and risk assessment allow us to anticipate and avoid many possible difficulties. This leaflet considers preparation for travel, aspects of personal safety, and health when travelling. It points to sources of information and advice to help in planning.

In this article

Research and planning, personal safety when travelling abroad, special groups of travellers, and finally, country information.

In these days of adventure travel, when it can seem as though travelling to somewhere unusual, remote or simply very different is a commonplace event, it is easy to forget the dangers and importance of being informed and prepared.

Read more about travelling to remote locations .

It is always advisable to know about the places you are travelling to, particularly if they are unfamiliar and even more so if you have never travelled there before. There are many sources of specific advice on the countries you are visiting.

Consider checking the UK government's Foreign Travel Advice by Country, which will update you if there are specific issues which might affect your safety in the countries you are visiting. Watch the news, pay attention and give yourself the opportunity to be aware of the things which might affect your decision to travel. Remember that if the UK government issues a travel warning regarding a particular country or area of the world, this may invalidate your travel insurance. Check, additionally, the CIA's World Factbook, which offers a slightly different view with information on history, people, government and transportation.

Travel insurance is an important part of your trip. Insurance protects your possessions and travel arrangements, but also your health. Accidents and illnesses happen everywhere, including overseas. The cost of medical treatment can be very high. An uninsured patient may struggle to find treatment without paying upfront. The cost of medical repatriation, if needed, can be extremely high.

Adventure tourism and sports

Make sure that your insurance covers the type of holiday you are taking. Make sure that you understand the limitations of your policy.

  • Some insurers will not cover high-altitude trekking holidays, for example. These travellers are strongly advised to obtain specialist insurance which includes helicopter evacuation.
  • Most insurers charge an extra premium for dangerous activities, including winter sports.
  • Many insurers will not cover travellers to any area if the Foreign Office has advised against travel there.
  • Your insurer may also decline to cover you if you deliberately put yourself in harm's way by taking unusual risks without informing them. For example, a policy which covers scuba diving may only cover you to a certain depth and not below.

Medical conditions

Your insurer must be fully informed of any pre-existing medical issues which might invalidate your policy if not notified:

  • Remember that if your doctor advises you against travelling on medical grounds then it is likely that your insurance, even if already in place, will become invalid.

Global Health Insurance Card (formerly European Health Insurance Card)

If travelling to Europe make sure you have a GHIC card. These may be applied for through the GOV.UK website (see 'Further Reading and References' below), and are free. The GHIC card is the post-Brexit version of the European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), which itself replaced the E111 form.

  • It will not cover any private medical healthcare or costs, such as mountain rescue in ski resorts, repatriation to the UK, or lost property.
  • It is also not valid on cruises.
  • It is therefore important to have both a GHIC and a valid travel insurance policy in place before you travel.
  • Some insurers now insist you hold a GHIC and many will waive the excess if you have one.
  • If you need urgent health help during a visit to Europe, dial 112. The European emergency number is valid in all EU/EEA member states and is free of charge.

Reciprocal health agreements

Some non-European countries also offer 'reciprocal' health treatment for UK visitors. This means that if you're visiting any of these countries and need urgent or immediate medical treatment, it will be provided at a reduced cost or, in some cases, free. The range of medical services may be more restricted than under the NHS.

  • A list of reciprocal agreements, by country, is available on the GOV.UK website (see 'Further Reading and References' below).

Personal documents

Obtain passports and visas well in advance. You may be refused permission to travel at the airport if you don't have the right documentation and visas. Keep a copy of the front page of your passport at home in case of loss. Check the requirements of the country that you are visiting - some will not accept a passport which is more than 10 years old, even if it has not yet expired, and some need you to have a passport which is valid for at least six months after you leave the country.

  • It can be useful to take some passport photographs with you for unexpected visas and other permits. Some national parks, for example, will require a photo permit for entry.

Consider how you will obtain cash at your destination. Advise your bank of your travel plans and keep access to more than one way of accessing money overseas, in case you lose a card or a card fails to work. Keep a record of your credit card numbers, passport number, driving licence number and the 'stop' numbers for lost credit cards and phones.

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Accidental injury.

The greatest risk to travellers is not of tropical diseases, dangerous animals or high-risk sport, but of death on the road. Worldwide, road accidents are the most frequent cause of death amongst travellers. Less-developed countries typically have much higher rates of road deaths and injuries compared with their richer counterparts. Therefore, the more adventurous your travel plans, the more danger you are likely to face on the roads. This problem is compounded by the fact that poorer countries usually have less quantity and quality in their hospital and ambulance services too. Any badly injured person who cannot be transported rapidly to an adequate hospital is more likely to die. You can minimise the risks of driving abroad in several ways:

  • Always wear a seatbelt (or a helmet if on a bike).
  • Never drive under the influence of alcohol. In many countries driving with any blood alcohol present at all is illegal.
  • Rent cars from reputable car companies which regularly service their vehicles.
  • Check the tyres, lights and brakes yourself.
  • Make yourself aware of the rules of the road in the country you are in.
  • Consider whether there is an alternative to driving yourself, particularly if conditions are very unfamiliar.
  • Avoid hiring motorbikes and mopeds, which are statistically associated with a higher incidence of personal injury and death.
  • Lock the doors of your car when driving, particularly after dark.

Alcohol and drugs

Consider your personal safety when using substances that can impair your judgement and common sense.

  • Use alcohol in moderation only and never use it when driving.
  • Remember that the effects of alcohol may be more marked if you are lacking in fluid in the body (dehydrated) and you may drink more than you intended to.
  • Drink water, rather than alcohol, for thirst.
  • Don't swim if you've been drinking alcohol.
  • Avoid illicit drugs. Even if you are not breaking the law, you may be stepping outside your comfort zone and ability to take care of yourself. Don't make yourself vulnerable.

Most crime is minor and opportunistic; however, it occurs worldwide. Some destinations have a higher risk of violent crime and sexual assault than others. Be sensible and plan ahead. Be vigilant regarding personal security.

  • Try not to stand out as a potential target.
  • Consider whether wearing valuable or visible jewellery may be inappropriate for your destination.
  • Keep your cash hidden and try to carry some low-denomination notes.
  • Use only licensed taxis and don't share them with strangers.
  • Be cautious with alcohol and don't leave drinks where they can be tampered with.
  • Look as though you know where you're going.
  • Keep your credit card in sight when using it to pay and ask for the printed receipt.
  • Stay aware of your surroundings.

Don't commit a crime yourself, either deliberately or through ignorance of the law. Obey the law in countries that you visit; respect dress codes and traditions.

  • Don't buy or use illegal drugs. Most countries take a very strong view on travellers carrying illegal drugs.
  • Don't carry packages through customs for other people; pack your own luggage and don't leave it unattended.
  • Be aware that some countries prohibit the consumption of alcohol.
  • Be aware that flouting dress codes may break the law in some countries..

Climate and environmental hazards

Understand your destination and what you plan to do there. What risks will you face? There may be several aspects of your destination that are not only unfamiliar to you in everyday life but which also pose a risk. These include:

Remember that the sun can damage your skin at altitude, even in the absence of heat, in the shade and even when wearing sunscreen. See the separate leaflet called Sun and Sunburn for more details .

Observe sensible precautions when swimming:

  • Pay attention to local signs alerting you to dangerous tides or currents, or to dangerous marine animals, including jellyfish, snails and biting fish.
  • Watch children carefully: the sea is not like a swimming pool and it can be very easy to lose track of them.
  • Don't swim beyond your capabilities.
  • Don't swim when alone - particularly not in the sea.
  • Take care when diving - consider hidden rocks. Don't dive in harbours and off jetties. Beware of swimming where there are jet skiers or other vessels.
  • Don't swim immediately after a heavy meal.

Heat and humidity

  • These can cause a number of adverse effects, including prickly heat, fainting, cramps, swelling of hands and feet and heatstroke.
  • Risks are greater if undertaking strenuous activity in the heat of the day.
  • Heat exhaustion and heatstroke cause headache, dizziness, feeling sick (nauseated) and sweating and, as the condition gets worse, dry skin, collapse and confusion. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition and needs urgent medical help. Patients need to be rested, given sufficient fluids (hydrated) and cooled.
  • Small children may just become quiet and listless.

Take suitable clothing to stay cool; avoid overexertion in the heat of the day. Remember to stay hydrated. Be aware of the dangers of overheating and don't overdo it. If trekking or backpacking, be particularly aware of the need for water, salt and energy replenishment. Whatever you are doing, stay hydrated and seek attention if you become unwell. See the separate leaflet called Sun and Sunburn for more details.

Sea - boats and boards Make sure that you know the rules of navigation and the waters that you are in. Understand the hazards, including dangers from marine animals and from other boats. If in charge of a motorboat, always wear the kill cord and make sure your crew members have the right flotation aids. Know how to use the radio and your flares.

Lakes and rivers Understand your environment. Some lakes and rivers may not be safe for swimming, due to the presence of freshwater parasites which can cause serious infections in human beings. Parasites are living things (organisms) that live within, or on, another organism.

Snow and ice Insurance is essential when taking part in winter sports, as mountain rescue services and helicopter evacuations in most countries are not free of charge. See the separate leaflet called Dealing with the Effects of Cold and the section providing advice for travelling to remote locations.

Altitude sickness If you are travelling to altitude, see separate sections dealing with altitude sickness and advice for travelling to remote locations for more details. Follow the guidance on how quickly to ascend and when to stop or go back down. In some cases it may be appropriate to consult a private travel clinic (not your GP) for an altitude sickness medication prescription to take with you.

Building standards Building construction in holiday destinations is not always as reliable as we expect it to be at home. Fire regulations may not be adhered to. Recent accidents abroad have highlighted risks of poorly maintained boilers, of dangerous balconies and of cloudy swimming pools:

  • If you have concerns about where you are staying, move to different accommodation.
  • Sleep with windows open and don't lean on balcony parapets.
  • Don't swim in cloudy swimming pools or trust poorly constructed safety barriers.
  • Check fire escapes and make sure that there is a way out and that you know what it is.

Extreme activities Many holidaymakers now seek the thrill of 'extreme' adventures, such as bungee jumping, swimming with sharks or paragliding. If taking part in these activities make sure that you feel happy with the way the operation is being run - ask yourself:

  • Do the guides seem sensible and experienced?
  • Are they paying attention to safety?
  • Do you feel comfortable that the activity is well organised?

If in doubt, go elsewhere.

Wildlife Make yourself aware of the wildlife hazards in the places you are visiting.

  • Large predatory animals may need particular precautions. Attacks are uncommon compared to other travel dangers and most are avoidable. In parts of the Northern USA, trekkers and campers should carry bear spray to ward off bear attacks. In parts of Australia, beaches are not safe for swimming, due to the presence of sharks and crocodiles. Large predators on African safari trips are a threat to life and limb if proper precautions are not observed.
  • Biting animals (including dogs, cats, bats, foxes and monkeys) may carry rabies (see below). If you are bitten, seek help. Consider whether you need rabies vaccination (generally recommended for those more likely to come into contact with local animals, including those travelling 'off the beaten track' for prolonged periods).
  • Venomous animals such as snakes and scorpions may pose a risk to health. Be aware of what you may encounter and know how to identify it. Never touch insects, caterpillars, spiders, snails or other animals you find on your path. It is best to assume that all snakes are both aggressive and venomous.
  • Whilst large or venomous animals pose the most dramatic wildlife risk to travellers, mosquitoes are a much greater threat to travellers' health. Take all possible precautions to minimise insect bites, including covering your skin and using insect repellent and mosquito nets. Use prevention (prophylaxis) against malaria and vaccination against yellow fever where appropriate (see under 'Health', below).
  • Remember also the dangers posed by marine life such as corals, jellyfish and octopuses.

Terrorism and civil unrest

Country-specific travel sites advise of specific dangers. However, in 2017 the range of countries where terrorism could possibly take place includes many places that UK travellers visit regularly (and of course terrorist attacks also occur in the UK). Also, the types of attacks we have seen were often impossible to predict.

Be alert to what is going on around you. Watch the news before you leave. Learn what you can about the country you are visiting.

The NHS Fit for Travel website (see under 'Further Reading and References' below) offers updated information, by country, on specific and general health issues which you might expect there.

Vaccinations

Make sure that you have all the vaccinations you need. Book an appointment with your GP or practice nurse three to six months ahead of your holiday in order to plan a programme of vaccination. Some vaccinations are given as a course of separate jabs and some cannot be given together. See the separate leaflet called Travel Vaccinations for more details . If your GP does not have the resources to offer the appointments that you need then you may need to attend a private travel clinic instead. These costs should be seen as a necessary part of the cost of travel.

Be aware of the risks of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism associated with air travel. Speak to a private travel doctor if you feel you may be at particular risk. Protective travel socks may be recommended and some patients are advised to take aspirin for travel.

If you have any doubts about whether you are fit to travel by air then speak to a private travel doctor. Your GP is very unlikely to be trained or insured to write a letter to say that you are fit to fly, and consultant assessment for this purpose is generally not available on the NHS. l. Some groups of people should not travel by air. These include:

  • Women more than 36 weeks pregnant.
  • Those with active communicable diseases, including tuberculosis, although the risk of transmission is generally low.
  • Those who have angina or chest pain at rest, or have had a recent heart attack (myocardial infarction) or stroke.
  • People with ear infections, or infection of the sinuses, nose and Eustachian tubes.
  • Those who have had recent surgery or injury where trapped air or gas may be present. For example, gastrointestinal surgery, face and eye injuries, brain surgery or eye operations.
  • People with severe chronic respiratory disease, or breathlessness at rest.
  • People with air trapped between the chest wall and the lung ( pneumothorax ).
  • Those who have sickle cell anaemia.
  • Those who have psychotic illness, except where fully controlled.

Try to minimise jet lag: get maximum sleep on the flight and drink all the water you can. Read more about jet lag .

if you are affected by travel sickness, take the precautions which usually help you. If using medication, make sure that you tolerate your medication well. Remember, however, that medicine that makes you appear sleepy or drunk may result in you not being allowed to travel. See separate section on dealing with motion (travel) sickness for more details.

Malaria prevention

Take all necessary precautions against malaria. It is a serious disease which can, at the very least, spoil your holiday and, at the very worst, be fatal. This includes medication to prevent malaria and protection against biting mosquitoes. It is very important to protect yourself, even if returning to a country where you have family or where you have previously lived. Immunity is not inherited and is only partially acquired by living there for a long time.

Garlic and citronella do not prevent mosquitoes from biting you. Cover your skin to avoid bites, especially after sunset when malarial mosquitoes bite. Use mosquito nets and insect repellent devices such as candles and coil burners.

Consult the NHS Fit for Travel website for up-to-date advice on the malaria regimen recommended for the countries you will be visiting. There is normally a choice of medication. Make sure that you can tolerate the medication you choose before you go. Remember that malaria prophylaxis does not offer absolute protection: minimising exposure to mosquito bites is also important. The risks of mosquito-borne disease are always greater where there is disease in the human population.

See the separate leaflet called Malaria Prevention for more details .

Water, and traveller's diarrhoea

In the UK we are accustomed to trusting the water that comes out of the tap. However, this isn't possible all over the world. Stream water and river water are not usually clean enough to drink, unless you are so high up a hill that it is certain that no people, cattle or other animals have been in the water above you.

Travellers who drink the contaminated water may find themselves exposed to the organisms that cause travellers' diarrhoea.

  • If you are not sure that you can trust the water in the countries you are visiting, obtain bottled water. Only drink this from a bottle if it was sealed when you purchased it. Alternatively, purify water yourself. Where bottled water is readily available, it may be a good idea to have a back-up system for purification. Purification is also more environmentally friendly than bottled water since the same bottle can be refilled.
  • If water needs to be purified for drinking then it should also be purified for brushing teeth.
  • The best ways to purify water are boiling, water purification tablets, ultraviolet devices or filtration using purpose-designed filters:
  • If boiling, a rolling boil for one minute is sufficient at normal altitudes (three minutes at altitudes above 2000 metres).
  • Water purification tablets are not palatable to everyone but are fast and effective.
  • Filtration is very effective, even for brackish or sandy water. Filters for sterilising water are usually sold by travel equipment shops. These filters must not be confused with those designed only to remove smells and chlorine from domestic water.
  • Battery-operated pen devices are easy to carry and can destroy bacteria, viruses and cryptosporidium parasite in clear water.

Diet and traveller's diarrhoea

It is important to find a middle ground between sampling local cuisine and avoiding 'traveller's tummy'. Be aware of the risks and apply commonsense when eating out. The most common causes of infection from food are salmonella , Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and norovirus . Others, including campylobacter and giardia are also common, particularly in the developing world.

Whilst these illnesses are acquired from contaminated food, cutlery or plates, they may also be acquired from elsewhere. For example, your fellow travellers, from local people and even from touching contaminated lavatory flushers or taps.

  • Take precautions around drinking water (see above). Don't have ice or ice cream in places where you wouldn't drink the tap water.
  • Cook it, wash it, peel it or forget it. Eat freshly cooked food and fruit that you can peel.
  • Avoid cold cooked meats, salad (which may have been washed in contaminated water), runny eggs and unpasteurised dairy products.
  • Think about fish. Do you trust the source? Is it really fresh? Shellfish can accumulate contaminants whilst in the sea. Shellfish may be better avoided in many places. Smaller fish tend to be safer than larger fish where there is any doubt.
  • Make sure hot food is thoroughly cooked and, ideally, not reheated. Be particularly wary of undercooked chicken or pork. In some developing countries food may not have been refrigerated. If you see evidence that food is left lying around uncovered where you are, take care.
  • Avoid unsealed mayonnaise, although sealed condiments are fine.
  • If purchasing from street vendors consider how the food has been kept and cooked.
  • Generally, busier restaurants have a better throughput of food and so it's more likely to be fresh.
  • it is easier, these days, for vegetarians and vegans to travel. However, the concept of what you are happy - or not happy - to eat may not be familiar wherever you go. This, combined with potential barriers of language, may make it difficult to obtain exactly what you want.
  • If you have special dietary needs, particularly food allergies, consider in advance whether the countries you are visiting will be able to meet them. If you are uncertain, you may need to take energy bars and other supplements with you, or purchase food at a local store.

It is difficult to avoid all hazards completely, particularly if you are travelling off the beaten track. Therefore, it is best, whilst taking the necessary precautions, to travel prepared. Take treatments for traveller's diarrhoea in your medical kit. See the separate leaflet called Traveller's Diarrhoea .

Infections and diseases

See individual leaflets on this website for specific illnesses and conditions. Some of these may be illnesses to which you are not normally exposed when at home, such as malaria and typhoid . Others are conditions which you can acquire anywhere, such as the common cold.

It is important to remind yourself that most travellers do not acquire serious illnesses abroad and that with sensible precautions you are also unlikely to do so. These include:

  • Make yourself aware of the risks of disease in the countries you are visiting: read the news, check country advice.
  • Have the recommended vaccinations.
  • Take the advised protective measures against malaria.
  • Protect yourself against insect bites.
  • Be careful where you swim, take local advice before swimming in fresh water.
  • Take care with diet and hygiene.
  • Take care when exposed to those who are infected (this is particularly important for aid workers - see below).
  • Avoid areas where there are disease outbreaks, civil unrest and natural disaster.

If the worst happens and you develop symptoms, seek medical advice early. Avoid self-medication unless there is really no alternative. Local experts are more likely than you are to know what your symptoms are most likely to represent.

If you develop an unexplained temperature within six months of returning home from a malarial region, tell your doctor or health professional. The risk of this being malaria or another 'tropical' disease declines considerably after the first month. However, it does not drop to almost zero until six months.

Bites and stings

Most bites and stings are a nuisance rather than a serious threat to health. However, there are exceptions to this. See the separate leaflet called Insect Bites and Stings . Protect yourself against insects: take an effective insect repellent (at least 20% DEET) and cover your arms and legs as much as possible to minimise biting.

  • Venomous bites . Make yourself aware of the biting animals that you could encounter on your travels. Find out what you should do if you are bitten. Don't panic - seek help urgently, as you may need antivenom or other supportive treatment. Remember that most venomous bites and stings are not lethal, as most are designed to disable smaller animals than you.
  • Infected bites . A bite is a 'dirty' puncture wound and even a tiny insect bite can become infected. If redness around a bite continues to increase on the second and third day then it may be infected. Remember in particular to check boots for insects in the morning.
  • Diseases acquired from insect bites . In addition to malaria there are many other insect and arthropod-borne diseases. These include yellow fever , dengue, Zika virus, chikungunya fever, West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis . Be aware of what the risks are where you are travelling and seek advice if you develop symptoms. The best prevention for the avoidance of mosquito-borne diseases against which there is no vaccine is the avoidance of bites.
  • Rabies is endemic in wild animal populations in many parts of the world. It can be acquired from the bites or scratches of various mammals, including dogs, cats, bats, monkeys and foxes. Rabies can, less commonly, be acquired through inhalation of bat droppings. Don't touch animals and if bitten seek medical advice (and if it is possible to isolate the animal for testing, do so.) If you think you are at increased risk of animal contact, consider rabies vaccination.

Sexual health

The risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection (STI) from casual sex when travelling is high. Condoms provide good but not complete protection. STIs like gonorrhoea , chlamydia and syphilis may cause serious long-term disability. Hepatitis B and HIV are also spread sexually.

High proportions of sex workers are infected with STIs. Large numbers of the population in many parts of Africa are infected with HIV, and AIDS is common. Infection is widespread in many countries in Asia and South America.

It is safest to avoid casual sex when travelling. You are taking a risk which, if you were not on holiday, you might find unacceptable. If you do have sex with a stranger, always use a condom.

Needing emergency treatment abroad

In some developing countries medical supplies, including needles and syringes, are cleaned and re-used. Travel packs are available from some chemists and travel clinics. Packs contain sterile equipment for use in an emergency. A needle kit should be supplied with a certificate showing contents and the reason for its purchase - useful for clearance at customs.

In most of Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australasia all donated blood is now screened for HIV antibodies. However, in most developing countries much of the blood donated is unscreened. The risks from blood transfusion may be high. Points to consider are:

  • Accidents are the most common reason for needing a blood transfusion.
  • Blood transfusion should only be accepted when essential.
  • Pregnancy or any medical condition which may lead to heavy blood loss should be taken into account before travelling to destinations where good medical facilities will not be available.
  • Knowing your blood group in advance may make it easier to find a blood donor in an emergency.

Travelling with children

This presents different challenges, depending on the age of your child or children. Of course travel broadens the mind and can teach children a great deal. It may, however, be easier for adults to tolerate or forget the difficulties of travelling than it is for children. When making any journey with children consider what special risks, if any, your journey and destination may mean for them. Ask yourself, are the benefits of your trip worth this, or should you delay or go elsewhere? Children will need special consideration - in particular, in areas of:

  • Vaccination.
  • Malaria prevention.
  • Motion (travel) sickness.
  • Managing long journeys.
  • Air travel, including ear pain.
  • Diet and hygiene.
  • Water purification.
  • Adventure tourism.
  • Environmental hazards, including sun, sea and altitude.
  • Understanding risk (clearly this will vary with the age of the child).
  • Safety in motor vehicles (for example, child seats).

Planning ahead

  • Allow plenty of time for journeys with young children.
  • Book ahead to be sure of your accommodation.
  • Arrange vaccinations well in advance and explain the purpose to children old enough to understand.
  • Take something to occupy your child on the journey.
  • Avoid sweets. Use savoury snacks instead.
  • Consider investing in a child location device for your journey. The child wears a small device fixed to their clothes and you keep the transmitter. When you have a small wandering child in a busy airport consider writing your mobile number on their arm in case they wander off and become lost.
  • Take the child's usual painkilling medicine (nothing else will taste the same).
  • Keep them involved in your plans and experiences.
  • Take appropriate clothing for them.
  • Children generally find antimalarial medication difficult. Chewable tablets taste bitter, and liquid preparations are often even worse. Make sure your children can cope with the recommended medication before you arrive in the malarial zone. The Further Reading resources section contains information on how to teach children to swallow tablets.

Travelling with medication

Permission to carry drugs Travellers carrying prescribed controlled drugs carry a letter of confirmation from their doctor. This includes personal details, travel dates and the drug/s and amount to be carried.

  • The Home Office allows you to take up to 90 days of controlled drug medication abroad. However, you must also comply with the entry requirements of the countries you are visiting, which may be different. It is also advisable to contact the embassy/consulate/high commission of the destination country to check regulations. Some countries have specific lists of restricted medicines and may confiscate your supply.
  • A copy of a recent prescription should be carried for any prescribed psychotropic including antidepressants.
  • For other prescribed medicines it is unlikely that any restrictions will be imposed although carrying a copy of the prescription is advisable.
  • For suspected restricted medication check the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) website (see 'Further Reading and References' below) for the requirements. In many cases the regulations allow you to take up to 30 days' supply as long as you are carrying a prescription or doctor's certificate. Carrying greater than 30 days' supply may require special importation licences.

Travelling with medication Always keep medicines in packaging together with the patient information leaflet. If taking liquid medication through an airport try to take volumes of less than 100 ml, with your name and dose clearly indicated on the bottle.

Crossing time zones Travel may significantly lengthen or shorten your day through the crossing of time zones. If you are taking regular medication then seek advice from your health professional regarding whether you need an extra dose or a reduced dose to address this. For many medications this won't be necessary. However, for some, such as patients with diabetes who are taking insulin, a change of four hours or more to the length of the day is likely to need addressing. Keep sufficient medication in your hand luggage for your journey, allowing for delays.

Relief workers

Relief workers are at greater risk than other travellers. They may face greater hazards and health risks because of flooding, unstable buildings, debris, lack of electricity, water, sanitation, health facilities and law enforcement. They are in close contact with local people and may share their exposure to infectious disease and lack of access to clean water for washing and drinking.

Those undertaking this work should consult with a travel health advisor as soon as practicable for advice on vaccine and malaria recommendations and other advice on protecting their health. Relief workers should ideally be in good physical and mental health, well briefed, and equipped as necessary to deal with the challenges of their environment.

Travelling when pregnant

Travelling when pregnant needs special consideration and planning. You should research your intended destination and consider whether it is right for you. Consider the medical facilities in the country you are visiting and any outbreaks or travel warnings. Advise your doctor or a doctor specialising in pregnancy and childbirth (an obstetrician) of your intention to travel. In particular:

  • There are restrictions on the vaccinations pregnant women can receive.
  • Pregnant women and their babies are at increased risk if they contract malaria.
  • Pregnant women can take some kinds of malaria prophylaxis, although others are not safe in pregnancy.
  • Pregnancy carries an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis.
  • Some diseases such as Zika virus are a particular threat to pregnancy.
  • Most commercial airlines accept a pregnant traveller up to 36 weeks of gestation (up to 32 weeks for multiple pregnancies). Some airlines require documentation from your doctor or midwife to confirm you are in good health, and the due date. Your GP will not be trained or insured to write a letter to say that you are 'fit to fly' - they will only be able to give you a letter stating the facts of your pregnancy. If the letter needs to contain the words 'fit to fly' then you will need to visit a private travel doctor.

Travelling to visit relatives abroad

If you are normally resident in the UK but are travelling to visit relatives abroad, it's easy not to think of this as a 'holiday' and not to think of it as needing the same level of planning.

Remember that if you travel abroad to visit relatives - even if this is to a country in which you yourself were formerly resident - you need to do much of the same planning. In particular:

  • Insurance: your residence in the UK may mean that you have no more entitlement to healthcare on your trip than any other traveller.
  • Vaccinations: protect yourself against disease with a normal travel vaccine schedule - you are as vulnerable as the next person. Consider rabies vaccination if you are likely to encounter stray dogs, and educate your children about the risks of petting stray animals.
  • Malaria: don't be tempted to ignore the recommended precautions because your relatives say they never get malaria. They may be immune or partially immune due to repeated infections. However, you will not be, even if you once were.
  • Food and water: the food and water in the country you are visiting is now as foreign to your digestive system as it is to anyone else's, so you have the same vulnerability to traveller's diarrhoea as any other traveller. Take the usual precautions.

Cultural and social differences can be a challenge to you and to your children, even if your ethnic origin is in the country you are visiting. You and they will be adjusting to a different climate and possibly to other situations:

  • Seeing different religious practices.
  • Separation from family and friends at home.
  • Changes in living standards.
  • Different social amenities.
  • Language differences.
  • Economic inequalities.

Many problems can be overcome through experience and sympathetic support from family and friends.

The key to a successful holiday is careful, thorough preparation. This is true even if you are off on a carefree, backpacking, 'go where the mood takes me' trip. The NHS Fit for Travel website offers the following 'Ten Tips' to help you remain safe and healthy:

Before your trip

  • See a health professional specialist several months before travel.
  • Ask about vaccinations that are recommended for your specific destinations.
  • Make up a first aid and medical kit containing regular and special medication for the trip - carry it in your hand luggage.
  • Make sure you have evacuation and travel insurance.

During your trip

  • Take precautions against malaria when needed. Prevent mosquito bites and take malaria pills as advised.
  • Road safety is important - wear safety belts in cars, helmets on bikes and avoid night-time driving and driving under the influence of alcohol.
  • Abstain from casual sex or practise safe sex with condoms to prevent HIV and other STIs.
  • Verify and consume safe water and food. Have a supply of medicine for self-treatment of diarrhoea.
  • Use sunscreen. Sun can be more intense over water, over snow and at altitude.
  • Leave animals alone, as they may transmit rabies. Seek help if bitten.

If fever develops during or after a trip, seek medical help immediately .

Dr Mary Lowth is an author or the original author of this leaflet.

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Further reading and references

Foreign Travel Advice by Country ; GOV.UK

NHS Fit For Travel: Travel health information for people travelling abroad from the UK ; Health Protection Scotland

Information on carrying medication overseas ; International Narcotics Control Board

Lackner JR ; Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting. Exp Brain Res. 2014 Aug232(8):2493-510. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4008-8. Epub 2014 Jun 25.

Wright T ; Middle-ear pain and trauma during air travel. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015 Jan 192015. pii: 0501.

The World Factbook ; Central Intelligence Agency

Sleep disorders - shift work and jet lag ; NICE CKS, November 2019 (UK access only)

Apply for a UK Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC) ; GOV.UK

Helping your child to swallow tablets ; Medicines for children, 2017

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UK government issues health checklist for Brits heading on summer holidays

The UK Health Security Agency has published a comprehensive list of dos and don'ts for when it comes to travelling while remaining as fit and health as possible this summer

An elderly man holds a piece of paper over his head to protect himself from the sun in Athens

  • 12:53, 21 Jul 2023

Holidaymakers have been urged to follow a comprehensive list of advice to remain healthy and safe while on holiday.

This week the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) published a full rundown of the dos and don'ts while on holiday and before you head off to maximise your chances of coming home in one piece.

It ranges from tips on how to avoid diseases like measles and dengue fever, which vaccines to take, and how you can keep your diet as safe as possible.

As smart as it is to be prepared and look after yourself where you can, it's also important to remember that most people return from their trips away ship shape and in fighting fashion, so don't be too worried.

Have you got a travel story to share? Email [email protected]

Look up the local health risks before you go

Information on specific health risks, including recommended vaccinations, can be found from the country-specific advice on the TravelHealthPro website, and from the foreign travel advice on GOV.UK.

A few days before you head off it is worth checking if there are any specific health threats to be aware of.

Check if you need vaccines

It’s important to check your vaccination record before traveling. Some countries will have specific vaccine requirements or entry restrictions, so it’s essential to have the necessary vaccinations to avoid any complications or travel disruptions.

To find out which vaccinations you need, contact your local travel health clinic or GP surgery before you travel. If you have pre-existing health problems an earlier appointment is advised even if you don’t need vaccines or malaria tablets.

Watch what you eat and drink

More and more people are coming back from holidays to Turkey with nasty gastrointestinal infections, according to the UKHSA, with 241 cases of Salmonella enteritidis detected since the beginning of this year.

Regardless of your destination, being mindful of what you eat and drink while travelling is important to avoid potentially serious foodborne illnesses, spread by eating and drinking contaminated food or water.

Simple steps can reduce your risk of infection, including washing hands thoroughly especially after using the toilet and before preparing or eating food. Ensure foods are cooked or reheated thoroughly and perishable foods are kept cool in the fridge or freezer where possible.

Good options to minimise the risk of falling ill because of food include eating recently prepared thoroughly-cooked food that is served piping hot; fruit that can be peeled by the traveller, such as bananas and oranges; pasteurised dairy produce, such as yoghurts, milk and cheese.

Stay safe from rabies

Rabies is a serious and almost invariably fatal illness. You may be at risk if you come into contact with saliva from an infected animal through a bite, scratch or lick on broken skin.

Pre-exposure vaccines are recommended for travellers visiting a place where rabies is present in animals. A record of vaccination should be carried and shown to those administering emergency treatments in a post-exposure situation.

You can speak to a GP or travel clinic for more information on how you can get a pre-exposure vaccine.

Rabies is found in warm-blooded mammals; this includes cats, dogs, monkeys, and bats. Avoid contact with wild and domestic animals where possible.

After an animal bite, scratch, or lick on broken skin, follow these steps:

  • Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water.
  • Apply a suitable disinfectant to the wound.
  • Apply a simple dressing to the wound.
  • Seek medical attention locally.

Be aware of the heat

Temperatures are soaring across Europe to levels that are way beyond those ideal for sitting on the beach or relaxing with a beer in the sun.

Drink plenty of water to help prevent dehydration, protect yourself by regularly applying sunscreen with a broad spectrum of sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher, and wear protective clothing, such as hats and sunglasses.

Follow advice from local public health agencies where you are visiting.

Protect yourself against mosquito bites

Mosquito bites are common in most warm destinations. While these are mostly harmless, some can spread diseases such as dengue, zika or malaria.

Due to climate change, some more serious mosquito-borne infections are spreading into new areas where they were not previously found, including popular holiday destinations in mainland Europe.

For example, cases of West Nile virus and dengue transmitted by mosquitoes have been reported in Europe. It’s always a good idea to check the TravelHealthPro website for country-specific information so that you’re aware of the risks locally.

Malaria is another illness caused by mosquitoes; it can be fatal, so it must be quickly diagnosed and treated.

Speak to a healthcare professional before you travel about anti-malaria medication if you are traveling to a malaria risk country.

Follow the usual precautions to prevent getting bitten by mosquitoes, such as wearing loose-fitting clothing, long sleeves and long trousers; cover exposed skin and use insect repellents; and sleep under insecticide-treated mosquito nets.

If you visit a malaria risk area, seek urgent medical attention if you notice fever and flu-like symptoms. Don’t wait until you return to the UK if you are unwell.

Keep safe from sexually transmitted infections

You might meet new sexual partners while travelling and this could increase the risk of an STI. Drug-resistant forms of STIs are more common in some parts of the world.

If you’ve had oral sex or condomless sex abroad with a new sexual partner, get tested for STIs when you return to the UK before further sexual activity.

You can do this by using self-sampling STI kits or by visiting a local sexual health clinic.

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Supporting the use of Faecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT)

In July 2022, the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) published guidance recommending the use of Faecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT) to triage patients presenting in primary and secondary care with signs or symptoms of suspected colorectal cancer. NHS England have published two letters to support the adoption of this guidance.

Letter:  Using Faecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT) in the Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) pathway (primary care)

Letter: Using Faecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT) in the Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) pathway (primary care)

 Using Faecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT) in the Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) pathway (secondary care)

Using Faecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT) in the Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) pathway (secondary care)

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Junior doctors begin their six-day strike in January outside St. Thomas’ hospital in London.

NHS tops poll of voters’ concerns as latest strike threatens further havoc

Junior doctors’ 11th walkout in England expected to add to backlogs in service a third of Britons say NHS is most pressing issue

The NHS has overtaken soaring prices as the issue most Britons believe is the biggest challenge facing the UK, new polling has found.

The NHS in England is bracing itself for the latest strike by junior doctors, which starts at 7am on Saturday.

Health service leaders have warned that the five-day walkout – the 11th stoppage by junior doctors in 10 months – will send “shockwaves” through a service that is already struggling to cope with winter ailments, staff shortages and a huge backlog of care.

Hospitals across England are expected to yet again postpone tens of thousands of operations and outpatient appointments as they redeploy staff to cover for the loss of many of their medics and keep urgent and emergency care, such as A&E, running as smoothly as possible.

Data from pollsters Ipsos’s issues index, which tracks changes in public opinion over time, found that, when asked to identify the most pressing issues facing Britain, more people named the NHS than any other. Just over one in three (34%) said the NHS, hospitals and healthcare was among the most important issues, 3% more than did so last month.

The economy remained the second most commonly identified issue on 29%, while inflation has slipped from first place last month to third in the latest edition of the survey, which is based on a representative sample of 1,008 adults across Britain.

While 32% identified inflation/prices as a key issue in January, fewer – 26% – did so when polling was undertaken during 7-13 February.

“We know that the NHS is a perennial issue for the public, but now we are seeing concerns about it overtaking other issues that have occupied top spot over recent years,” said Anna Quigley, a director at Ipsos.

“Feeding into this will be the problems of long waiting times, overrun A&Es, striking staff and crumbling estates, all of which people will have heard about in the media recently, even if they haven’t experienced it themselves.

“We know the public are worried about the future of the NHS, but this doesn’t mean they have given up on it; they want to ensure that the NHS is there for them and their family when they need it in the future.”

Opposition parties seized on the results as evidence of deep public concern at the fragile state of the NHS, which after 2010 faced years of tiny budget rises and an increasing lack of staff.

“It’s no surprise that people are increasingly concerned by the appalling state the Conservatives have left our NHS in,” said Wes Streeting, the shadow health secretary.

“After 14 years of Tory incompetence and neglect, patients find it impossible to get an appointment, ambulance or operation when they need one. Imagine the damage they could do with five more years,” he added.

“There is light at the end of the tunnel. A Labour government will deliver 2m more operations and appointments a year to get the NHS back on its feet, paid for by abolishing the non-dom tax status. With Labour, the NHS will be there for you when you need it, once again.”

Julian Hartley, the chief executive of hospitals group NHS Providers, said the latest junior doctors’ strike would leave the service facing “a near-impossible task” in its drive to reduce the backlog of hospital procedures – about 6.5 million people are waiting for 7.6m different operations.

“Every strike sends shockwaves through the NHS, impacting patients and staff with little time to recover in between. Trust leaders have put plans in place to keep patients safe but they are dreading another walkout from junior doctors,” he said.

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“The scale and duration will have long-lasting ramifications. Over 1.4m hospital, mental health and community appointments and procedures have already been pushed back due to industrial action. No one in pain or distress should have to wait a second longer than they need to given conditions could worsen.”

Strikes since December 2022 by NHS staff, including nurses, ambulance personnel and consultant doctors, have cost the NHS around £3bn, Hartley added.

Ipsos’s findings suggest the NHS will be a main issue in the general election widely expected to take place later this year. They also bode well for Labour, who are traditionally seen as the party most closely associated with the service and supportive of it.

Separate polling last week by Survation, reported by the New Statesman, found that Labour’s commitment to “building an NHS fit for the future” is by far the most popular of its five “missions”. When asked which of the five they saw as the most important, 44% of voters chose that one.

In contrast, the other four missions all received less backing: halving violent crime (19%), delivering clean electricity by 2030 (14%), achieving the highest growth in the G7 (13%) and removing barriers to opportunity through better childcare and education (10%).

Ed Davey, the Liberal Democrat leader, echoed Streeting’s claim that 14 years of Tory rule has left the NHS much-diminished.

“The Conservative party can never be trusted with the NHS after their appalling legacy of record waiting lists and crumbling hospitals,” he said.

“The country is crying out for more GP appointments, yet Rishi Sunak spends his time peddling culture wars to keep his own MPs happy. “At the next election Rishi Sunak will be judged on his broken promises on the NHS, which has left millions in pain and stifled our economy.”

  • Industrial action

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Travel health advice.

  • Before You Travel
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  • Staying Healthy if Travelling Abroad this Summer
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  • COVID-19: Health Considerations for Travel
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  1. Home

    fitfortravel is a public access website provided by the NHS (Scotland). It gives travel health information for people travelling abroad from the UK. Remember that you should always discuss your particular needs with your own GP or Practice Nurse. The website is compiled by the Travel and International Health Team at Health Protection Scotland (HPS).

  2. Before You Travel

    To make an appointment for a travel health risk assessment: In Scotland, you should contact the NHS health board where you live. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland you should contact your NHS GP. Ideally, you should book your appointment 6 to 8 weeks before you travel. This gives time for any vaccinations you might need to become fully ...

  3. Travel vaccinations

    The GP or practice nurse may be able to give you general advice about travel vaccinations and travel health, such as protecting yourself from malaria. They can give you any missing doses of your UK vaccines if you need them. Not all travel vaccinations are available free on the NHS, even if they're recommended for travel to a certain area.

  4. About fitfortravel

    Fitfortravel is maintained by the Travel and International Health Team of Public Health Scotland (PHS) which aims: "To provide an excellent service to protect UK travellers from travel-associated health risks and to limit the wider public health impact of imported infections." This team also produces fitfortravel's sister site Travax ...

  5. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

    England; Wales; Northern Ireland; COVID-19 testing for the purposes of international travel is not available on the NHS. Pre-travel COVID-19 tests are available in the private sector. If you need to travel internationally for work and require evidence of a test, you should speak to your employer or occupational health adviser. Vaccination

  6. Fit To Fly Certificates: Do I Need One? How Do I Get One?

    Fit to Fly (or Fit to Travel) certificates may be available from some NHS practices. However, since these certificates are not normally provided as an NHS service, they are chargeable. Fees for a Fit to Fly certificate can vary from £13 to £40. The British Medical Association (BMA) publishes a list of suggested fees which doctors can use to ...

  7. fitfortravel.nhs.com

    fitfortravel.nhs.com

  8. Fit to travel? Get the lowdown on travel health

    Not doing so could be very costly. You can find up to date information for your destination on the National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) website. NaTHNaC provides general guidance on ...

  9. Move to lateral flow tests for travel begins today (24 October)

    24 October 2021. Bookings for lateral flow tests opened on Friday and can be purchased through the private providers listed on GOV.UK from around £22 per test - NHS tests cannot be used ...

  10. Fit for Travel

    The website is compiled and updated by a team of experts from the Travel Medicine Division at the Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health. There is a searchable map giving details of immunisations needed for each country. Web: www.fitfortravel.scot.nhs.uk. Your gateway to Christian jobs, mission opportunities, events, articles ...

  11. NHS COVID Pass

    Updated to reflect that children aged 5 to 11 in England and Wales can also get a NHS COVID Pass letter for travel if they have evidence of a positive COVID-19 NHS PCR test within the last 180 ...

  12. India

    Advice for All Destinations COVID-19. Read the information on the COVID-19: Health Considerations for Travel page for advice on travelling during the COVID-19 pandemic.. Vaccinations and malaria risk. Review both the Vaccination and Malaria sections on this page to find out if you may need vaccines and/or a malaria risk assessment before you travel to this country.

  13. Travel health

    Search the NHS website. Search. Health A-Z NHS services Live Well

  14. COVID-19: Health Considerations for Travel

    require you to provide proof of a negative COVID-19 test before you travel. COVID-19 testing for the purposes of international travel is not available on the NHS, you will need to use a private healthcare provider for this. request proof of COVID-19 vaccination status (including if there are rules about accepted vaccine type, and required boosters)

  15. Travel Health & Vaccinations

    NHS Borders runs a weekly travel health clinic in Galashiels Health Centre, offering essential risk assessment, guidance and vaccinations before starting patients start their journeys. _____ Step 1. Visit the NHS Fit For Travel website to understand any risks and recommendations associated with your destination(s).

  16. Health Advice for Travel Abroad

    Foreign Travel Advice by Country; GOV.UK. NHS Fit For Travel: Travel health information for people travelling abroad from the UK; Health Protection Scotland. Information on carrying medication overseas; International Narcotics Control Board. Lackner JR; Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting. Exp Brain Res. 2014 Aug232(8):2493-510. doi ...

  17. UK government issues health checklist for Brits heading on summer

    The UK Health Security Agency has published a comprehensive list of dos and don'ts for when it comes to travelling while remaining as fit and health as possible this summer

  18. PDF Patient Instructions for Collecting Your Sample

    Tell your GP if you are due to travel or go on holiday. The FIT kit includes a small plastic container. You should complete the test and return this to your GP ... of this service by email to [email protected] 6. Results Your GP will receive the result within 10 days and they will contact you to talk about the result.

  19. Supporting the use of Faecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT)

    Guidance. In July 2022, the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) published guidance recommending the use of Faecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT) to triage patients presenting in primary and secondary care with signs or symptoms of suspected colorectal cancer.

  20. UK Vaccination Schedule

    In the UK there is a routine vaccine programme where vaccines are given at set ages to protect against several diseases, this is called the 'UK Vaccination Schedule'. For some diseases a course of several doses of vaccine is needed, while for others just one dose of vaccine is enough. Although giving routine vaccines is often associated ...

  21. NHS tops poll of voters' concerns as latest strike threatens further

    Junior doctors' 11th walkout in England expected to add to backlogs in service a third of Britons say NHS is most pressing issue Denis Campbell Health policy editor Sat 24 Feb 2024 01.00 EST

  22. Letters: The plight of patients trapped in hospital despite being fit

    SIR - With regard to NHS waste (Letters, March 5), my wife and I are contacted innumerable times to verify that we are going to attend a booked appointment. After the appointment, we are then ...

  23. Home

    fitfortravel is a public access website provided by the NHS (Scotland). It gives travel health information for people travelling abroad from the UK. Remember that you should always discuss your particular needs with your own GP or Practice Nurse. The website is compiled by the Travel and International Health Team at Health Protection Scotland (HPS).

  24. Slipper campaign in Somerset gives renewed confidence to pensioner

    The 'Sloppy Slippers' campaign provides stable, safe footwear for older people to prevent further falls. According to the University Hospitals of Leicester, 24,000 over-65s in the UK fall over at ...