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Understanding Permissive Over-Reaching Transfer Trip (POTT) Communication Assisted Trip Schemes Video

Here is the latest video describing the Permissive Under-Reaching Transfer Trip Communication-Assisted Trip Schemes used in modern distance protection.

You can follow along with this animation via the Can You Predict What Happens in a Permissive Over-Reaching Transfer Trip (POTT) Scheme? post found under the Testing handbooks / Book Extras menu.

You can also get more information about End-to-End Testing and all of the communication-assisted trip schemes via The Relay Testing Handbook: End-to-End Testing .

Here’s the video:

Here’s a transcript:

Welcome to the fifth video in our end-to-end testing series.  We’ll be looking at a Permissive Over-reaching Transfer Trip, or POTT, communication-assisted trip scheme in this video.

I’m going to assume that you’ve watched the previous videos in this series; so I won’t rehash what to look for in this animation. If you have not watched the previous videos, stop now and click this link to watch them first, so you can follow along.

Now that the introductions are out of the way, we can start by decoding the term POTT:

  • The “P” stands for “Permissive.” A Permissive scheme tells the other relays protecting a line that they can trip faster if they ALSO detect a fault in the correct direction. All relays must agree that there is a fault on the line before a Permissive trip is allowed, unlike the direct scheme that would send a trip signal if only one relay detected a fault. Permissive schemes share information back and forth, so you will need your fancy GPS and/or IRIG connected equipment on ALL sides of the line.
  • The “O” stands for “Over-reaching”. Zone-2’s pickup impedance is typically set larger than the protected line, which means at least one relay must measure a Zone-2 fault for this scheme to work.
  • “TT” means that at least one relay is sending a Transfer Trip signal to the other relays in the scheme.

You’re looking at an animation of a traditional POTT scheme that you can find on our website, relaytraining.com.  There should be a link on the screen right now that you can open in a new window if you want to follow along. The link can also be found in the description below.

Which elements will pick up in Relay-1 if a fault occurs close to Relay-1 as we show here?

Which elements will pick up in Relay-2?

Zone-1 AND Zone-2 will pick up in Relay-1 because the fault is closest to Relay-1, while only Zone-2 will pick up in Relay-2.

Relay-1 will trip instantaneously because of the Zone-1 pickup, but it will also send a POTT signal to the other relay because it has detected a Zone-2, or potential over-reaching, fault on the line.  We call Zone-2 an Over-reaching condition because it is purposely set somewhere around 120% of the line as we described in the previous videos. Zone-2 is purposely set to detect faults in the section between the Zone-1 limit and the rest of the line, AND it provides backup protection for faults on other lines in the forward direction. This means that Zone-2 will detect faults that may not be on the transmission line this relay is installed to protect.

The fault is still on the line even though Relay-1 tripped and current is flowing through Relay-2. How long will it take before Relay-2 trips?

Relay-2 would normally trip after a 20-40 cycle Zone-2 time delay in a standard impedance protection scheme, but Relay-2 received a Permissive Over-Reaching Transfer Trip from Relay-1. This POTT signal from the other relay gives Relay-2 PERMISSION to trip faster IF it also detects a Zone-2 pickup. The permissive signal AND Zone-2 pickup means that Relay-2 will trip after a short communication time delay, which is usually less than 3 cycles.

Let’s look at a fault that is closer to Relay-2, but this time we’ll compare it to a standard distance protection scheme.

This fault is a mirror image of the previous one with the standard distance scheme on the top of the screen, and the POTT scheme shown on the bottom of the screen. Which elements will pick up in Relay-1 and 2?

This time Relay-2 sees a Zone-1 and Zone-2 pickup, while Relay-1 sees a Zone-2 pickup.

Relay-2 will trip instantaneously in both protection schemes because Zone-1 will always trip first because it has no intentional time delay.

Relay-1 should trip in 20-40 cycles in the normal protection scheme at the top of the screen because it has detected a Zone-2 fault, which means that the fault could be on the line the relay is supposed to protect, OR it could be on the line Relay-4 is installed to protect. Therefore, it is going to wait for Relay-4 to trip in case the fault is on Relay-4’s line. If Relay-4 doesn’t operate, Relay-2 will trip after a time delay.

The POTT scheme on the bottom of the screen will NOT wait for Relay-4 to operate because it is getting feedback from Relay-2 that indicates that the fault is on the line. If Relay-1 and Relay-2 both detect a Zone-2 fault, that means the fault should be in the overlapping region between the two relays, which is 100% of the line. Relay-2 will trip after a short communication time delay and remove the fault from the system.

A POTT scheme has pretty simple operating characteristics. If all the relays protecting a line detect a Zone-2 pickup, then the fault must be on the line; therefore, there is no reason to wait for the normal 20-40 cycles.

However, I bet the POTT schemes installed at your sites are more complicated than what I’ve described here because POTT schemes have a glaring weakness that we can demonstrate in this animation:

This animation can also be found on our website and depicts POTT schemes installed on parallel lines. Current flows from right to left under normal conditions. Then a fault occurs on one line.

Relay-1 detects a Zone-1 and Zone-2 fault, while Relay-2 detects a Zone-2 fault. The standard POTT scheme logic applies. Relay-1 will trip with no intentional time delay, and Relay-2 should trip after a short communication delay. It looks like a standard fault for Relay-1 and Relay-2, but let’s look closer at Relays 5 and 6.

Relay-5 detects a Zone-3 fault because there is a parallel path for current to flow into the fault and the fault appears to be behind Relay-5. Reverse zones are typically used to detect reverse faults in communication-assisted trip schemes and don’t trip anything, or they have long time delays of 60-120 cycles. Relay’s 1 and 2 are going to isolate the fault long before Relay-5’s Zone-3 gets a chance to trip anything. So far so good.

Relay-6 could detect a Zone-2 fault, which has a 20-40 cycle time delay, so it probably won’t have a chance to trip either. BUT… it will send a Permissive trip signal to Relay-5.

Now let’s see how the relays respond to this fault.

Relay-1 trips instantaneously as we predicted, but there was a source connected to Relay-3, which is now the primary source for fault current.

Relay-2 still detects a Zone-2 fault and had received permission to trip for the POTT scheme, so it’s primed to trip after a short communication delay.

The current suddenly changed direction in Relay-5, so it no longer detects a Zone-3 fault and it could now detect a Zone-2 fault. Zone-2 has a long time delay, so that shouldn’t be a problem because Relay-2 should be tripping momentarily.  BUT… Relay-6 was sending a POTT permissive before Relay-1 tripped. Relay-5 detects a Zone-2… AND it could still be receiving a POTT signal from Relay-6 because communication signals will always be slower than locally processed information, such as the Zone-2 pickup. This means Relay-5 could be primed for a POTT operation.

We now have a race between Relay-2 and Relay-5.  If Relay-5 wins that race, we could lose both lines for a fault on the one line, which could be a major problem.

This weakness is inherent in any over-reaching communication-assisted trip scheme, and most schemes add additional logic to minimize this problem as shown in this revised drawing.

Zone-3 is looking in the reverse direction and is connected to a new drop-out timer, which is connected to a NOT symbol on the POTT Scheme. All of the relays detect the same zones when all breakers are closed in this new hybrid scheme, and now:

  • Relay-1 detects a Zone-1 Pickup and will trip instantaneously. Relay-1 also sends a POTT permissive trip signal to Relay-2 because it detects a Zone-2 pickup, and it did NOT detect a Zone-3 pickup in the last 5 cycles.
  • Relay-2 should trip on POTT after a short communication delay because Relay-2 detects a Zone-2 pickup, AND it’s receiving a POTT permissive signal from Relay-1, AND it has NOT detected a Zone-3 pickup in the last 5 cycles.
  • Relay-5 detects a Zone-3 reverse fault and sends a block signal to its POTT scheme.
  • Relay-6 detects a Zone-2 pickup and sends a POTT permissive signal to Relay-5.

All the relays operate normally so far.

Breaker-1 operates with no intentional time delay, which will cause a sudden current reversal through relays 5 and 6. Relay-5 now detects a Zone-2 fault, and it could detect a POTT permissive because Relay-6 may not have had time to release its previous permissive signal yet. This was a problem in the old scheme, but Relay-5 detected a Zone-3 reverse fault a moment before, so the Drop Out timer will hold the Zone-3 input to the POTT scheme on. The NOT logic gate reverses the input and the POTT scheme cannot operate for 5 cycles, which should give Relay-6 plenty of time to release its POTT permissive signal.

We no longer have a race between Relays 2 and 5.  Relay-2 will operate after a short time delay and the fault will be isolated from the system without affecting the non-faulted line. The scheme’s weakness has been beaten into submission with logic!

The dirty little secret of communication-assisted trip schemes is they all have the same operating characteristics under normal operating conditions. All end-to-end tests should be performed on either side of each protective zone to make sure the protected line is isolated faster when a communication-assisted trip scheme is applied.

However, POTT schemes require additional tests that prove that the Zone-3 timer is appropriate for the application by simulating a phase reversal from both directions.

Thanks for watching this video. I hope you have some new insights into how Permissive Over-reaching Transfer Trip communication-assisted trip schemes work.

You can play with this animation, and more, by following the link on the screen.  You can also get more information about testing these schemes in The Relay Testing Handbook: End-To-End Testing using the other link in this video, or reading the description below.

As always, please like this video and subscribe to our channel to let Google know we have good stuff.  It helps us get noticed and allows us to keep providing free content like this with no ads.

Don’t forget to have fun out there.

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About the Author

Chris Werstiuk  

Chris is an Electrical Engineering Technologist, a Journeyman Power System Electrician, and a Professional Engineer. He is also the Author of The Relay Testing Handbook series and founder of Valence Electrical Training Services. You can find out more about Chris here .

Read More Articles:

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You have really carved out a place for yourself in Electrical Power System protection. Good on you sir, well done.

The lecture is useful! We hope you have more useful lectures! Thanks

Very interesting and helpful. Thank you.

Where can I find the previous 4 videos mentioned? I would like to watch all the videos for this series. Great info.

Thanks for the kind words.

You can find them on our YouTube channel here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_IrsNHv4aQ&amp

Very good explanation and well illustrated. Great job!

Wow, such an amazing explanation. Kudos all the way from Brazil.

Basics of Trips, Interlocks, Permissives & Sequences

Table of Contents

  • High level in a vessel initiates a trip system which stops the pump feeding that vessel, the pump will remain stopped even if the level in the vessel falls to a safe level.
  • The Trip must be ‘reset’ by the operator before the pump can be re-started.
  • The Trip can only be ‘reset’ if the level in the tank has fallen to a safe level.
  • Resetting the Trip will not cause the pump to automatically re-start, however it may be re-started by an operator action or a control system command e.g. part of a sequence.

Permissive:

  • Stop the feed pump
  • Close the filling valve
  • Stop the agitator.
  • Wait 30 seconds.
  • Open the discharge valve.
  • Low level in a vessel opens the filling valve.
  • The valve remains open until high level is detected.
  • On high level the valve closes.
  • The valve remains closed until low level is detected.
  • On low level the valve opens and the sequence it repeated.

Combined Functions:

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7 thoughts on “Basics of Trips, Interlocks, Permissives & Sequences”

how to calculate orifice plate flow measurement

Permissive start how it related to SIL and SIS

this web page give excellent technical information about I&C oriented…really very useful…… everyone must be use this webpage for more technical updates…..

Excellent goods from you, man. I’ve understand your stuff previous to and you are just extremely wonderful. I really like what you’ve acquired here, really like what you’re saying and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it wise. I can not wait to read much more from you. This is actually a wonderful site.

Logic or programming in PLC is done using Ladder logic or other formats. In general there are some terms that are used is programming to identify how they will interact with other system.

These terms include:-

Permissives Protections Interlocks

Permissives are minimum perquisites that are required for drive or system to operate. Like lubrication system should be on before a drive starts etc.

Protection prevent a drive or logic from a harmful condition and start/ stop system to prevent human or mechanical damage. Like high current will trip a motor to prevent damage. These code act without any checks for permissives as they are typically a last resort kind of stuff.

Lastly Interlocks are code or conditions that are execute when another action happens and change how the drive or code was working to provide a smooth running process.

For example if 2 motors (say motor A & motor B) are there and only one is generally used but necessary 24 x 7. Then I will add an interlock in logic of motor A that if the other motor B turns off due to error then start drive A.

Interlocks are often used to start auxiliary equipment, standby drives, or to prevent starting of systems for smooth operations.

A key note is that Interlocks will require permissives to be followed, that is only interlock is not sufficient the permissives are also to be met.

Interlocks do jobs that can be executed by operator action also but provide some ease in operation and reduce human error.

Reference – Quora

Need help with understanding to interlock 2 different kinds of safety systems? for example 1 System with PLd & SIL2 safety and another with a safety relay system.

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Substation Design | Power System Analysis

Basics of Pilot Relaying & Application Considerations For Transmission Line Protection

Pilot relaying refers to any relaying scheme employing a communication network between relays, at different substations, to transmit “trip or don’t trip” signal. The intent here is to trip the circuit breakers as fast as possible.

In the past, the relays communicated over the copper wire that directly tied them. These days we possess other options, described later in this article.

Rationale for pilot relaying

  • Faster fault clearing time
  • When compared to no pilot channel, the protection scheme exhibits increased security and dependability
  • Enables high speed reclosing
  • Simplifies relay coordination

Communication channel for pilot relaying

The relays utilize communication facilities described below.

Wavetrap and CCVT for Power Line Carrier implementation

Power line carrier (PLC)

The communication path is the power line itself. A pilot relay, capable of generating a high-frequency carrier signal, couples the “message” to the high voltage line via a line-tuner and capacitor-coupled voltage transformer.

The pilot relay generates either

  • On/Off carrier signal- (amplitude modulation) think of it as infrequent pings.
  • Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) carrier signal – (frequency modulation) think of it as a persistent dial-tone you hear on the phone.

Fiber optic cable

Specific relays, fitted with high wattage laser, communicates through a single-mode fiber.

The fiber specified is either

  • OPGW on transmission towers
  • ADSS cable on distribution pole or underground.

The fiber optic cable is directly hooked to the protective relays on either end of the line. When forming a network of relays, located at various substations, connect them using a JungleMUX SONET multiplexer.

Basics of Pilot Relaying & Application Considerations For Transmission Line Protection 1

Microwave radio

If the line of sight between the two substations appears clear and there are other towers for the signal to hop until it reaches its destination, then install a microwave tower.

The microwave radio signal generated is either

  • Analog signal
  • Digital signal

Lately, analog microwave radio for transmission protection is being retired and upgraded with the digital one.

Basics of Pilot Relaying & Application Considerations For Transmission Line Protection 2

Plain old telephone system (POTS)

Relay communication may also take place over lines leased from local telephone company.

Much like a power line carrier, protective relays can transmit a tone over the line whose modulation (higher or lower) indicates a fault condition.

POTS facilities utilize either

Lately, analog POTS for transmission protection is being retired and replaced in place of other communication technology. Digital service continues to survive because it allows field crews to chat with a load dispatcher, and it maintains 911 service.

Pros and cons of communication channels for pilot relaying

Ignoring the latency of transmitters and receivers, every communication channel discussed above possesses minimal signal transmission delay. Once the signal gets coupled or transmitted, it travels roughly at the speed of light. For this reason, even something like POTS gets used for direct transfer trip – a high-speed protection scheme.

Low latency is one aspect, but bandwidth is another. Specific protective schemes, like line current differential, require high bandwidth to accommodate significant data flow between relays. Both fiber and digital microwave radio can support this application, unlike PLC and POTS.

No communication channel can elude signal attenuation.

  • With PLCs, attenuation may occur due to the corona effect, system disturbances, line switching, storm effects, etc. Attenuation can also occur at the point of coupling as seen in figure 40 in the linked paper.
  • With fiber, incorrect splicing, poor terminations, etc. causes light reflection. However, with fewer external factors impacting the signal, this channel stands-out among others.
  • With microwave radio, weather condition distorts signal arriving at the receiver.
  • With POTS – radio interference, incorrect splicing, poor terminations, etc. diminishes signal.

Transmission line protection schemes employing communication channel

Phase angle comparison.

Compares the phase angle of fault current entering and leaving the zone of protection.

If currents are in-phase (entering and leaving the zone), then no tripping occurs on account of the fault being external. However, fault currents 180deg out-of-phase appears internal, and tripping occurs.

Communication channel: PLC, metallic pair, leased telephone line, digital microwave, or fiber optics.

Current differential

Compares magnitude and phase angle of current entering or leaving the zone of protection.

Similar to the phase angle comparison scheme, external faults are ignored whereas internal faults are acted upon.

Communication channel: Fiber optics or digital microwave.

Directional comparison schemes

Works using step distance protection offered by line relays.

To speed up tripping, the following communication/modulation schemes are applied.

  • Directional comparison blocking scheme (DCB)
  • Permissive overreaching transfer trip scheme (POTT)
  • Permissive under-reaching transfer trip scheme (PUTT)
  • Directional comparison un-blocking scheme (DCUB)

Communication channel: PLC (for DCB & DCUB only), leased telephone line, digital microwave, or fiber optics.

Personal philosophy, availability of channel, and experience of operating the protected line dictates which protection scheme gets implemented. When a fiber channel exists, the current differential scheme is the obvious choice. Otherwise, existing power lines can be used to administer any one of the directional comparison schemes. Substations located in remote locations can rely on PLC and as a back-up, on microwave radio. As you dig deeper into modulation schemes, you will understand why some cannot be implemented over PLC and must use other channels.

This article is the first in a series, covering the essentials on pilot relaying and pilot protection schemes. If interested, dig deeper below.

  • Directional Comparison Blocking Scheme (DCB)
  • Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip Scheme (POTT)
  • Directional Comparison Un-Blocking Scheme (DCUB)
  • Direct Transfer Trip Scheme (DTT)  (This is technically not a pilot scheme but requires a pilot channel)

4 thoughts on “Basics of Pilot Relaying & Application Considerations For Transmission Line Protection”

Great article, learning a ton from you!

Very easy to understand. To the point, no fluff. I like it! Thanks!

Very good, simple explanation of transmission line relaying, DTT, POTT and DCB.

I love your write up because it’s quick and to the point for those who have some knowledge of the systems, it gives a good overview.

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Aleen Mohammed

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What is inter trip relay?

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A protection signalling system whereby a signal initiated at one station trips a circuit-breaker at another station.

Add your answer:

imp

What is master trip relay?

its trip the master elements

How do you detect if a shunt trip breaker is malfunctioning?

The way to detect if a shunt trip breaker is malfunctioning is to manually trip the breaker. The shunt is usually wired through a auxiliary relay. Make sure that before you trip the breaker that the load can be shut off without taking a production line etc. off line. Trip the auxiliary relay using a test jumper to activate the relays coil. The breaker's handle will move to mid throw and the load will disconnect from the supply power. If the breaker trips then it is working properly. If the breaker does not trip trouble shoot the circuitry that is used to trip the breaker. Usual problem is an open circuit.

What is the purpose of a seal-in contact?

This is a small electromagnet whose coil is in series with the relay contacts and whose contact is in parallel with them. The electromagnet is energized, closing its contacts in parallel with the relay contact as soon as the trip coil is energized, and drops out when the circuit breaker opens.

What is DTOC relay?

A definite time over-current relay operates like an instantaneous over-current relay coupled with a timer. Once current reaches the pick-up value, it initiates the timing circuit. As long as current stays above this pick-up value, the timer will continue to time. Once the definite time setting is reached, the relay gives trip signal to the circuit breaker.

What is lock out relay function why it is needed?

Lock out Relay is the Master Trip relay( It is a latch relay once operated we have to reset it by manual) Which is used for Generator protection,Transformer protection,Turbine protection (Fixed in indoor Panel, Standard manufacturer only making those relays) if it operated because of any fault in above the after clearing all the fault we have to reset it by hand(normally available 110Volts or 220Volts DC).

Inter neuron relay impulses from where to where?

From sensory neurons to motor neurons

Where is the inter lock relay on a 1994 Nissan Pathfinder?

should be under the hood in the power distrabution box

What is the function of an LBB relay?

A local breaker backup relay is used to check the operation of distribution circuit breakers and to trip the feeder circuit breaker if the distribution circuit breaker fails to trip on an overload.

What is Trip circuit supervision?

Trip circuit supervision is defined as the protection equipment which monitors the continuity of the trip circuits of a circuit-breaker. The trip circuit supervision relay will monitor the proper functioning of trip circuits.

How do you reset a shunt trip breaker?

A shunt trip breaker is reset the same way as an ordinary breaker, move the handle to the full off position and then to the full on position. First check the tripping circuit, sometimes a latch relay is used to hold the breaker shunt trip coil in the trip position. If this is the case then reset the latch relay first.

Why wont your windshield wipers work on your 99 voyager if the switch is good and when you manually trip the relay the motor works fine?

Bad ground? Bad relay?

What is relay coil?

An electrical device, typically incorporating an electromagnet, which is activated by a current or signal in one circuit to open or close another circuit.Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as-Definite time relaysInverse time relays with definite minimum time(IDMT)Instantaneous relays.IDMT with inst.Stepped characteristic.Programmed switches.Voltage restraint over current relay.Based on of logic the protection relay can be categorized as-Differential.Unbalance.Neutral displacement.Directional.Restricted earth fault.Over fluxing.Distance schemes.Bus bar protection.Reverse power relays.Loss of excitation.Negative phase sequence relays etc.Based on actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as-Current relays.Voltage relays.Frequency relays.Power relays etc.Based on application the protection relay can be categorized as-Primary relay.Backup relay.Primary relay or primary protection relay is the first line of power system protection whereas backup relay is operated only when primary relay fails to be operated during fault. Hence backup relay is slower in action than primary relay. Any relay may fail to be operated due to any of the following reasons,The protective relay itself is defective.DC Trip voltage supply to the relay is unavailable.Trip lead from relay panel to circuit breaker is disconnected.Trip coil in the circuit breaker is disconnected or defective.Current or voltage signals from CT or PT respectively is unavailable.As because backup relay operates only when primary relay fails, backup protection relay should not have anything common with primary protection relay.Some examples of Mechanical Relay are-Thermal(a) OT trip (Oil Temperature Trip) (b) WT trip (Winding Temperature Trip) (C) Bearing temp trip etc.(a) Buchholz (b) OSR (c) PRV (d) Water level Controls etc.Float typePressure switches.Mechanical interlocks.Pole discrepancy relay.

What is inter trip?

Where's is the relay inter light.

Interior lights do not come on. Running boards lights do. Pulled the fuse and its good. Is there a Interior light relay.

How overload relay works?

An overload relay is fundamentally a board that protects the relay from overloads. It works on the science of being an AC inductor..

Why you use inter trip relays for radial feeders for more than two transfomer on same feeders?

To accelearte tripping @ remote end

imp

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Intel® 500 Series Chipset Family On-Package Platform Controller Hub Datasheet Volume 1

A newer version of this document is available. Customers should click here to go to the newest version.

Thermal Trip Signal (PCHHOT#)

The PCH provides PCHHOT# signal to indicate that it has exceeded some temperature limit. The limit is set by BIOS. The temperature limit (programmed into the PHLC register) is compared to the present temperature. If the present temperature is greater than the PHLC value then the pin is asserted.

PCHHOT# is an O/D output and requires a Pull-up on the motherboard.

The PCH evaluates the temperature from the thermal sensor against the programmed temperature limit every 1 second.

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Evening Standard

London travel news LIVE: Severe delays on Piccadilly Line to Heathrow Airport due to signal failure

LIVE – Updated at 17:02

There were severe delays on the Piccadilly Line, including on trains to Heathrow Airport, at lunch time on Friday due to a signal failure at Caledonian Road.

Earlier on Friday the Metropolitan Line was part-suspended due to flooding as heavy rains fall across London, with no trains running between Chalfont & Latimer and Chesham.

Commuters also faced severe delays at rush hour on Friday morning on the Overground and District Line due to track faults at Kew Gardens and Clapham Junction .

Live updates below.

Overground services back to normal

Disruption to Overground services between Watford Junction and London Euston has now been resolved.

National Rail said a points failure at Harrow & Wealdstone had now been fixed, meaning services could run normally.

Engineering work to affect Thameslink services

Engineering work tomorrow will close some lines between London Blackfriars and East Croydon.

Thameslink has warned that this will in turn, affect the usual route its drivers use to run the Horsham to Peterborough services.

It means there will be no direct Thameslink service between Horsham and Peterborough.

For more information, visit here.

London Overground part-suspended

There is no service between Harrow & Wealdstone and Watford Junction while Network Rail fix a points failure at Harrow & Wealdstone.

Transport for London has said there is a good service on other routes.

Minor delays on the Hammersmith and City Line

There are minor delays on the Hammersmith and City Linebetween Liverpool Street and Barking due to a trespasser on the track, Transport for London has said.

Trains running on Bakerloo Line again

There are severe delays between Queen's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone on the Bakerloo Line after an earlier signal failure at Kensal Green stopped trains running.Transport for London has said there is a good service on the rest of the line.

Severe delays on the Piccadilly Line

There are severe delays on the Piccadilly Line between King’s Cross and Heathrow Airport.

There are also delays between King’s Cross and Uxbridge.

Good service again on Metropolitan Line

There is a good service again on the Metropolitan Line following earlier flooding, Transport for London has said.

Severe delays on the London Overground again

There are severe delays on the London Overground between Watford Junction and Euston while Network Rail fix a signal failure at Queen’s Park.

Bakerloo Line part-suspended

There is no service between Queen's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone on the Bakerloo Line while Network Rail fix a signal failure at Queen's Park.

Metropolitan Line part-suspended due to flooding

There is no service between between Chalfont & Latimer and Chesham on the Metropolitan Line due to flooding.

Transport for London has said there is a good service on the rest of the line.

London Overground strikes planned for next week called off

Strikes planned for the Overground on March 4 and 5 next week have been called off.

RMT  members with Arriva Rail London, which operates the Overground, had planned a walk-out over pay conditions.

However, it was suspended on Thursday, meaning planned disruption to key routes on the Overground will now not go ahead.

Read the full story here .

Minor delays on Jubilee Line

There are minor delays on the Jubilee Line while Transport for London fix a faulty train at London Bridge.

London Overground no longer part-suspended

The London Overground is no longer part-suspended but there are still severe delays on part of the line, Transport for London has said.

There are currently severe delays between Willesden Junction and Clapham Junction due to a track fault at Clapham Junction.

Trains running again on the District Line

The District Line is no longer part-suspended but commuters face severe delays, Transport for London has said.

There are currently severe delays between Turnham Green and Richmond due to an earlier track fault at Kew Gardens.

There is no service on the London Overground between Willesden Green and Richmond.

Transport for London has said Network Rail is fixing a track defect at Kew Gardens. 

District Line part-suspended

There are no trains currently on the District Line between Turnham Green and Richmond.

Transport for London said Network Rail are fixing a track fault at Kew Gardens.

Repairs on line from Marylebone Station for four days

No trains are able to run between London Marylebone and Aylesbury, via Amersham as urgent repairs to the track take place.

National Rail said the repairs are happening near Stoke Mandeville station.

Lines in both directions will be closed for four days.

Minor delays on the Piccadilly Line

There are minor delays on the Piccadilly Line between Cockfosters and Acton Town while Transport for London fixes a signal failure at Caledonian Road.

Southern trains disrupted

Some Southern train services are being cancelled or revised this morning.

Urgent repairs to the track are being carried out between Clapham Junction and Watford Junction. Services between Clapham Junction and East Croydon, Watford Junction and Hemel Hempstead, and between Selhurst and Hemel Hempstead are affected.

Disruption is expected until 8am.

Commuters may need to use an alternative route “which is likely to take 30-45 minutes longer than usual”, National Rail warned.

Southern tickets for this route will be accepted at no extra cost on:

London Overground services between Clapham Junction, Shepherds Bush and Willesden Junction, and between London Euston, Willesden Junction, Wembley Central, Harrow & Wealdstone and Watford Junction

London Underground services on any reasonable route across London

London Buses on any reasonable route serving stations between Clapham Junction and Watford Junction

London Northwestern Railway services between London Euston and Watford Junction

Chiltern Railways services between London Marylebone and Wembley Stadium

Minor delays on the District Line

There are minor delays between Upminster and Barking stations, westbound only, while TfL fixes a faulty train at Elm Park.

Severe delays on Bakerloo Line

There are severe delays between Queen's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone stations due to a signal failure at Kensal Green.

Severe delays on the Overground

There are severe delays between Willesden Junction and Clapham Junction due to a track fault at Clapham Junction.

There is a good service on all other routes.

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  • International edition
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27,000 people attended LA Galaxy versus Inter Miami, the largest regular-season crowd in LA’s history.

‘It’s a luxury to have him’: how Messi is building on Beckham’s legacy

Inter Miami’s trip to LA represented a passing of the torch from the MLS’s old glamor franchise to its new one

T he atmosphere surrounding Lionel Messi’s most recent match at the Dignity Health Sports Park featured the kind of energy, anticipation and hype that permeated the place when an England international called it home.

David Beckham, that international, propelled Major League Soccer into global significance during his five-and-a-half seasons with the Los Angeles Galaxy. Messi – who became the first MLS player to win the Fifa Ballon d’Or last year as a member of Inter Miami – now becomes the league’s focal point to expand that influence in his first full season.

But without Beckham, the idea of Messi playing in MLS would resemble a children’s fantasy.

“If not for him, there’s no Leo Messi,” MLS commissioner Don Garber said. “Somebody wrote this article or a headline that said, ‘Will David Beckham change the course of soccer in America?’ He didn’t just do it once. He did it twice.”

Beckham, one of Inter Miami’s co-founders and co-owners, not only brought over the Argentine superstar but also turned the club into the Miami chapter of the FC Barcelona Alumni Association by signing three of his former club teammates: Luis Suárez, Jordi Alba and Sergio Busquets.

All four started Sunday night against the Galaxy, with Messi and Alba combining on a picturesque goal in the second minute of second-half stoppage time that forced a 1-1 draw .

Messi 🔗 Alba WHAT A GOAL! pic.twitter.com/LuYpsiAb2X — Major League Soccer (@MLS) February 26, 2024

The crowd of 27,642 – the club’s largest in 10 years and the biggest for a Galaxy regular-season match in the stadium’s history – erupted. Messi and Alba hugged. The crowd responded with chants of “Me-ssi, Me-ssi, Me-ssi!”

That crowd included more than 30 stars from entertainment and sports – including Novak Djokovic, Edward Norton, Halle Berry, Liv Tyler and Halle Berry.

Meanwhile, as everyone in his suite reacted with exuberance, Beckham savored Messi’s goal with stoic satisfaction.

“Everybody sees his quality on the ball,” Galaxy Manager Greg Vanney said. “For me, it’s his brain. It’s what he sees on the field. He recognizes different spaces. He knows where everybody is all the time. He’s already organized what the next series of plays is looking like – not just the next pass, but the next series of passes. It’s just 90 minutes of calculation.”

Vanney personally knows how much difference an international superstar can make. Vanney played for the Galaxy in its first six seasons, 1996-2001, before he moved to Europe, then ended his career with the Galaxy in 2008 – Beckham’s first full season in Los Angeles .

“We may have had a fanbase of a few hundred thousand people before he came,” Vanney said. “When I was in Europe prior to that, people knew of the MLS, but they didn’t know the MLS. They didn’t watch the league. Then he comes in. Now, it’s in the millions and it’s worldwide. People in countries who never paid any attention to the Galaxy all of a sudden did.”

Messi’s goal culminated a day marked by enthusiasm. About three hours before kickoff, fans were tailgating in a parking lot that was nearly 60% full. A band of five Mexican-American musicians played regional music. One fan wore a shirt that proclaimed, “Messi is the G.O.A.T.,” with the “G” firmly embedded in the Galaxy’s crest.

Sophie Nicolaou, who has covered MLS for talkSPORT since 2011, noticed a fundamental difference between the response to Messi’s first road game against the Galaxy and the fans’ reaction to Beckham and Zlatan Ibrahimović.

“I’ve seen it really super crazy in the Beckham era, and then it was super crazy with the Zlatan era,” she said. “But this is about the earliest I’ve ever gotten to a game, and I’m not sure I’ve seen it this insanely busy two-and-a-half hours before kickoff. You can feel the vibe and you can feel the atmosphere. I know people want to compare Beckham and Messi all the time and they both have more relevance to the league in different ways. But this, this is kind of crazy.”

Fans with jerseys of Inter Miami’s Lionel Messi wait to enter the stadium before the match against LA Galaxy.

In the stadium, most fans identified either with the Galaxy or Messi. The vast majority of the latter wore Miami’s black road jersey with pink trim featuring Messi’s name and ‘10’ on the back. One family wore matching black Messi jerseys, with the daughter riding piggyback on her father’s back. In another case, a husband wore Miami’s all-pink Messi kit – complete with shorts and socks –while his two daughters wore pink Messi jerseys and his wife wore a black one.

“It just shows you kind of the cultural icon that he is,” Nicolaou said of Messi. “The same was with Beckham; people turned up to games in Manchester United shirts or Real Madrid shirts. That’s when players crossover and go beyond football and get into pop culture. I think Messi and Beckham and Zlatan, to an extent, crossover and feed themselves into popular culture just because of their popularity.”

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For Eduard Cauich, the sports editor for the Los Angeles Times’ Spanish-language edition, Messi represents a greater focus on soccer than Beckham’s diversified influence in pop culture.

“Beckham was way different,” Cauich said. “Beckham was soccer but he was something else that involved many, many things; he was a model. I think Messi is more for people that enjoy and appreciate soccer at the international level. Even the people that don’t like Messi respect him because of his talent. It’s a luxury to have him here. I think the fans are more mature now and they appreciate a star like that more.”

One Galaxy fan even notices a difference. “I think Messi has a different impact right now,” said Johnny Cano, who has supported the club “ever since the first game at the Rose Bowl,” in 1996. “I think everything has to do with everything from the World Cup to the clubs he’s played for. He’s a lot more famous, more recognized. I think it’s definitely a lot different from Beckham.”

Perhaps the biggest difference lies in MLS’ ability to manage the demands an international superstar brings. Joe Tutino, the Galaxy’s radio voice since 1999, remembers Beckham’s debut in July 2007 in a friendly against Chelsea.

“That was crazy electric,” Tutino said. “I think at the time, MLS didn’t know how to handle a superstar like David Beckham, and certainly the Galaxy didn’t know how to handle him from the start. I think MLS is a little bit more grown up now.”

Yet hoopla remains hoopla.

“The hype is up there,” said Miguel Gonzalez, who belongs to the Angel City Brigade, the Galaxy’s biggest supporters’ group. “When Beckham was around, everybody was excited to see Beckham. As soon as we found out Messi was coming, it’s been the talk of the town.”

Garber hopes that excitement will increase MLS’s prominence and stimulate growth .

“To me, this is very much about where we were in 2007 and where we are today,” Garber said in reference to Beckham’s first year in MLS. “I feel this league has so much momentum, and had it last year before Leo was signed. We were on track to have our best year ever, and we did. We launched our Apple partnership. Launched the Leagues Cup. We had so many exciting things coming in. And Leo comes in and he takes it to another level.”

Vanney, because of his experience with Beckham, believes Messi is the perfect vehicle to reach that goal.

“They couldn’t have picked a better player at that moment to take our league to the next level and bring the attention that he was able to bring,” Vanney said. “At this point, I think they couldn’t have picked a better player than Messi to do what he’s been able to do, which is a whole other level.”

  • Inter Miami
  • Lionel Messi
  • David Beckham

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IMAGES

  1. Differential currents and trip signal in case of internal double phase

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  2. How Inter trip send and receive relay working

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  3. Transfer Trip or Inter Trip

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  5. Trip Circuit Supervision Relay Explained in detail

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  6. Direct intertrip transfer time (A trips B) implemented with

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COMMENTS

  1. PDF D2 Signalling and Intertripping in Protection Schemes

    a blocking signal being transmitted to the remote end. At the remote end, receipt of the blocking signal prevents the remote end protection operating if it had detected the external fault. Loss of the communications channel is less serious for this scheme than in others as loss of the channel does not result in a failure to trip when required.

  2. Intertrip and Interlock Operation

    Tripping the breaker upstream of a transformer will intertrip the downstream breaker. This is required to avoid current back feeding. And if the downstream breaker trips due to fault condition it will intertrip the upstream breaker to avoid feeding to fault location. This is my understanding about transformer breaker intertripping.

  3. Standard tripping schemes and trip circuit supervision schemes ...

    These schemes are the frequently used and are provided in most medium voltage switchgear applications. 1. General - Functional Requirements. A protection relay is usually required to trip a circuit breaker (CB). The power required by the trip coil of the CB may range from 50 W for a small distribution CB to 3000 W for a large EHV CB.

  4. Intertrips

    Tripping fee (£/unit/trip) - paid when a signal is sent to the relevant circuit breaker of a generator causing the generator to cease output to the transmission system. If an intertripping scheme is installed by a generator, we may also offer a capability payment (£/settlement period) - paid for each settlement period in which the scheme ...

  5. Understanding Permissive Over-Reaching Transfer Trip (POTT

    Relay-2 would normally trip after a 20-40 cycle Zone-2 time delay in a standard impedance protection scheme, but Relay-2 received a Permissive Over-Reaching Transfer Trip from Relay-1. This POTT signal from the other relay gives Relay-2 PERMISSION to trip faster IF it also detects a Zone-2 pickup.

  6. IET Digital Library: Intertripping

    The term 'intertripping' may be defined as a method in which operation of a protection equipment at one end of a circuit causes a signal to be transmitted to trip a circuit breaker at the remote end of the circuit. Intertripping is an unconditional-tripping system and must not be confused with 'protection signalling', the latter being a conditional-tripping system concerned with 'distance ...

  7. PDF Intertrips

    What is the service? The automatic operation of Intertrips generally requires the monitoring of all transmission circuits in a zone, which are linked with system protection arrangements.

  8. Inter-trip links incorporated optimal protection coordination

    Due to the inter-trip signal, the tripping curve of is modified which is similar to a definite time curve. Due to increased time difference between and , the setting of can be modified

  9. PDF 3A300 Technical Bulletin

    signal is commonly used where these pilots are already installed. While very reliable, traditional DC intertrip systems which ... Inter trip send initiate External Supervised circuits Figure 6 Note 1: The factory default mode of operation is with the direct intertrip link removed. Refer to the Intertrip Send Configuration section for

  10. Inter-trip links incorporated optimal protection coordination

    Inter-trip links incorporated optimal protection coordination (Ali Abbasi) 73 Data exchange between relays during the faulted period can be performed as inter-trip, delay and block. In [22] simple definite time relays with delay and block signals on GOOSE bed is used for islanded distribution grid.

  11. PDF SYSTEM TO GENERATOR OPERATIONAL INTERTRIPPING SCHEMES

    trips, it may be possible for the trip signal from the system to be sent to the generating units control system to automatically initiate a reduction in the power output of the generator. This reduction in power will automatically trip the generator breaker through operation of the low forward power relay.

  12. Basics of Trips, Interlocks, Permissives & Sequences

    Prevent pump starting until suction valve is open. Interlock. Pump running - suction valve closed-pump stops. Sequence. High level in vessel-Pump stops. Low level in vessel-Pump starts. Pump running - suction valve closed - pump stops, Suction valve re-opened - pump remains stopped. Operator resets trip.

  13. Basics of Pilot Relaying & Application Considerations For ...

    Basics of Pilot Relaying & Application Considerations For Transmission Line Protection. Pilot relaying refers to any relaying scheme employing a communication network between relays, at different substations, to transmit "trip or don't trip" signal. The intent here is to trip the circuit breakers as fast as possible.

  14. A signed correlation index-based differential protection scheme for

    In other words, the proposed protection scheme exists at both line ends, and it operates separately at each end to trip the associated circuit breaker using the received current data from the other end. In some cases, to enhance the protection system reliability, an inter-trip signal is used to trip the circuit breaker at the remote end.

  15. PDF Relay-to-Relay Digital Logic Communication for Line Protection

    Most of these schemes convert a relay contact output to a safe and reliable communication signal that is transmitted from one line terminal to the other. At the receiving end, the signal is con-verted to a contact output, which is connected to assert a control input in the logic scheme of the relay.

  16. What is inter trip relay?

    What is inter trip? A protection signalling system whereby a signal initiated at one station trips a circuit-breaker at another station. Where's is the relay inter light?

  17. Performance evaluation of IEC 61850 GOOSE‐based inter‐substation

    However, since the fault line beyond its zone 1 distance setting, it does not trip instantaneously. The inherent delay of zone 2 is typically in the range of 0.25-0.4 s. The zone 1 relay senses the fault and sends a trip signal to its circuit breaker. Also, this signal is transported to the zone 2 relay with the help of communication.

  18. System to Generator Operational Intertripping Schemes Generating Unit

    The trip signal would be initiated in the event of a fault outage occurring on a specified ... However, because there is an inter-trip installed this is an indication in itself that the scope for other post-fault actions by the SO is normally very limited. GCRP 07/33 September 2007

  19. Thermal Trip Signal (PCHHOT#)

    Intel® Serial I/O Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) Controllers Signal Description Integrated Pull-Ups and Pull-Downs I/O Signal Planes and States Functional Description. ... Thermal Trip Signal (PCHHOT#) The PCH provides PCHHOT# signal to indicate that it has exceeded some temperature limit. The limit is set by BIOS. The temperature limit ...

  20. Inter-trip Requirement In Question

    This relay should respond to a true cable fault within its zone of protection and not to an upstream manual breaker opening. If such inter-trip is not provided, then during manual switching of the upstream breaker, the 67 actuates and sends a wrong alarm signal of a fault. Both upstream and downstream breakers are in separate substation with a ...

  21. (PPT) CARRIER INTER TRIP

    a/d & d/a conversions relay interface type g4ac and g4ad • operate at 48 (110) 230v dc • a complete trip signal is made up of a starting signal and trip command. • received signal is accepted as genuine command if and only if -etl pilot is switched off -correct tripping signal must be present.

  22. London travel news LIVE: Severe delays on Piccadilly Line to ...

    LIVE - Updated at 18:49. There were severe delays on the Piccadilly Line, including on trains to Heathrow Airport, at lunch time on Friday due to a signal failure at Caledonian Road.. Earlier on ...

  23. 'It's a luxury to have him': how Messi is building on Beckham's legacy

    Inter Miami's trip to LA represented a passing of the torch from the MLS's old glamor franchise to its new one Joseph D'Hippolito , in Carson, California Thu 29 Feb 2024 05.00 EST Last ...