world heritage tourism and identity inscription and co production

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World heritage, tourism, and identity : inscription and co-production

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World Heritage, tourism and identity: inscription and co-production

2016, Journal of Heritage Tourism

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G Richards (ed) Cultural tourism: global and local perspectives

Jaume Franquesa , Marc Morell

Paragraphs from pages 170 and 171 in lieu of an abstract: Social processes, often conflictive, contribute to the making of heritage products. In these processes, we have to consider a range of groups and social agents who have different political and economic interests and different cultural conceptions, stemming from their distinct positions in social space. Opposed to the discourses that see heritage as something natural and as a product of a consensus, often because of ingenuity as well as dishonest intentions, it is important to stress the dynamic, processual, and conflictive nature of heritage product-making, particularly when it concerns enormously sensitive questions such as identity or memory. That is, heritage-making is inseparable from questions of influence, politics, interests, and authority -in short, power. On the other hand, this conflictive dimension becomes even worse when we move from heritage to heritage tourism, since the commercial exploitation implied by heritage tourism usually arouses resentment. It is not only the fact that commercial exploitalion may be viewed by certain groups as illegitimate when applied to heritage objects of a sacred or inalienable nature, but also the fact that commercial exploitation entails complex political and economic decisions. These issues include lhe kind of public for which the product is designed (which often does not match with the owners of the ascribed meanings), and the fact that the urban speculation that usually accompanies heritage tourism can lead to a rise in the price of land, to processes of use replacement, gentrification, etc. In fact, these latter issues become especially relevant since heritage tourism is mainly a kind of urban tourism and focuses on the historic centers of cities, which become, as a whole, public spaces made heritage (and therefore not only the meanings become problematic, but also spatial practices and uses of space). This is hardly surprising since historic city centers, besides offering a high concentration of heritage referents, usually characterize themselves by their function of centrality and their symbolic contents, particularly their role in representing the city as a whole. Nevertheless. "touristification/heritagization" is still problematic, and it is in these spaces that most of the conflicts regarding heritage and tourism become visible. These conflicts create social discomfort, hence negatively influencing the political success and the economic viability of heritage tourism: consequently, it seems there is a need to develop common criteria for assessment of the complex factors affecting heritage.

Norberto Santos , Claudete Oliveira Moreira

The second half of the twentieth century began a time of change for society in general and each individual in particular. Although the concept of development is not globally understood as the same phenomenon, concepts such as sustainability and sustainable development, heritage and culture, tourism and ethics, uniqueness and authenticity, materiality and intangibility, among others, have entered the lexicon of scientific research, political speeches, strategic and development plans, and non-governmental organizations. The assumption that the human being is the most relevant heritage is decisive for respecting the other and valuing the differences between us. This approach might help creating a common sphere where everyone and every place plays a crucial role. It is in this context that culture/heritage, as a differentiating element, undertakes a progressive and continuously relevant meaning, a core part in global society. Are many and diverse responsible for this construction. Whether the individual point of view or the collective. The creation of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in November 1945 is a fundamental stepping-stone in this context. The concern to protect the still visible course of the history of Humankind, independent from the dimension or geographical location is the example of a global concern which should involve all of us. Many of these sites listed in UNESCO’s World Heritage List, are also, for this same reason, touristic sites, and thus subject to different uses, almost always different from their initial purpose. These uses should not imply destruction, loss of genuineness, or massification. They should instead preserve or re-establish the authenticity that identifies these sites, making them unique. This apparently contradictory context lays the focus of the reflection that is aimed to be developed in this international meeting: "Local Identity and Tourism Management on World Heritage Sites: Trends and Challenges", in the framework of the International UNESCO-UNITWIN Network Culture, Tourism and Development. The central objective of this Conference is to promote the discussion/reflection on the challenges that we face nowadays and in the process of future development, resulting from the mutability of the relationship between. a) tourism offer in World Heritage Sites, b) preservation of a unique identity and singularity, c) the diverse motivations of tourism demand, d) the creation of local tourist activities able to complement an internationally renowned rooted heritage, e) the importance of new technologies on the management of a heritage that generates social cohesion and territorial solidarity. Simultaneously, tourism is rapidly expanding. It is increasingly diverse and considered as an important social value. Its economic value is also increasing as its weight grows in national GDP. We also witness the development of cultural and heritage tourism as an expression of the ability of societies to turn their legacy into consumer products and instruments of local and regional development. In this perspective there is the need to understand the motivations of the tourist and the profiles of the visitors, connected with multi-attraction and multi-motivation demand. It is important to encompass an understanding of what is being visited, the quest for experience and emotion, the committed participation mediated by ethics and sustainable behaviours; to create the conditions for a new, ontological tourism to grow inside each one of us, in every journey, in each place. The increasing interest and desire for the historical and cultural heritage sites, material or immaterial, allows us to (re)discover the singularity, the authenticity, notoriety and, at the same time, the originality of World Heritage Sites, causing its tourism management to be carried out in such a way that the physical, social, cultural and economic sustainability becomes a permanent and dynamic concern, open and complex. This Conference will enrich the knowledge of tourism, through the debate between different participants and case studies. The objective is to improve the capacities to build on each World Heritage Site an identity able to generate processes that enhance the quality of life of local residents, a marketing strategy designed to offer cultural/heritage reference products, and an informed research, committed and motivated to use (somewhere between entertainment and development) improve the offer on World Heritage Sites.

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Like most volumes that set out to examine the manifestation of phenomena in diverse geographical, historical, economic, cultural and socio-political contexts, interweaving assorted narratives to create a cohesive whole requires a solid, unifying thread. In this instance, the link is World Heritage listing and the ways by which such sites produce outcomes and legacies that tourism interventions tend to engender. World Heritage listing often results in a range of tensions, and dilemmas for stakeholders who come to the discourse with compatible or conflicting viewpoints, and often with divergent and contradictory interests that depart from the central tenets of World Heritage listing (Cheer, Reeves, & Laing, 2015; Collins, 2008). In setting out to ‘analyze the complex and interconnected system of players who both orchestrate and experience the changes that emerge with World Heritage desig- nation’ (p. 1), an enormous task is attempted, possibly beyond the remit of a collection of case studies given the inherent variegations evident across the globe.

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World Heritage, Tourism and Identity: Inscription and Co-production (Heritage, Culture and Identity) 1st Edition

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The remarkable success of the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage is borne out by the fact that nearly 1,000 properties have now been designated as possessing Outstanding Universal Value and recognition given to the imperative for their protection. However, the remarkable success of the Convention is not without its challenges and a key issue for many Sites relates to the touristic legacies of inscription. For many sites inscription on the World Heritage List acts as a promotional device and the management challenge is one of protection, conservation and dealing with increased numbers of tourists. For other sites, designation has not brought anticipated expansion in tourist numbers and associated investments. What is clear is that tourism is now a central concern to the wide array of stakeholders involved with World Heritage Sites.

• ISBN-10 140947058X
• ISBN-13 978-1409470588
• Edition 1st
• Publisher Routledge
• Publication date August 28, 2015
• Part of series Heritage, Culture and Identity
• Language English
• Dimensions 6.25 x 1 x 9.25 inches
• Print length 290 pages
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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Routledge; 1st edition (August 28, 2015)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 290 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 140947058X
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1409470588
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.45 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.25 x 1 x 9.25 inches

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Encyclopedia of Tourism pp 1–3 Cite as

World Heritage and Tourism

• Michael A. Di Giovine 3  
• Living reference work entry
• Latest version View entry history
• First Online: 27 March 2024

World heritage refers to monuments, sites, and cultural and natural landscapes, as well as intangible practices and traditions, as designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Specifically, it refers to something to be of “outstanding universal value” that transcends any specific significances it might have at the local, regional, or national levels. The preservation of world heritage is paramount since it is considered “of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity” (UNESCO 2005 : 12).

World heritage is often seen as an intrinsic quality to a site or tradition, but in actuality, it is the product of a complex political process that evolved over more than a half-century. Born from the 1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritag e, it is elaborated upon through the day-to-day work of UNESCO’s Advisory Bodies (International Council on Monuments and Sites, International Union for...

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Brumann, Christoph. 2022. The best we share . Oxford: Berghahn.

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Di Giovine, Michael A. 2009. The heritage-scape: UNESCO, world heritage, and tourism . Lanham: Lexington Books.

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Gravari-Barbas, M., L. Bourdeau, and M. Robinson. 2015. World heritage and tourism: From opposition to co- production. In World heritage, tourism and identity: Inscription and co-production. Heritage culture and identity , ed. L. Bourdeau, M. Gravari-Barbas, and M. Robinson, 1–24. London: Routledge.

Meskell, Lynn. 2018. A future in ruins: UNESCO, world heritage, and the dream of peace . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Smith, Laurajane. 2006. Uses of heritage . London: Routledge.

UNESCO. 2005. World Heritage Information Kit . Paris: World Heritage Center.

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West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, USA

Michael A. Di Giovine

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Honggen Xiao

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Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Bernal, Bernal, Argentina

Regina Schlüter

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Di Giovine, M.A. (2023). World Heritage and Tourism. In: Jafari, J., Xiao, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_224-2

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_224-2

Received : 17 March 2021

Accepted : 20 May 2023

Published : 27 March 2024

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_224-2

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