a tourist office definition

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National Travel and Tourism Office

National travel and tourism office (ntto).

In addition to providing statistics, the National Travel and Tourism Office (NTTO) creates a positive climate for growth in travel and tourism by reducing institutional barriers to tourism, administers joint marketing efforts, provides official travel and tourism statistics , and coordinates efforts across federal agencies through the Tourism Policy Council. The Office works to enhance the international competitiveness of the U.S. travel and tourism industry and increase its exports, thereby creating U.S. employment and economic growth. 

What Guides Our Work: The National Travel and Tourism Strategy

The Department of Commerce, on behalf of the federal interagency Tourism Policy Council, is launching the new National Travel and Tourism Strategy (Strategy) to recover and rebuild a U.S. travel and tourism industry that is more inclusive, equitable, sustainable, and resilient, positioning the sector to drive economic development and export revenue. The Strategy seeks to utilize the full efforts of the federal government to promote the United States as a premiere destination that is representative of the breadth and diversity of its communities, and to foster a sector that creates good jobs for more Americans and is a positive force for sustainability.  

2022 National Travel and Tourism Strategy

FACT SHEET: 2022 National Travel and Tourism Strategy

Our Engagement with the Private Sector: Travel and Tourism Advisory Board (TTAB)

The United States Travel and Tourism Advisory Board (TTAB) serves as the advisory body to the Secretary of Commerce on matters relating to the travel and tourism industry in the United States. The Board advises the Secretary on government policies and programs that affect the U.S. travel and tourism industry, offers counsel on current and emerging issues, and provides a forum for discussing and proposing solutions to industry-related problems. Visit the TTAB page

Our Work Fostering Diverse, Inclusive, and Sustainable Tourism:

As is laid out in the National Travel and Tourism Strategy, the U.S. government is working to increase not only the volume, but the value of travel and tourism to the United States. Across all of our work, we are striving to make sure tourism is accessible to communities, diverse across cultures and geographies, and a positive driver for economic growth and environmental protection. 

APEC Project “Assessing the Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Travel and Tourism in APEC Economies” : Our report looks at how rising sea levels and extreme weather events pose an increasing threat to tourism businesses and destinations, and how those businesses can prepare. It also examines best practices for governments and destinations to incorporate climate change into their tourism planning.  Access the Full Report Here.

How We Market the United States: Brand USA

NTTO is the official liaison to  Brand USA for the U.S. federal government. The Corporation for Travel Promotion (Brand USA) has a multi-language consumer website available whose primary purpose is to provide international travelers with a “one-stop shop” for travel information about the United States. This public-private partnership allows thousands of U.S. travel and tourism industry organizations to be exposed to traveling consumers around the globe, providing them with additional export assistance resources. It covers all 50 states, the five U.S. territories and hundreds of U.S. destinations. Visit the Brand USA page. 

The United States and Japan Launch “U.S.- Japan Tourism Year”

How We Represent U.S. Tourism Globally: Intergovernmental Organizations

NTTO represents U.S. tourism interests in intergovernmental organizations to lead the global efforts for travel and tourism policy concerns and issues, including chairing the Tourism Committee for the  Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development  

It also serves as the USG official head delegate to the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Tourism Working Group and the official U.S. government observer and participant on committees and activities of the United Nations World Tourism Organization.

TI News is an information service from NTTO providing up to date Travel and Tourism Industry news.  Visit TI News.  

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Meaning of "tourist office" in the English dictionary

Pronunciation of tourist office, grammatical category of tourist office, what does tourist office mean in english.

Visitor center

Words that rhyme with tourist office, words that begin like tourist office, words that end like tourist office, synonyms and antonyms of tourist office in the english dictionary of synonyms, words relating to «tourist office», translation of «tourist office» into 25 languages.

TRANSLATION OF TOURIST OFFICE

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FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «TOURIST OFFICE» OVER TIME

Examples of use in the english literature, quotes and news about tourist office, 10 english books relating to «tourist office», 6 news items which include the term «tourist office».

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Free English Lessons

Asking for information at a tourist office – listening lesson (a1).

Listen to a conversation at a tourist office, where a man is asking for information. This free English lesson from Oxford Online English will help you to ask questions (and understand the answers) when you ask for information. This lesson is for beginners.

Listen to the dialogue at normal speed here:

or listen to a slower version here:

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Asking-for-information-25pc-slower.mp3

You can also listen to the dialogue one line at a time:

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Asking-for-information-full-with-pauses.mp3

Woman : Good morning. Man : Hello. Woman : What can I do for you? 1 Man : I’d like some information about Moreton Art Gallery, please. Woman : Moreton Art Gallery? Certainly. It’s definitely worth a visit. 2 Man : OK, great. 3 Woman : What would you like to know? Man : Is it open every day? Woman : Umm… let me check. It’s open every day… except Tuesday. Man : Closed on Tuesdays. OK, no problem. What time does it open? Woman : During the week the opening hours are 10am until 4.30pm. Man : From 10am until 4.30pm. Right. Woman : … and on Saturday and Sunday it closes a bit later, at 6pm. Man : OK, thanks. 3 Oh, just a minute. How much does it cost? Woman : It’s £5.50 for adults and £2.00 for children under 16. Man : Right. Sorry. Just one more question. Does the gallery have guided tours 4 ? Woman : Yes, it does. There are free guided tours, but only at the weekend. Man : OK, wonderful. 3 I think that’s everything. Thanks very much for all your help. Woman : You’re welcome. 5

The exercises below will help you understand some of the language in the dialogue. Read these notes about some of the phrases that the speakers use.

1. “What can I do for you?” means the same thing as “Can I help you?” 2. “It’s definitely worth a visit” means “It’s a good idea to visit.” 3. When someone gives you the information that you have asked for, you can say things like “OK, great”, “OK, thanks” or “OK, wonderful”. 4. If a person gives you a guided tour, they show you a place and tell you important information about it. 5. “You’re welcome” is a polite thing to say when someone says “thanks”.

Asking for Information at a Tourist Office – exercise 1 Comprehension: understanding details

Answer four questions about the information that the woman gives to the man.

Write one letter – a , b , c or d – in each answer space.

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1 . Question

You can hear the dialogue here. Click ‘Hint’ to see a time reference for each question.

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Asking-for-Information-full.mp3

  If you are not sure about any of the answers, try exercises 2 to 5 and then do exercise 1 again at the end.

If you listen to the dialogue at normal speed, you can hear the answers at these times: 0.05 – 0.26 – 0.42 – 0.50

Asking for Information at a Tourist Office – exercise 2 Listening skill: listening for specific words

If you visit a tourist office, you will probably ask a lot of questions, and the member of staff will ask some too.

Look at four questions from the dialogue and decide which speaker asks them.

Write M if the man asks the question and W if the woman asks it.

Click ‘Hint’ to see a time reference when you can hear each question.

If you listen to the dialogue at normal speed, you can hear the questions at these times: 0.03 – 0.12 – 0.23 – 0.47

Asking for Information at a Tourist Office – exercise 3 Vocabulary: answering questions

If a tourist asks you a question, do you know how to answer?

Match the four questions from the previous exercise with the answers from the dialogue.

Move the sort elements to answer the questions. Then listen again and check.

Sort elements

• I’d like some information about…
• Is it open every day?
• During the week the opening hours are…
• Yes, it does…. but only at the weekend.

Asking for Information at a Tourist Office – exercise 4 Listening skill: dictation

Writing the exact words that you hear is an excellent way to practise your listening. It helps your ear recognise the sounds of English.

Listen to four sentences from the dialogue and write one word in each gap.

0 of 4 Questions completed

0 of 4 Questions answered correctly

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Asking-for-information-dictation-1-during-the-week.mp3

1. During the , the opening are 10am until 4.30pm.

2 . Question

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Asking-for-information-dictation-2-and-on-Saturday-and-Sunday.mp3

2. … and on and , it closes a bit later.

3 . Question

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Asking-for-information-dictation-3-its-5.50-for-adults.mp3

3. It’s £5.50 for and £2.00 for under 16.

4 . Question

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Asking-for-information-dictation-4-there-are-free-guided-tours.mp3

4. There are guided tours, but only at the .

Asking for Information at a Tourist Office – exercise 5 Listening skill: hearing weak forms

In exercise 4, you wrote some of the key words in the sentence. Some other words are more difficult to hear because they are not stressed. This means they may be pronounced as weak forms – with the vowel /ə/ made with the lips almost closed and the tongue right in the middle of the mouth.

Listen to the same four sentences again and this time write one unstressed word in each gap. Then practise repeating the sentences with the same pronunciation as the speaker.

1. In this sentence, you need the same word in both gaps. The first time, it’s a weak form and a perfect example of the vowel sound /ə/. The second time, the vowel is different, because the next word starts with a vowel.

During week, opening hours are 10am until 4.30pm.

2. This time the two missing words are different, but they’re both weak forms, so the vowel sound is the same.

And on Saturday Sunday, it closes bit later.

3. In this sentence, you need the same word in both gaps.

It’s £5.50 adults and £2.00 children under 16.

4. This time the two gaps are different. The first time it’s a common verb; the second word is a preposition of time.

There free guided tours, but only the weekend.

More English Lessons

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What does tourist office mean?

Definitions for tourist office tourist of·fice, this dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word tourist office ., did you actually mean turkish tobacco , wiktionary rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes.

tourist office noun

an office which provides information, brochures, maps, etc for tourists to a locality

How to pronounce tourist office?

Alex US English David US English Mark US English Daniel British Libby British Mia British Karen Australian Hayley Australian Natasha Australian Veena Indian Priya Indian Neerja Indian Zira US English Oliver British Wendy British Fred US English Tessa South African

How to say tourist office in sign language?

Chaldean Numerology

The numerical value of tourist office in Chaldean Numerology is: 5

Pythagorean Numerology

The numerical value of tourist office in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4

• ^  Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tourist_Office

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• tourist class noun
• tourist court noun
• tourist guide
• tourist highway
• tourist information
• tourist trap
• tourist visa
• touristed adj

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Definition of tourist

• excursionist
• rubbernecker
• traveller
• tripper [ chiefly British ]

Examples of tourist in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'tourist.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1775, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Phrases Containing tourist

tourist attractions

• tourist class
• tourist court
• tourist season
• tourist card
• tourist trap

Dictionary Entries Near tourist

Cite this entry.

“Tourist.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tourist. Accessed 12 Apr. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of tourist, more from merriam-webster on tourist.

Nglish: Translation of tourist for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of tourist for Arabic Speakers

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Tourist office vs tourism office

• Thread starter lisalinguist
• Start date Jan 25, 2011

lisalinguist

Senior member.

• Jan 25, 2011

Hello, British English is my native language, and I would normally say "Touris t office" myself. But since moving abroad (to France), I have seen the term "Touris m office" regularly too. So I am starting to wonder whether both are acceptable, or whether its just a common mistake. I would be pleased to have the opinion of other native English speakers. Perhaps it is an American variation? Thanks in advance.  

Member Emeritus

Milkybarkid.

A 'tourist office' provides free information about places and activities of interest to those visiting an area, together with practical information such as accommodation, transport. A 'tourism office' is a commercial establishment selling, e.g. one day coach tours to a place of interest to a tourist; tickets for the sightseeing buses around London etc.  

I would have thought that the name of the office in France would be written in French, no? Actually, it appears that the literal translation from French is "office or tourism" whereas it's more idiomatic in English, at least the U.S. variety, to use "tourist." I note that the web page from the office in Chartres uses "tourist office" as the idiomatic translation. No, "tourism office" is not common in the U.S. when referring to the little offices in tourist locations that hand out brochures and maps. Many U.S. states have departments of "tourism" (See HERE ) but these are agencies/departmentrs for promoting tourism by actually printing maps and brochures, placing advertisements in magazines and on television etc.)  

Allegra Moderata (Sp/Eng, Cat)

I live in a holiday resort and in the town there is a 'Tourist Office'.  

I was once the translator for a Minister of Tourism. The ministry had information offices at popular destinations and these offices were called either "tourist information offices" or "tourist offices" in English.  

sdgraham said: No, "tourism office" is not common in the U.S. when referring to the little offices in tourist locations that hand out brochures and maps. Click to expand...

• Jan 26, 2011

We quite often have a Visitors Bureau (sometimes also called Convention and Visitors Bureau) here rather than a tourism office. They perform many of the same functions.  

• Jan 27, 2011

Thank you for these answers, varied but interesting. " Tourism office " just sounded wrong to me (as sdgraham says it is close to the literal French "office of tourism" which is why I thought it must be a common mistranslation), but I suppose that if noone else thinks this then both terms must be valid. I certainly find " tourist office " more idiomatic myself, in British English too. Shouldn't Convention and Visitors Bureau take an apostrophe? ( Visitors' = of more than one visitor) I notice that the term Tourist and Convention Bureau also gets many hits in a google search.  

• Mar 16, 2011

P.S. I have seen extremely few cases of an apostrophe in: Convention and Visitors Bureau so I conclude that Visitors must be just a plural, not possessive, in this term.  

As must be evident from the preceding replies, the terms are largely interchangeable, and neither "tourist" nor "tourism" is restricted to either commercial or governmental operations. The agencies are whatever they choose to title themselves, and "correct" and "incorrect" don't apply.  

Hello, I would suggest there is a simple reason for it being called a "tourism office" in France. Take the French term, change the word order and remove the 'e' from "tourisme" and the "de" and there you have it: English! Well, good enough.  

It's usually called a/the tourist information centre/office in BE.  

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Definition of tourist noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

• busloads of foreign tourists
• a popular tourist attraction/destination/resort
• the tourist industry/sector
• The tourist season here peaks in spring.
• The island attracts tourists from all over the world.
• The tourist information centre is right next to the mosque.
• The changing of the guard is popular with the tourists.
• package tour
• self-catering
• have/​take (British English) a holiday/ (North American English) a vacation/​a break/​a day off/ (British English) a gap year
• go on/​be on holiday/​vacation/​leave/​honeymoon/​safari/​a trip/​a tour/​a cruise/​a pilgrimage
• go backpacking/​camping/​hitchhiking/​sightseeing
• plan a trip/​a holiday/​a vacation/​your itinerary
• book accommodation/​a hotel room/​a flight/​tickets
• have/​make/​cancel a reservation/ (especially British English) booking
• rent a villa/ (both British English) a holiday home/​a holiday cottage
• (especially British English) hire/ (especially North American English) rent a car/​bicycle/​moped
• stay in a hotel/​a bed and breakfast/​a youth hostel/​a villa/ (both British English) a holiday home/​a caravan
• cost/​charge $100 a/​per night for a single/​double/​twin/​standard/ (British English) en suite room
• check into/​out of a hotel/​a motel/​your room
• pack/​unpack your suitcase/​bags
• call/​order room service
• cancel/​cut short a trip/​holiday/​vacation
• apply for/​get/​renew a/​your passport
• take out/​buy/​get travel insurance
• catch/​miss your plane/​train/​ferry/​connecting flight
• fly (in)/travel in business/​economy class
• make/​have a brief/​two-day/​twelve-hour stopover/ (North American English also) layover in Hong Kong
• experience/​cause/​lead to delays
• check (in)/collect/​get/​lose (your) (especially British English) luggage/ (especially North American English) baggage
• be charged for/​pay excess baggage
• board/​get on/​leave/​get off the aircraft/​plane/​ship/​ferry
• taxi down/​leave/​approach/​hit/​overshoot the runway
• experience/​hit/​encounter severe turbulence
• suffer from/​recover from/​get over your jet lag/​travel sickness
• attract/​draw/​bring tourists/​visitors
• encourage/​promote/​hurt tourism
• promote/​develop ecotourism
• build/​develop/​visit a tourist/​holiday/ (especially British English) seaside/​beach/​ski resort
• work for/​be operated by a major hotel chain
• be served by/​compete with low-cost/ (especially North American English) low-fare/​budget airlines
• book something through/​make a booking through/​use a travel agent
• contact/​check with your travel agent/​tour operator
• book/​be on/​go on a package deal/​holiday/​tour
• buy/​bring back (tacky/​overpriced) souvenirs
• sightseeing
• Recently Edinburgh has become a popular tourist centre.
• The Story of the Loch Ness Monster has attracted many tourists to the area.
• The city has unrealized tourist potential.
• The festival is accompanied by a huge influx of tourists.
• The theme park is the region's most popular tourist facility.
• The town is off the usual tourist route.
• Their economy is dependent on tourist dollars.
• the part of town most frequented by tourists
• He entered the country on a tourist visa.
• It was the beginning of the tourist season.
• Local roads cannot cope with the increase in tourist traffic.
• The Taj Mahal is one of the most important tourist sights in India.
• We have a large influx of tourists in the summer.
• We travelled on minor roads and tracks, away from the tourist trail.
• We visited all the usual tourist spots.
• come to something
• flock to something
• frequent something
• centre/​center
• destination
• influx of tourists

Questions about grammar and vocabulary?

Find the answers with Practical English Usage online, your indispensable guide to problems in English.

• (British English) a member of a sports team that is playing a series of official games in a foreign country

Other results

• the Tourist Trophy
• tourist traps
• Tourist Trophy
• tourist information office

Nearby words

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Meaning of tourist in English

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• I must look like the typical tourist with my shorts and my camera .
• My dad has a cottage which he rents out to tourists.
• The Caribbean is a popular tourist destination .
• Bus-loads of tourists pour into this place in the summer .
• A year after the hurricane , tourists are gradually beginning to come back to the region .
• air corridor
• amenity kit
• high season
• phrase book
• post-holiday
• put something up
• ranger station
• tourist trap
• trailer park
• youth hostel

You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:

tourist | American Dictionary

Tourist | business english, examples of tourist, translations of tourist.

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Definition of 'tourist information office'

Tourist information office in british english.

Examples of 'tourist information office' in a sentence tourist information office

Browse alphabetically tourist information office.

• tourist industry
• tourist information
• tourist information centre
• tourist information office
• tourist infrastructure
• tourist island
• tourist lodge
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Justice Department Publishes New Rule to Update Definition of “Engaged in the Business” as a Firearms Dealer

The Justice Department today announced it has submitted to the Federal Register the “Engaged in the Business” Final Rule, which makes clear the circumstances in which a person is “engaged in the business” of dealing in firearms and thus required to obtain a federal firearms license, in order to increase compliance with the federal background check requirement for firearm sales by federal firearms licensees.

“Under this regulation, it will not matter if guns are sold on the internet, at a gun show, or at a brick-and-mortar store: if you sell guns predominantly to earn a profit, you must be licensed, and you must conduct background checks,” said Attorney General Merrick B. Garland. “This regulation is a historic step in the Justice Department’s fight against gun violence. It will save lives.”

“The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act enhanced background checks and closed loopholes, including by redefining when a person is ‘engaged in the business’ of dealing in firearms. Today’s rule clarifying application of that definition will save lives by requiring all those in the business of selling guns to get a federal license and run background checks — thus keeping guns out of the hands of violent criminals,” said Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco. “I applaud the hard work of ATF in drafting this rule and reviewing the hundreds of thousands of public comments, which overwhelmingly favored the rule announced today. Because of that work, our communities will be safer.”

“This is about protecting the lives of innocent, law-abiding Americans as well as the rule of law. There is a large and growing black market of guns that are being sold by people who are in the business of dealing and are doing it without a license; and therefore, they are not running background checks the way the law requires. And it is fueling violence,” said Director Steven Dettelbach of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). “Today’s Final Rule is about ensuring compliance with an important area of the existing law where we all know, the data show, and we can clearly see that a whole group of folks are openly flouting that law. That leads to not just unfair but, in this case, dangerous consequences.”

The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA), enacted June 25, 2022, expanded the definition of engaging in the business of firearms dealing to cover all persons who devote time, attention, and labor to dealing in firearms as a regular course of trade or business to predominately earn a profit through the repetitive purchase and sale of firearms. On March 14, 2023, President Biden issued Executive Order 14092, which, among other things, directs the Attorney General to develop and implement a plan to clarify the definition of who is engaged in the business of dealing in firearms and thus required to obtain a federal firearms license. The Final Rule conforms the ATF regulations to the new BSCA definition and further clarifies the conduct that presumptively requires a license under that revised definition, among other things.

Federally licensed firearms dealers are critical to federal, state, local, Tribal, and territorial law enforcement in our shared goal of promoting public safety. Licensees submit background checks on potential purchasers to the FBI’s National Instant Criminal Background Check System, which helps to keep firearms out of the hands of prohibited persons. Further, licensees keep records of sales transactions to help ensure that when a gun is used in a crime and recovered by law enforcement it can be traced back to the first retail purchaser; they help identify and prevent straw purchasers from buying firearms on behalf of prohibited persons and criminals; and they facilitate safe storage of firearms by providing child-safety locks with every transferred handgun and offer customers other secure gun storage options. Unlicensed dealing, however, undermines these public-safety features — which is why Congress has long prohibited engaging in the business of dealing in firearms without the required license. 

To increase compliance with the statutes Congress has enacted, the Final Rule identifies conduct that is presumed to require a federal firearms license. And, in addition to implementing the revised statutory definition discussed above, the Final Rule clarifies the circumstances in which a license is — or is not — required by, among other things, adding a definition of “personal firearms collection” to ensure that genuine hobbyists and collectors may enhance or liquidate their collections without fear of violating the law. The Final Rule also provides clarity as to what licensees must do with their inventory when they go out of business.  

The Final Rule goes into effect 30 days after the date of publication in the Federal Register.

On Sept. 8, 2023, the  Justice Department published a notice of proposed rulemaking , and during the 90-day open comment period, ATF received nearly 388,000 comments.

The final rule, as submitted to the Federal Register, can be viewed here .

Please note:  This is the text of the Engaged in the Business Final Rule as signed by the Attorney General, but the official version of the Final Rule will be as it is published in the Federal Register.

Learn more about the rulemaking process here .

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Stanford University School of Medicine blog

Why detecting the earliest biological signs of Parkinson’s disease is so crucial

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, behind Alzheimer's disease, and affects nearly a million people in the United States.

The disease causes dopamine-producing brain cells to die and patients typically experience tremor, stiff muscles and slow movement as well as cognitive deficits. Medications to increase dopamine levels can help alleviate many of the motor symptoms -- but there is no cure.

Kathleen Poston , MD, the Edward F. and Irene Thiele Pimley Professor II in Neurology and the Neurological Sciences, has dedicated her career to helping patients with Parkinson's and to studying its root causes in the lab.

There were also a lot of unknowns, which piqued the interest of the research part of my brain. Kathleen Poston

Her interest in Parkinson's developed during her medical training. "As a clinician, it was a rewarding field because, compared to other neurodegenerative diseases, there were many therapies we could offer patients," she said. "But there were also a lot of unknowns, which piqued the interest of the research part of my brain."

Recently, Poston's lab has been part of an international effort supported by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research to develop a diagnostic test that can detect the earliest biological signs of the disease.

They've shown that the new biomarker -- a clumping protein in the brain -- can predict who will go on to develop Parkinson's, giving patients and researchers more time to test experimental treatments.

We asked Poston about the latest advances in the field and how early diagnosis may finally lead to a cure. This interview has been edited for clarity and brevity.

How has our understanding of Parkinson's disease changed in recent years?

The biggest shift recently has to do with our understanding of how to diagnose the disease. With certain types of brain scanning and now with a biological marker, we can be more precise and accurate in our diagnosis earlier.

Traditionally we've only been able to diagnose people with Parkinson's disease based on the same standardized exam that's been done for 50, 60 years. We rate someone's motor symptoms -- slowness, stiffness, tremor. But it's hard to identify people early on in the disease. Until somebody really had those symptoms, it was hard to say for certain, "Yes, you have Parkinson's disease." Patients often say it took two years for them to be diagnosed, or they had to see four or five different doctors.

I think it's meaningful to people living with the disease just to get the right diagnosis as early as possible. People can manage once they know what they're dealing with. But when you're in that unknown time, it's very, very hard.

The newer biomarker we can test for now is alpha-synuclein. Does everyone who has this biomarker go on to develop Parkinson's?

Alpha-synuclein is a protein we all have in our brains, but for some reason it's in these clumping forms in people who have Parkinson's disease. We now know it's the primary protein that makes up Lewy bodies, the protein aggregates that form in the brain cells that die in people with Parkinson's disease.

It wasn't until after someone died that a pathologist could look at their brain under a microscope and make a definitive diagnosis. Blood tests and brain scans didn't seem to work. Kathleen Poston

We've never been able to definitively identify, during a person's lifetime, whether they have these Lewy bodies in their brain, even if they have a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's or a similar clinical disorder called dementia with Lewy bodies. It wasn't until after someone died that a pathologist could look at their brain under a microscope and make a definitive diagnosis. Blood tests and brain scans didn't seem to work.

We now have the first test that accurately identifies clumping alpha-synuclein. Researchers put seeds of alpha-synuclein in a sample of the patient's cerebral spinal fluid, then stress it by putting it through a series of heating, shaking and fragmenting to see if this nucleus clumps together. The test has extraordinary accuracy to the final pathology. It's about 99% accurate in people with a clinical diagnosis and also very accurate in people prior to a clinical diagnosis.

• Stanford Medicine-led study finds genetic factor fends off Alzheimer's and Parkinson's
• Alzheimer's and Parkinson's biomarkers show promise for early diagnosis

What we don't know -- and the reason this is all still in research -- is whether a person with a positive test will develop Parkinson's disease in a year, or five years, or 10 years. It's just a "yes" or "no" readout, which doesn't tell you anything about how bad the disease is or when it will develop. So there's a lot more work that needs to be done.

You're part of a group that recently published a proposal for a biological definition of Parkinson's based on alpha-synuclein. What does that mean and why is it important?

If we're trying to come up with a therapy that can prevent someone who has the underlying biology of Parkinson's disease from ever developing clinical symptoms, we need a biological definition that's 100% based on biomarkers -- such as clumping alpha-synuclein -- and not dependent on clinical symptoms.

Right now, this biological definition is proposed strictly in research settings so we can identify people with that biology who we would want to enroll in preventative clinical trials.

The earlier we can identify people who we feel confident have Parkinson's disease, the more we can think about slowing or stopping the disease progression. It gives us a window into the disease when there's not as much damage done, when it's easier to test potential therapies.

You have an exciting paper coming up later this year. Can you tell us what that will be about?

Here at Stanford we've been banking cerebral spinal fluid samples for a long time. In the new study, we showed that the alpha-synuclein test was able to predict a future diagnosis of Parkinson's in multiple people.

Also, it turns out, about 10% to 20% of people with Alzheimer's disease at death will also have this Lewy body pathology in their brain -- and now we can detect that earlier. That could change how we think about treating people with Alzheimer's as well.

That could change how we think about treating people with Alzheimer's as well. Kathleen Poston

This is the big advantage of having the combination of banked samples, longitudinal clinical testing and individuals agreeing to autopsy and having that final diagnosis -- being able to put the whole story together. It's wonderful that all these participants volunteered to give all this information over the past 15 years and we were able to rapidly make use of it.

Looking forward, what are you most excited about?

There are two things that really excite me.

I'm working with other researchers to translate this alpha-synuclein test into a simple blood test or some other test that is readily accessible. Doing this test in the cerebral spinal fluid is quite restrictive and not every person is going to get a lumbar puncture at their annual wellness checkup.

We're doing plasma banking for all the people diagnosed with Parkinson's in our clinic. When one of my collaborators here develops something that takes it from cerebral spinal fluid into plasma, we can then quickly test it on 500 to 600 samples from our clinic.

What also excites me is figuring out how we can really accelerate therapeutic development to get to that preventive therapy. I'm working with researchers here at Stanford who are interested in therapies targeting these clumping proteins.

I hope that, in a couple of years, we're having this conversation and I'm telling you about the first FDA-approved disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease. That would be wonderful.

Image courtesy Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research

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