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Enclave tourism: A simple explanation

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Enclave tourism is a popular tourism form found all over the world. But what is it? What is the meaning of enclave? What are the positive and negative impacts of enclave tourism? In this post I will explain what the deal is with enclave tourism. 

Enclave meaning

What is enclave tourism, types of enclave tourism, positive impacts of enclave tourism, negative impacts of enclave tourism, enclave tourism.

In order to understand the concept of enclave tourism, we must first understand the meaning of the term ‘enclave’.

An enclave is essentially an area that is cordoned off from the rest of society. In that area, the people are usually different from those outside. This may be due to cultural or ethnicity differences, for example.

I like to describe as it ‘being in a bubble’. Whilst inside you might be able to look out into a world that is different, but you are safe and secure inside this artificial community that has been created.

enclave tourism adalah

So lets put this into the context of tourism.

Enclave tourism is essentially tourism that takes place in a space that is segregated from the community outside. It is in its own ‘bubble’, so to speak.

Enclave tourism implies a conscious decision to segregate tourists from the general population. This is usually in the context of an all-inclusive environment such as a cruise ship, hotel or resort complex.

Enclaves are enclosed and self-contained physically, socially, and economically. This means that tourists have hardly any reasons to leave the enclave.

Enclave tourism is commonly found in areas that are popular amongst Western, package tourists. Destinations such as Sharm el Sheikh, the Costa Blanca and southern Turkey are popular enclave tourism destinations.

When tourists purchase an all-inclusive package holiday product they are typically segregated from the local community. They will likely be collected at the airport by a Western Holiday Representative and transported to their hotel in a bus. Here they will have access to a range of facilities such as swimming pools, spas, beaches and gyms as well as food and drink establishments and entertainment (kids, sport, evening etc).

For the tourist, there is no need to leave the confines of their enclave, as everything is provided for them inside.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpqVuB9ijf8

Cruise tourism

Likewise, the  cruise industry  is one of the biggest culprits of enclave tourism. 

Cruise tourists have everything provided for them onboard the ship. Whilst they will disembark to make use of the features offered to them at various destinations, such as beaches or tourist attractions, they will spend minimal money and and minimum interaction with members of the local community.

Enclave tourism is designed to keep tourist communities and the local population apart.

In some ways this is a good thing. Separating tourists and indigenous populations in this way can help to limit offence that could be caused. For example, if the tourism is taking place in a strict Muslim country, it might not be appropriate for tourists to walk around in their swimwear. The enclave offers a separate environment where this can occur without any issues.

Enclave tourism in this way also provides the opportunity for tourists to have a holiday where they are free from judgement. The community created is likely to consist of like-minded individuals who have similar interests and behaviours. Social drinking or smoking, for example, may not be acceptable outside of the enclave, but is perfectly welcome behaviour inside the enclave.

https://www. instagram .com/p/BzM9yGhB-cL/

The negative impacts of enclave tourism, however, far outweigh the positive impacts in most circumstances.

Enclave tourism results in very little financial benefit being directed towards the host community. Local people give up their land and their resources and in return will have very few benefits.

In some cases, in places like the Maldives and the Caribbean, as much as 95% of income from tourism leaves the country again through  economic leakage . In other words, the destination makes very little money. In fact, enclave tourism is one of the biggest contributors to the negative  economic impacts of tourism . 

Many examples of enclave tourism operate only to suit the needs of the profit-making organisation . They will often employ foreign people and import foreign goods. This reduces the economic benefit of tourism to the destination even further.

Typically associated with package holidays, all-inclusive holidays and cruises, enclave tourism is a populate tourism form the world over. However, it is not as great as it may seem and there are many disadvantages of enclave tourism, particularly to the local community. This is why I do not take part in any form of all-inclusive tourism (you can read more about that in  this post ). 

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NCHS spotlight article: Exclusive tourism enclaves

Exclusive tourism spaces have increased substantially over the past decades. From Macau’s glitzy mega-casinos to private islands in the Maldives, all-inclusive resorts in Egypt to ‘tourism special economic zones’ in Indonesia, these spaces carve out exclusive zones of fun and leisure. Why are such enclaves proliferating? What visions of state-building and ‘development’ are driving the investment in tourism enclaves? How are such enclaves governed, and in what ways do these privatised ‘tourist utopias’ (Simpson 2017) affect local communities, deepen inequalities and foster dependence on the global tourism industry?

These were some of the questions explored at a recent workshop hosted at the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in Bergen from 15 – 16 September. The aim of the two-day workshop, which brought together geographers, anthropologists and legal scholars, was to bring a critical eye to globally connected tourism enclaves. In particular, the participants wanted to examine the effects of these large-scale projects on humanitarian research and policy. Of particular concern of these types of enclave tourism developments is that they often involve exclusionary dynamics.

The workshop opened with a terrific presentation by Jarkko Saarinen , Professor of Geography ( Oulu University , Finland), who gave an overview of past research on tourism enclaves, including vivid examples from his research in Namibia and Finnish Lappland . While tourism enclaves are generally seen as products of a non-locally driven neoliberal market economy, such enclaves are simultaneously spaces of enclosure and connections. Despite its locally problematic nature, Saarinen pointed out that enclave tourism has many desirable characteristics for the global tourism industry. Simply put, these tightly controlled, privatised enclaves are spaces geared towards complete revenue capture. The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated enclave tourism developments and heightened the focus on ‘safety and risk’ management, especially in Global South contexts. While it is too early to evaluate whether this ‘covidisation’ in tourism has become a ‘new normal’, Saarinen suggested that the recent boost for ‘all-inclusive’ tourism is producing ‘all-exclusive’ spaces for locals.

‘all-inclusive’ tourism is producing ‘all-exclusive’ spaces for locals

Troubling working conditions and racialised labour regimes

Several presenters addressed the troubling working conditions and the racialised labour regimes associated with tourism enclaves and integrated resorts. Elena dell’ Agnese , Professor of Geography ( University of Milano-Bicocca ) discussed the labour arrangements on Maldivian resort islands, where the government since the 1970s has opted for a hyper exclusive tourism development model: “one island, one resort.” In the Maldives an important rationale for adopting an enclave tourism model was to keep foreign tourists ‘out’ of the Islamic social body. By locating resorts on ‘empty’ islands, the government could more easily design resort islands in accordance with tropical island paradise fantasies. In terms of working conditions, dell’Agnese noted the prevalence of expatriate staff and the rigid compartmentalisation between visible frontline staff of European or Maldivian origin and backstage workers, mainly from South Asia, who should work but not be seen. As described by dell’ Agnese, the latter workers cooked, did laundry and undertook maintenance work, with few opportunities to socialise and severely restricted freedom of movement. Hence Maldivian resorts operate as ‘islands within islands’ that normalise and entrench boundaries between hyper-mobile global leisure citizens, a segregated work force and locals.

Increasing enclavic mindset among locals

Turning to Egypt, Karin Ahlberg (Lecturer, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo ) discussed the country’s tourism development as a prime example of enclavisation, including the forceful removal of local residents to pave way for tourism infrastructure. But Ahlberg’s main focus was on how the massive investments in tourism infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s have fostered an enclavic mindset among citizens. This discussion highlighted the centrality of image-making in tourism. Ahlberg discussed how the branding of ‘beautiful Egypt’ and similar campaigns have had a powerful effect on citizenship and governance. In a post-colonial and authoritarian business-driven context, ‘rule by tourism’ implies that citizens are trained and expected to protect the brand image from being tainted. Noting how the burdens and profits of enclave tourism are unequally distributed, Ahlberg emphasised how tourism expansion has involved privatisation of large swaths of coastal areas and simultaneously deepened state control over territory and images of that territory.               

Infrastructural entrapment

Juan Zhang , Senior Lecturer in Anthropology ( University of Bristol ) spoke on Macau’s gambling-centred tourism industry as an example of ‘infrastructural entrapment.’ Since Macau’s return to the PRC in 1999, rapid casino development has taken control over the social and economic life of the city, turning the former Portuguese colony into a global gambling hub. Unpacking the captive magic of casino urbanism, Zhang discussed how the post-colonial government of Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) embraced foreign investments and liberalised casino licensing. Despite complaints that the casinos are taking over the city, Zhang found that few Macau residents would like to turn off the tap entirely, as the casinos have created exceptional profits and there is no comparative revenue source in sight. Despite warnings against the over-reliance on gambling and mainland Chinese visitors, politicians and citizens have been lured into believing that Macau’s lucky streak could go on with spectacular mega-projects, including new casino zones on reclaimed land.  Covid-19 and travel bans have exposed the social and commercial weaknesses created by Macau’s infrastructural entrapment, with massive reductions in tourism revenue. As China’s central leadership has recently asserted greater control over gaming licenses in Macau SAR, foreign investors may look elsewhere. Describing Macau’s casino urbanism as a ‘soft’ form of entrapment, Zhang suggested that rapidly changing political conditions and mobility restrictions may harden the edge of such entrapment.

Establishing ‘tourism special economic zones’

Two presenters addressed the expansion of tourism infrastructure in Indonesia and probed the aspirations driving the establishment of ‘tourism special economic zones’ (TSEZs).  Zooming in on the Mandalika Project on Lombok , Kari Telle , Senior Researcher ( CMI ) discussed how the carving out of this 1,175 hectare zone has been controversial, involving resettlement and allegations of coercive evictions. In 2021, UN human rights experts criticised the mega-project for being incompatible with sustainable development, raising concerns over possible human rights violations arising in the early phase of the project. Against this background, Telle examined the work that goes into legitimising the zone, which sees politicians portray this project as an almost magical engine for poverty alleviation in eastern Indonesia. Promoted as an eco-friendly beach resort and as a motorsport paradise, Mandalika’s main asset is a 4.3 km street circuit and contracts to host Grand Prix motorcycle races and similar events. Drawing on the 2022 ‘Spirit of Mandalika festival,’ Telle showed how elite politicians evoke the zone’s tantalising local myths and seaworm rituals to justify and deify this development. Yet the recognition of ‘the local’ is ambiguous, as local traditions are turned into a nationalised narrative to be mined for profit.

politicians portray this project as an almost magical engine for poverty alleviation in eastern Indonesia

Zooming out, Jeremy Kingsley , Senior Lecturer (Swinburne Law School, Swinburne University of Technology ) discussed the interplay of national law and global legal platforms that enable the creation of capital-intensive tourism infrastructure projects. Using the Mandalika ‘tourism special economic zone’ as his main example, Kingsley discussed the complex legal status of such zones within transnational commercial law. While special economic zones have long been understood as ‘spaces of exception’, Kingsley stressed the privatisation of law and its role in facilitating transnational commercial activities. Special economic (tourism) zones are tangible spaces and yet simultaneously de-territorialised for legal, commercial and financial purposes. While global legal platforms create fluid jurisdictions, they have in-built constraints which imply that states seeking to attract foreign investments must adapt their laws and modes of statecraft accordingly. He described how global legal platforms render large-scale tourism infrastructure projects ‘legal’ and unpacked their impact on sovereignty and local governance arrangements.

Prior to the workshop, the convenors shared key texts and participants were asked to circulate ‘research memos’ as well as literature they found inspirational. Rather than producing finished papers, the workshop aimed to foster exchange and debate, and to identify overlapping interests and opportunities for future collaboration. More in-depth analysis of the role of global capital and its impact on statecraft, as witnessed through these major infrastructure projects will be undertaken in future blogs. Important to the analysis will be the impacts of large-scale tourism infrastructure projects in Southeast Asia and their effect on humanitarian and development projects. This will be published in a forthcoming NCHS blogpost, so stay tuned!

This workshop was co-convened by Kari Telle (CMI) and Jeremy Kingsley (Swinburne University of Technology) and was supported by the Norwegian Centre for Humanitarian Studies dynamic seed funding initiative.

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Enclave tourism

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Enclave tourism refers to a form of development characterized by socio-spatial regulations of host-guest relations and related mobilities in tourism. Typically such developments contain all or a vast majority of facilities and services needed for tourists who have limited possibilities or desires to leave the enclave. Instead, they are encouraged to stay and consume inside the self-contained resort environment. At the same time, the locals’ access to the enclavic space is often regulated explicitly or implicitly. The enclave segregates tourists from the local community, a form of “neo-colonization” (Hall and Tucker 2004 ).

Tourism enclaves are rather common features in development and management situations dominated by external forces, actors, and power inequalities, especially in the peripheries and/or developing countries. They are managed and owned by multinational businesses. In tourism research, the main perspective has been based on the dependency theory. The seminal work by...

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Britton, S. 1982 The Political Economy of Tourism in the Third World. Annals of Tourism Research 9:331-338.

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Carlisle, S., and E. Jones 2012 The Beach Enclave: A Landscape of Power. Tourism Management Perspectives 1:9-16.

Hall, M., and H. Tucker, eds. 2004 Tourism and Postcolonialism: Contested Discourses, Identities and Representations. London: Routledge.

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Mbaiwa, J. 2005 Enclave Tourism and its Socio-economic Impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Tourism Management 26:157-172.

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Jarkko Saarinen

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School of Hospitality Leadership, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, USA

Jafar Jafari

School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Honggen Xiao

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Saarinen, J. (2014). Enclave tourism. In: Jafari, J., Xiao, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_256-1

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_256-1

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Published : 15 September 2015

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_256-2

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Lessons from Africa: Social-economic impacts of enclave tourism in Livingstone, Zambia

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This paper draws on the dependency paradigm to illustrate the social-economic impacts of enclave tourism on developing countries using the town of Livingstone in Zambia, Africa as a case study (figure 1).

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Moscow metro to be more tourist-friendly

A new floor sign system at the Moscow metro's Pushkinskaya station. Source: Vladimir Pesnya / RIA Novosti

A new floor sign system at the Moscow metro's Pushkinskaya station. Source: Vladimir Pesnya / RIA Novosti

For many years now, Moscow has lagged behind St. Petersburg when it comes to making life easy for tourists, especially where getting around the city is concerned. Whereas the northern capital installed English-language maps, signs and information points throughout its subway system in the late 2000s, the Russian capital’s metro remained a serious challenge for foreign visitors to navigate.

Recent visitors to Moscow may have noticed some signs that change is afoot, however. In many stations of the Moscow subway, signs have appeared on the floor – with large lettering in Russian and English – indicating the direction to follow in order to change lines. Previously, foreign visitors using the Moscow metro had to rely solely upon deciphering the Russian-language signs hanging from the ceilings.

Student volunteers help tourists find their way in Moscow

However, this new solution has a significant drawback. “The floor navigation is visible only to a small stream of people – fewer than three people per meter. During peak hours, this navigation will simply not be noticed,” said Konstantin Trofimenko, Director of the Center for Urban Transportation Studies.

One of the biggest problems for tourists in the Russian capital remains the absence of English translations of the names of subway stations in the station vestibules and on platforms. The Department of Transportation in Moscow has not commented yet as to when this problem will be solved. However, Latin transliterations of station names can already be found in the subway cars themselves.

Finding the right exit

At four of the central stations – Okhotny Ryad, Teatralnaya, Ploshchad Revolyutsii, Lubyanka and Kuznetsky Most – the city authorities have now installed colorful stands at the exits with schematic diagrams of the station’s concourse and surrounding area, which provide information about the main attractions and infrastructural facilities.

The schematic diagrams are the work of British specialists from the City ID and Billings Jackson Design firms, who have already implemented successful projects in New York and London.

According to Alexei Novichkov, expert at the Design Laboratory at the Higher School of Economics, the design of these information booths raises no objections: The color solutions, font, layout and icons are consistent with international standards.

Kudankulam

However, the stands do have some shortcomings. “Many questions are raised about the fact that the developers of these maps did not apply orientation to the north, and have provided layouts of the surrounding areas with respect to the exits,” says Novichkov. “A system like that is used for road navigators, but most of the ‘paper’ guides and maps are oriented strictly to north. The subway map is also oriented to north, so people may become confused.”

Muscovites and foreign visitors are generally positive about these navigation elements, with most of them citing the numbered exits from the subway as the most useful feature.

The fact is that many Moscow subway stations have several exits. One of the busiest central stations of the Moscow subway in particular, Kitay-Gorod, has more than a dozen exits. Previously, these exits were differentiated from each other only with signs in Russian referring to the names of streets and places of interest to which they led – making it easy for tourists and those with poor navigation skills to get confused.

Now, when making an appointment to meet a friend, instead of struggling to find the right spot when they tell you: “I'll meet you at the exit to Solyanka Street,” you can just propose to meet under a specific exit number.

“I’ve lived in Moscow for seven years,” says Angelika, a designer from Voronezh, “but I still don’t always know where to go to find the place I need, so the new schematic diagrams will be very useful. Previously, some subway stations had maps, but not with so much detail.”

Teething problems

Foreigners, meanwhile, focus their attention on other elements. “It is good that the new information boards have QR-codes, which can be ‘read’ by smartphones,” says Florentina, a writer from Vienna. But there are also shortcomings. “The English font of the information on posters and in the captions to theaters and museums is too small – you have to come very close to see it well,” she says.

Pleasant encounters on the streets of Moscow

Florentina was also dissatisfied with the fact that such posters are not provided at all subway stations: “When I was trying to find Tsaritsyno Park (a museum and reserve in the south of Moscow) at a subway station with the same name, it turned out to be quite difficult,” she says.

“There are no maps with landmarks for other areas, such as those already in the city center. There were no clear pointers in the English language, and the passers-by I met did not speak in English, so they could not help me,” she adds.

Officials say that the navigation system is gradually being redeveloped and improved. According to Darya Chuvasheva, a press representative for the Department of Transport of Moscow, the introduction of a unified navigation system will take place in stages.

“By the end of 2014, the system will first appear on the first subway stations on the Circle Line. By the end of 2015, we plan to install the system at all major stopping points, subway stations and transport interchange hubs,” says Chuvasheva.

All rights reserved by Rossiyskaya Gazeta.

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COMMENTS

  1. Enclave Tourism: A Simple Explanation

    It is in its own 'bubble', so to speak. Enclave tourism implies a conscious decision to segregate tourists from the general population. This is usually in the context of an all-inclusive environment such as a cruise ship, hotel or resort complex. Enclaves are enclosed and self-contained physically, socially, and economically.

  2. (PDF) Enclave Tourism

    Abstract. Enclave tourism refers to tourism development that generally operates within a clearly demarcated, self-contained environment. Typified by high capital investment from large national and ...

  3. Enclaves in tourism: producing and governing exclusive spaces for tourism

    These tourism spaces include different forms and kinds of tourism environments, such as all-inclusive resorts, gated resort communities, private cruise liner-owned islands, and privatized beaches, for example. In research, exclusively planned destinations and tourism environments are usually termed tourism enclaves, representing outcomes of a ...

  4. Enclave Tourism

    Enclave tourism is characteristic for transnational tourism development, especially in the Global South. Enclaves are often managed by multinational businesses. The seminal work by Britton ( 1982) on an enclave model of the Third World tourism focused on the hierarchical structure of enclave system. The top of the model is controlled by ...

  5. Enclave tourism

    Enclave tourism. Enclave tourism refers to a form of development characterized by socio-spatial regulations of host-guest relations and related mobilities in tourism. Typically such developments contain all or a vast majority of facilities and services needed for tourists who have limited possibilities or desires to leave the enclave.

  6. Comparing enclave tourism's socioeconomic impacts: A ...

    The state-planned tourism development model is considered one of Mexico's most successful economic strategies, which has been replicated in other parts of the world such as Southeast Asia and the Middle East (Torres & Momsen, 2005a).Since the 1970s, eight CIPs have been developed: Cancun, Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, Los Cabos, Loreto, Huatulco, Nayarit, Espíritu Santo and Marina Cozumel (see Fig. 1).

  7. Enclavic tourism spaces: territorialization and bordering in tourism

    Enclave tourism is a growing field of research. In general, tourism enclaves are seen as products of global capitalism and a non-locally-driven neoliberal market economy. Enclaves also manifest certain kinds of tourism planning and development modes in destination societies. The enclaves are exclusively planned spaces that usually contain the ...

  8. Comparing enclave tourism's socioeconomic impacts: A ...

    Enclave tourism. Enclave tourism is a well-established concept within analyses of tourism development mainly in developing countries. The concept has been broadly applied to the spatial concentration of tourism in resort areas where large numbers of tourists consume a homogenous set of products and services (Naidoo & Sharpley, 2016).

  9. Progress in Enclave Tourism Study of Overseas: A Literature Review

    The term 'enclave tourism' is broadly applied to the spatial concentration of tourism in resort areas where mass tourists consume an homogenous set of products and services (Britton, 1982 ...

  10. Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impact in emerging destinations

    This study explores the socio-economic implications of enclave tourism in emerging destinations. The focus is on Zanzibar. The specific objectives are to estimate the gross tourist expenditure; to analyze the tourist expenditure in relation to the tourist demographic characteristics; and to find out whether there is any statistical difference between the expenditure caused by the type of the ...

  11. Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta

    Enclave tourism is also defined by Ceballos-Lascurain (1996) as tourism that is concentrated in remote areas in which the types of facilities and their physical location fail to take into consideration the needs and wishes of surrounding communities. Moreover, the goods and services available at these facilities are beyond the financial means ...

  12. NCHS spotlight article: Exclusive tourism enclaves

    Simply put, these tightly controlled, privatised enclaves are spaces geared towards complete revenue capture. The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated enclave tourism developments and heightened the focus on 'safety and risk' management, especially in Global South contexts. While it is too early to evaluate whether this 'covidisation' in ...

  13. An enclave model of third world tourism

    Enclave tourism is a growing field of research. In general, tourism enclaves are seen as products of global capitalism and a non-locally-driven neoliberal market economy. Enclaves also manifest ...

  14. Enclave Tourism

    Zukin, 1991). Nonetheless, enclaved tourism is the subject of sharp social and academic criticism, but it is undeniably regarded with great favour and approval by many consumers (Wall-Reinius et al., 2019). Most of the bene ts of enclave tourism are retained by the organizations that own the bubble environments (Mbaiwa, 2005).

  15. Enclave tourism

    The enclave segregates tourists from the local community, a form of "neo-colonization" (Hall and Tucker 2004 ). Tourism enclaves are rather common features in development and management situations dominated by external forces, actors, and power inequalities, especially in the peripheries and/or developing countries.

  16. Boundary-work and sustainability in tourism enclaves

    This paper examines the genesis of enclave tourism boundaries. It proposes boundary-work as a sustainability practice to work out segregating propensities, and transform exclusionary boundaries or make them more permeable. Life story interviews in a Mexican Caribbean enclave revealed segregation's appalling consequences for workers, implicit ...

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    This scenario creates a type of tourism known as enclave tourism (Mbaiwa 2003, Mbaiwa, 2005). Consequently, the resolve of this paper is to use the dependency paradigm in explaining the social-economic impact of enclave tourism development in developing countries using destination Livingstone in Zambia as a case in point.

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    In as much as enclavic tourism 'is a form of tourism characterized by physically, socially and economically self-contained structures segregated from the local community' (Naidoo & Sharpley, Citation 2016, p. 18), the socioeconomic impact of the tourism enclave on the surrounding and wider neighboring society has been limited (Anderson ...

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