Year of construction: 2015 Architects: Anthony Béchu and Tom Sheehan. Surface area: 54,530 sq.m Height: 175m. 37 floors Old name: Reconstruction on the site of the Veritas Tower

Address : 17 bis Place des Reflets - 92400 Courbevoie Nearest car park: Reflets Nearest metro station: Esplanade de La Défense

Completed in 2015, Tower D2 replaces the Veritas office building, erected in 1984. Atypical in form, it is one of the most emblematic achievements of the Franco-American duo Anthony Béchu and Tom Sheehan. Its ovoid appearance makes it an icon of a generation of buildings, of which the Agbar Tower in Barcelona, designed by the Ateliers Jean Nouvel, and the 30 St Mary Axe in London, signed by Norman Foster, are the icons. Its façade is covered with a metal mesh that contributes 50% of its stability.

D2 was the first high-rise building in France with a concrete core and an exotic steel load-bearing structure. Resolutely innovative and designed to optimize space, it offers a capacity of 4,200 workstations on 49,000 sq.m. of floor space.

The use of the latest green building technologies enables D2 to achieve excellent environmental performance validated by HQE and BREEAM certifications, BBC RT2005 labeling and compliance with RT2012.

In March 2015, the D2 tower received the prize in the "New Offices and Retail" category at the Archi Design Club Awards. In September 2015, it won the "Habitat and Environment" category of the "Trophées du Bien-Être" and in October 2015, it received the Eiffel Steel Architecture Trophy in the "Working" category as well as the Emporis Skyscraper Award (3rd place).

In the vicinity of the tower, public spaces that improve the link between the La Défense forecourt and the town centre of Courbevoie. The site on which D2 now stands was until then a real rift between the business district and the town of Courbevoie. Also, beyond the real estate project, the challenge was to create a link between these two spaces hitherto dissociated from each other by the Boulevard Circulaire.

The developer invested 35 M€ HT in the public spaces, i.e. :

  • the construction of two engineering structures (Corolles Square and Square D2) from scratch,
  • the complete modernisation of the Reflets public car park (1,000 parking spaces),
  • the creation of a local service specific to the tower,
  • the establishment of a direct link with the Place des Reflets on the one hand, and with the Place de l'Iris on the other hand, via the creation of a staircase and the installation of a double lift on the Alsace footbridge,
  • the re-branding of the Boulevard Circulaire as a more urban boulevard.

Paris La Défense carried out the development work at the same time as the tower. This concomitance of operations was made possible by the developer's implementation of site coordination measures ensuring rapid completion of the project (3 years) with a minimum of inconvenience and nuisance for local residents.

A word about the architects

The tandem Anthony Béchu and Tom Seehan was formed in 2007. Béchu took over the agency from his father in 1986 and developed it around urban planning and design, through equipment and housing. Among his main achievements, he leads with Gino Valle and Fernando Urquijo the renovation of the Edouard VII block in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. Trained at the American School of Art in Fontainebleau and the University of Cincinnati, Tom Sheehan moved to Paris in 1989. He created his agency in 1997, after working for several years as a project manager in the agency of Michel Macary and Aymeric Zublena. The duo only produced the D2 tower at La Défense.

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Introduction.

The D2 Tower redraws the skyline of Paris’ business district and introduces steel into a world of concrete. It is the first high rise building in La Defense with an external steel grid structure and stands out with its characteristic shape and diamond façade. ArcelorMittal supplied structural steel and composite flooring deck for this elegant and efficient new tower.

With 171m height and 37 floors, the Tour D2 is Paris’ newest landmark and offers a surface area of more than 54.000 m2 of office spaces. The emblematic office building, created by the French architect Anthony Béchu and his American colleague Tom Sheehan, is part of an extensive urban renewal project and is located on the former site of the Veritas Building which was demolished in 2011.

The Tour D2’s characteristic oval shape and unique façade design defined by the external diagrid structure is reminiscent of a diamond that sparkles in the sunlight. On its top floor, an open roof garden offers a 500 m2 green oasis in the heart of the business centre. Protected from the winds with 2 m high glass windows, the so called “cloud garden” also comprises a small golf course. The external diagrid continues around the garden and an impressive, open steel dome structure crowns the tower’s top.

Tour D2 Paris

Steel structure

Due to its design, the choice of the material for the D2’s structure was clear from the beginning: steel was chosen for its flexibility and its advantages as far as sustainability is concerned. Thanks to the steel structure, a material reduction of around 30% could be achieved and speedy construction was guaranteed. Furthermore, floor spaces could be optimized and flexible, modern working spaces were created. All these aspects contribute positively to the building’s environmental footprint.

The characteristic external steel structure, which carries half of the horizontal and vertical loads, is connected to a central concrete core through cellular floor beams. Thanks to the use of a composite flooring system and the long spans of the cellular floor beams, the total usable floor area could be increased. Both structural steel and composite flooring deck for this project were supplied by ArcelorMittal

The façade diagrid consists of large, hot rolled steel sections, mainly HD 400, in high yield steel grade Histar® 460 MPa. These sections of 12m length were assembled on site in shape of a V, each weighing around 14 tonnes. Due to the tower’s oval shape, the radius of the curvature varies and the inclination angles measure between 3º and 15º. Each V, protected with intumescent coating and enveloped in aluminium casing, covers the height of 3 floors and is integrated into the curtain wall of different sized and shaped glazed elements.

Tour D2 Paris

ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections supplied a total of 4.000 tn of structural steel, 3.000tn of Histar® 460 sections for the external diagrid and 1.200 tn of ACB® beams. With their favourable strength-weight ratio, these cellular floor beams based on IPE 450 and HEA 450 sections allow longer spans at a lighter weight than conventional steel beams and guarantee open, column free spaces. Additionally, the ACB® beams’ circular openings allow the passage of technical installations, gaining thus usable floor height.

The ACB® floor beams connect the external structure to the concrete core and support the Cofraplus 60 flooring deck. Supplied by ArcelorMittal Construction France, Cofraplus 60 is composite flooring system that was chosen as well for its light weight and high strength. The solution combines the performance of a galvanized steel profile with that of reinforced concrete. Furthermore, Cofraplus 60 is easy to install which presented a significant advantage on the construction site in La Defense’s tightly knit urban environment. In total, 50.000 m2 Cofraplus 60 were used for the flooring of the Tour D2. The entire flooring structure was protected against fire with fireproofing plaster.

Construction could be carried out at a steady rate of 3 floors in 3 weeks, according to time schedule and budget. The reduction of weight and material of 30% was achieved thanks to the massive use of steel in general and high yield steel in particular.

Sustainability also plays a crucial role in the tower’s operational phase. All technical installations comply with the highest criteria of energy efficiency and the TOUR D2 strives for the French certification Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE®).

Apart from office spaces, the Tour D2 offers a fitness centre, a panorama restaurant, a cafeteria and meeting rooms with the aim of creating a comfortable, high quality working environment.

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La Défense is Europe’s biggest Business District with 3,00,000 sqm of offices, 600,000 sqm of housing, 230,000 sqm of retail, 3,000 companies, for over 180,000 employees.

Planned in the late 50’s, it is now under a “Renewal Plan” in the goal to adapt to today’s needs and comply with sustainable development objectives.

The D2 Tower is first of all an urban project: it transforms the current ring road into a urban boulevard where life can be resettled. Its implementation erases the fracture between the Esplanade and the road; people come and go easily both night and day via its galleries, brasserie, restaurants, and new circulation lanes.

The D2 Tower is an architectural icon. It complex shape and structure generates 3 major frontages with its surrounding: a high tech prow pointed towards Paris, a thin overlooking figure towards Courbevoie, and a gentle curved rear abutting the ring road. Night and day D2 reflects its geometry on the abutting facades, giving them a new and refreshing modernity: D2 becomes a real lantern that shines on the city.

The D2 Tower is structured like a tree: the bottom galleries and pedestrian links act as the roots, grounding the project on the site; the elevators, stairways and servicing areas as the trunk; the floors as the branches; and most importantly the steel exo-structure as the foliage that holds every entity together. At the top of its 170 meters height, its open-air top “Clouds’garden” under the canopy gives a thrining sens of well being at the heart of Paris’s business district.

The D2 Tower is the first tower in La Défense to enable 30% of material economy through its sophisticated steel exo-structure. D2 is a symbol of sustainable development.

The D2 Tower is a real innovation in terms of high rise construction. Its complex superstructure to gather over a narrow site and busy ring road implied creativity, innovation and efficient planning to meet the 3 year construction targeted.

- The working site being difficultly accessible and partly over the ring road required a subtle organization, combined with new implementation methods and processes for the works to go forward.

- The use for the very first time of connected concrete with integrated RFID microchips to minimize the formwork error to 0,2mm.

- A new system of elevator TWIN® provides an economy of 3 shafts

- An exo-structure that offer flexible pillar free office floor

Tour D2

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Tour D2

Smulders delivered and assembled the steel construction of a new office building in La Défense. The oval shape of Tour D2 is prominent in the heart of the La Défense business district. The silhouette of the building consists of three parts: a narrow facade to Paris, a facade to Courbevoie and a narrow, slightly curved back wall.

Project data:

  • Client: GTM Bâtiment
  • Architect: Anthony Béchu & Tom Sheehan
  • Weight: 4,750 tons

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Paul Clemence Captures Ateliers Jean Nouvel 's Completed Tours Duo in Paris

Paul Clemence  Captures Ateliers Jean Nouvel 's Completed Tours Duo in Paris - Image 1 of 18

  • Written by Paula Cano
  • Published on September 07, 2022

Jean Nouvel's recently completed towers , Tours Duo, redefined the Parisian skyline. Captured by Paul Clemence in his latest photo series, the project by Ateliers Jean Nouvel creates a singularity in relation to the rails that lead into the city's heart and define the Avenue de France . Established as a landmark on the East side of Paris and considered to be the city's future, Tours Duo is a mixed-use project that completes and modifies the unfinished context of this part of the city.

Paul Clemence  Captures Ateliers Jean Nouvel 's Completed Tours Duo in Paris - Image 2 of 18

Completed in 2021, the towers Duo 1 of 39 stories and 180metres, and Duo 2 of 28 stories and 125 meters high, incorporate a hotel designed by Philippe Starck , office spaces, bars and restaurants, an auditorium, and retail rooms. Encountering the conditions of the site, an industrial zone on the banks of the Seine, the windows operate as shields from the sound and dust pollution of the ring boulevard.

Paul Clemence  Captures Ateliers Jean Nouvel 's Completed Tours Duo in Paris - Image 2 of 18

Like any Nouvel architecture, the towers create a visual landscape . These two inclined volumes come into focus by sharping the perspective of the Avenue de France and catching the reflection of the rail tracks adjacent to the site. One of the towers is along the boulevard du Général Jean-Simon, a growing urban hub, to provide a visible dynamic seen from the boulevard. The location also provides, in Nouvel's words, "a more urban , a more human access to the project."

The French architect’s ability to inject his international image is captured by Paul Clemence in framing the open V of sunlight. The transverse fracture between the volumes is also a resource to preserve views of the Berliet industrial building, the French manufacturer of automobiles. The V composition marks a city landmark. Besides setting character in Eastern Paris , the Duo 1 tower is the third tallest building in Paris, after Tour Eiffel and Tour Montparnasse .

Paul Clemence  Captures Ateliers Jean Nouvel 's Completed Tours Duo in Paris - Image 4 of 18

Paul Clemence 's lens gives context to the ambitious plan to reshape Paris . His pictures of the facade composition and their reflection reveal the singular beauty of the site. The photographs allow appreciation of the playful terraces and the intersection of the volumes.

Besides the Tours Duo, Jean Nouvel is designing a New Vertical Neighbourhood, a new mixed-use development in the Greater area of the French capital. Moreover, the Hekla Tower in La Défense, a 220-meter-high tower designed by the Ateliers, is due to be completed in 2022. Both projects align with the Parisian future-forward urbanist strategies that plan to ban non-essential traffic from its city center by the Olympics in 2024 .

Paul Clemence  Captures Ateliers Jean Nouvel 's Completed Tours Duo in Paris - Image 14 of 18

See the full series and learn more about Paul Clemence's work on his Facebook page Archi-photo .

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Paul Clemence  Captures Ateliers Jean Nouvel 's Completed Tours Duo in Paris - Image 1 of 18

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Anthony Béchu Architect: Paris Architects

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Contemporary French Architecture Practice: Design Studio Information

post updated 14 May 2021 ; 19 Aug 2016

Anthony Béchu Architecte DPLG – Key Projects

Featured Building Design:

Tour D2 – Paris project, France Date: 2008- Building design with Tom Sheehan The Tour D2 is a 171-m high skyscraper building in the La Défense business district west of Paris, France. It is located in the municipality of Courbevoie and is used for offices.

More architecture projects online soon

Location: rue Lecourbe, 75015 Paris, France, western Europe

Agence d’Architecture A. Bechu Practice Information

This architect office is based in Paris, France.

Anthony Béchu Architect Paris

Rooted family history for 3 generations, the Agence d’Architecture is an international architecture and urban planning studio directed by Anthony.

The multidisciplinary team of urban planners, landscape architects, architects, interior designers design and implement projects of all scales and all types of programs (housing, retail, hotels, sport, cultural or education facilities) for both public and private sectors.

Many projects are based in France, howevere the architecture studio has gone abroad to provide expertise in China, Russia, Mongolia, Iraqi, Lebanon and in Africa demonstrating a capacity to build in several parts of the world. source: Agence d’Architecture A. Bechu

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After a Shocking Victory at Paris-Roubaix ’23, Alison Jackson Wants to Win It All Again

Jackson will look to channel that “Paris-Roubaix grit” again in 2024.

cycling fra paris roubaix women

With Paris-Roubaix looming in the not-so-distant future, we caught up with Jackson during her altitude training camp in Tenerife, Spain, to find out what her first season with the new EF Education-Cannondale team has been like and her plans for the Spring Classics, the Olympic Games, and the Tour de France Femmes.

Jackson sits outside soaking up sunlight and low oxygen in Tenerife while we talk over Zoom. She pans the camera to point in the general direction of the dormant volcano in the area. “You can’t ride up the volcano,” she clarifies. “But you can take a cable car if you want to get up to 4000 meters of elevation.” At 12,198 feet (3,718 meters), it is the highest point on Spanish soil.

Altitude training is new for the team this year—one of the perks of now being tied with the men’s EF Education First team, with a big budget and more pooled resources. More women’s teams are seeking out altitude camps to prepare for races. Canyon//SRAM was one of the first last year, but now, it seems almost required for a team to be successful. Jackson’s experience with the altitude so far has been good: “One of my superpowers is being able to sleep anywhere at any time,” she says. So I think that really helps. But I haven’t done much altitude training yet, so it’s all an experiment.”

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The team’s shift is caused by the new partnership with the men’s side of the program. Last year, Jackson was part of EF Education-SVB-TIBCO, founded by the first Canadian cyclist to be nicknamed Action Jackson. The team was absorbed into the EF umbrella after TIBCO and SVB withdrew sponsorship last year , and while many riders stayed the same on the roster, it was still a big shift.

“I do feel like I have to make sure that I’m sharp if I want to be a leader in any of these races,” she says. “But the atmosphere is super good. We really support each other. I think we’re just going to go up from here.”

The men’s and women’s training camps have been combined, the teams stay in the same hotels, and resources are shared. “It’s a great way to make new friends,” says Jackson. “I think it also just shows that we’re on the level playing field. We’re not lesser. We both take the sport really seriously and the management has been great about offering the same resources and respect to both the men’s and women’s teams.”

Strade Bianche and Paris Olympic Goals

The first major race of the year, Strade Bianche, may not have looked like a great race for Jackson, but it really did go according to plan. It’s a long season, and it’s normal for riders to do their work for the team and then pull out of the race to preserve their legs. Don’t let the DNF fool you. (Case in point: around two-thirds of the peloton did not finish the race.)

“It’s such a great race, a beautiful race, and it is so iconic with its white roads,” Jackson says. “We came out with a good result; we had a really committed team effort, and I’m proud of the team and Kristen [Faulkner] for finishing it off the way she did, in full fight mode.”

10th strade bianche 2024 women's elite

“There were three of us in this support role at the beginning of the race, and basically, our job is to guide everyone into a good position, especially into the long sector five sections at San Martino,” she explains. “That was basically my job. Once we got there, we just rode back to Sienna so we could see the finish. We rode this shortcut back, and the fans were unreal.”

But, Can She Win Paris-Roubaix Again?

“I’m so excited to race Paris-Roubaix with the number one bib. It’s a race where there’s so much you cannot control,” Jackson says. “And I think every time you go into it, whether you want to or not, you have to recognize that you have to make a lot of choices in the race and just keep going.”

It’s tempting to assume it’s her only goal this season, but that’s far from the case. At the moment, the goal is a training block followed by Flanders, to see if the altitude training is helpful. “It’s a bit of an experiment to do it in this part of the season, but then we can use it for the Olympics if things go well,” she says. “The goal is to be able to adjust things to what works well and what can we do better for that Olympic road race.”

3rd paris roubaix femmes 2023

Fans of the sport may remember how Anna Kiesenhofer dramatically won the Tokyo Olympic Road Race in a solo breakaway victory, thanks to one bold move really early in the race. This sounds a lot like how Paris-Roubaix played out for Jackson in 2023.

“I’m not racing a lot this spring,” Jackson adds. “I’m trying to really focus on some good training and then go full gas into some key races. Flanders and Paris-Roubaix will be my key races, then Amstel Gold, and then we move on into the stage races for the summer.”

“I’m not going to ever win in the same way that I did the first year,” she adds. “There’s no way that the peloton will allow a break of 20 riders at the front, they’ll never allow me in a breakaway on the front either. So, I’m training to be able to make the move when things get really hard. It’s going to be further in the race, and it’s going to take all that Paris-Roubaix grit to be a champion there again.”

Molly writes about cycling, nutrition and training, with an emphasis on women in sport. Her new middle-grade series, Shred Girls, debuts with Rodale Kids/Random House in 2019 with "Lindsay's Joyride." Her other books include "Mud, Snow and Cyclocross," "Saddle, Sore" and "Fuel Your Ride." Her work has been published in magazines like Bicycling, Outside and Nylon. She co-hosts The Consummate Athlete Podcast.

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Where to stay during the Paris Olympics 2024

F or the first time in a century, Paris is gearing up to host the Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games . It’s been a marathon rather than a sprint, and preparations have been under way for years. Now, France approaches the final hurdles before the Olympic torch begins its journey from Marseille on 8 May.

The Olympic Games will run from 26 July to 11 August 2024, with the Paralympics starting on 28 August and running until 8 September. And while Olympic fever is spreading across the country, with events scheduled not just across metropolitan France but in overseas territories too (as far away as Teahupo’o, Tahiti, where the surfing competition will take place), the bulk of the action is happening in Paris itself.

Already the city that sees the most footfall from foreign tourists, during the Olympics, Paris looks set to be bursting from the seams of its handsome Haussmann buildings. Plan your trip like an Olympic athlete, with careful preparation and training. If you haven’t yet secured tickets to one of the events, read The Independent ’s handy guide here .

Already the proud owner of a golden ticket? To avoid spending the Olympics sharing a bed with three of your mates, like Charlie Bucket’s grandparents, book your accommodation early. Here are 12 fantastic places to stay, hand-picked for their proximity to the venues.

Just 23 minutes by Metro from the Stade de France – a walk in the park by Parisian standards – is the four-star MOB House. Urban chic, in an old warehouse with a generous terrasse and a swimming pool, it serves up vibes with regular DJ sets and an organic on-site bar-restaurant. The 100 rooms, minimalist with beige furnishings and light wood, are like visiting a friend with excellent taste – a far cry from the colour and chaos of Paris’s largest flea market, Saint Ouen, which is on your doorstep.

Read more on France travel :

  • France travel guide: Everything you need to know before you go
  • The alternative guide to Paris: How to enjoy the city like a local
  • Paris 2024 Summer Olympics: How to plan the perfect trip

Hotel Cabane

An oasis in central Paris, Hotel Cabane is at odds with the highrise buildings of Montparnasse. With a generous garden and rooms with wooden panelling on the walls, it feels more like an Alpine chalet than the heart of the capital. The slap-up breakfast includes almost entirely local produce, and there’s a bar for unwinding after shouting yourself hoarse watching the sport. It’s half an hour on foot to the Paris Expo (which will be showing handball, volleyball, table tennis and weightlifting), or just one minute from Pernety Metro station on line 13.

Plaza Tour Eiffel

Recently renovated and newly reopened, the Plaza Tour Eiffel is just the other side of the Jardins du Trocadero, across the river from the Eiffel Tower. With soft gold and blue furnishings, the 41 rooms feel regal – even more so if you nab one with a view of the tower itself. Watching the world’s biggest sporting competition while looking over France’s most famous monument might sound like too many cliches, but it’s possible. The Champ de Mars Arena and the Eiffel Tower Stadium are hosting beach volleyball, judo and wrestling.

Hotel des Grands Voyageurs

The Olympic torch isn’t the only new thing coming to Paris. Hotel des Grands Voyageurs opened its doors last year – a timely opening as it’s less than half an hour on foot from the Esplanade des Invalides, where the archery events will be held. Designed in a vintage style, it looks like the sort of place where Hemingway and his pals would have hobnobbed over one of the cocktails on the extremely extensive bar menu.

A futuristic design in a glass tower in Paris’s 13th arrondissement, TOO Hotel is all about the views. From the restaurant (100 metres high) you’ve Paris at your feet – panoramas over the Eiffel Tower, Sacre-Coeur and Notre-Dame. It’s worth coming back down to earth though, particularly if you’ve got tickets for one of the events at Bercy Arena, which will be hosting the basketball, trampolining and artistic gymnastics. It takes under half an hour to reach on foot.

Generator Hostel

Blown your budget on tickets? That doesn’t mean you can’t enjoy the Olympics in style. Generator Paris, just minutes from Canal St Martin in edgy east Paris, is a hostel with a rooftop bar to die for and a club in the basement. Choose from dorm rooms that sleep between four and eight people (female only available) and private rooms. It’s just 15 minutes on foot from Gare du Nord, or 30 minutes from the Porte de la Chapelle Arena, where badminton and rhythmic gymnastics will be taking place.

OKKO Hotel, La Defense

Character hotels are few and far between in Paris’s most modern quartier , La Defense, but the OKKO brand does a great job of combining charm with luxury. The 184 rooms, spread over nine floors, are light and airy – and for budding Olympians who don’t want to miss out on training, there’s a small gym and a sauna. Getting to La Defense Arena, where the water polo and swimming are due to take place, is no sweat. It’s just across the road.

Hotel Jeu de Paume

It seems fitting that equestrian disciplines will be held at Versailles, and anyone watching will likely feel as though they’ve fallen into a period drama. Modern pentathlon is also taking place here, and by staying in Versailles you’ll avoid much of the crush of central Paris (at least in the evenings). Hotel Jeu de Paume has just 16 rooms, including family rooms, and walking to the Chateau de Versailles is no pentathlon – it takes under 10 minutes.

Hotel Dame des Arts

Perfumed by its own signature scent, Hotel Dame des Arts appeals to all the senses. The rooftop and many of the private balconies enjoy panoramic views over the Eiffel Tower, Saint-Sulpice and Notre Dame. Better still, there’s a bar on the roof – cheering on athletes all day is thirsty work. Just steps from Saint-Michel Notre-Dame Metro, it’s easy to get anywhere in the city, but Olympic venues Hotel de Ville, Place de la Concorde and l’Esplanade des Invalides are all under 20 minutes’ walk away.

La Villa Escudier

Finding accommodation close to Roland Garros that isn’t a) eye-wateringly expensive or b) completely lacking in soul has always been a challenge. La Villa Escudier, with its garden filled with rose trellises, blue shutters and opulent soft furnishings, is a welcome exception. There are just 18 rooms, all beautifully decorated. It’s not just Roland Garros that’s a tennis-ball throw away: Parc des Princes, the football arena, is just a 10-minute walk.

L’Escale Royale

Does the idea of winning an Olympic gold in wrestling through the Parisian crowds fill you with horror? Stay outside the city and dip in only when the starting gun sounds. L’Escale Royale is just 45 minutes by train from the city centre, in Yvelines, Seine et Marne, but it could be a thousand miles away. A beautifully redecorated peniche , with hanging egg chairs on the deck and a freestanding bathtub that looks out over the Seine through glass doors, it’s so peaceful that you’ll be asking: “What Games?”

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Biomimicry in French Urban Projects: Trends and Perspectives from the Practice

Eduardo blanco.

1 Centre d’Écologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, BP 135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; [email protected]

2 Ceebios, 62 rue du Faubourg Saint-Martin, 60300 Senlis, France; [email protected] (E.C.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (K.R.)

Estelle Cruz

Chloé lequette, kalina raskin, philippe clergeau, associated data.

The data presented in this study are available in the Supplementary Materials .

Biomimicry is a design framework with growing interests in sustainable architectural and urban design practice. Nevertheless, there is a significant lack of studies and knowledge regarding its practical application. In 2020, a French workgroup called Biomim’City Lab published a document identifying and describing 16 urban projects designed by French teams integrating biomimicry at various levels. Our research is an opportunistic study analyzing this data, aiming to identify trends and challenges in the French market. We analyzed the projects using a mixed-method approach, through quantitative typological analysis and qualitative narrative analysis. This sample of French projects indicates a trend of increasing interest in biomimicry on built space projects in France. Biomimicry was primarily applied at the façade/roof/soil systems, mostly using macroscopic models as ecosystems, plants, and animals. Designers declared to aim diverse objectives with the biomimetic approach; still, thermal comfort is the most recurrent in the sample. We also identified that challenges remain to foster the field application, as the lack of awareness of the urban fabric stakeholders on the topic and the gaps between research and design practice.

1. Introduction

Biomimicry draws upon emulation of, and knowledge transfer from, living organisms and whole ecosystems to find solutions to human problems [ 1 ]. In the built environment sciences, it is a growing topic [ 2 , 3 , 4 ], with an application that mainly aims for sustainable innovation [ 3 , 5 ]. Biomimicry offers an opportunity to operationalize sustainability and regenerative development on architectural and urban projects [ 2 , 6 ].

The practice of biomimetic architecture faced the first increase throughout the nineties, within the beginning of a global context of energy transition, giving birth to iconic biomimetic projects like the Eastgate building (1996) [ 2 , 5 ]. With the simultaneous development of biomimetic architecture in research, education, and architectural practice, the last two decades presented a surge of interest in the topic [ 7 ].

In Europe, biomimicry has been highlighted by the European Commission as an opportunity for research and innovation, with potential contributions to tackle climate change adaptation and mitigation [ 8 ]. Furthermore, some European research institutions focus on advancing the theory and practice of biomimicry in architectural and urban design. In Germany, the Universities of Stuttgart, Freiburg, and Tübingen have jointly dedicated efforts to develop and test biomimicry applications through the trans-regional Collaborative Research Center “Biological Design and Integrative Structures” SFB-TRR 141 [ 9 ]. In France, the French National History Museum created in 2019 the Bioinspire-Museum project to coordinate and promote bioinspiration throughout its activities, highlighting architectural and urban design applications of their biological and ecological knowledge [ 10 ]. In the Netherlands TU Delft has specialized teaching in the topic and hosted relevant research regarding biomimetic architectural design [ 11 ].

In France, biomimicry is a growing field of innovation. Since 2015 local stakeholders organize a national congress on biomimicry (Biomim’Expo), to showcase national emerging projects and research on the topic. In architecture and urban design, a collaborative workgroup of biomimicry practitioners was launched in 2019, called Biomim’City Lab. This collective, animated by Ceebios (a not-for-profit French network and center of expertise on biomimicry), integrates ten different French stakeholders of the urban fabric, as architects, real estate developers, consulting companies, and research institutions (in alphabetical order: Bechu & Associés, Ceebios, Eiffage, Elan, Icade, In Situ Architecture, New Corp Conseil, Nobatek/INEF 4, Renault, and Tangam Architectes). They all have experimented at some level biomimicry in their projects, aiming at sustainable development. This workgroup focus on increasing skills, co-developing new tools, and sharing expertise within the French context.

In 2020, one year after its creation, the Biomim’City Lab published an online report called “ Projets urbains bio-inspirés: un état des lieux des projets français ” (Bio-inspired urban projects: an inventory of French projects, available only in French in the Supplementary Materials ). This report documented, in standard factsheets, sixteen French projects that have integrated biomimicry and bio-inspired approaches at different levels on urban projects dating from 2007 to 2019. The report presents the collected data, results, and feedback from the design teams from a sample of bio-inspired projects in architecture and urban design in France. The report is a communication and awareness-raising tool for practitioners to enhance biomimicry development in France [ 12 ].

The report is different from any other previous scientific and non-scientific publications regarding its objectives and data. Previously published thematic reports had only a few projects briefly presented [ 13 ]. In the academic field, few studies documented and explored the practice of biomimicry [ 11 , 14 , 15 ]. Hayes et al. (2019) realized one of the few available cases studies, focusing on six system-level biomimicry urban projects, but none of them from a European context. Furthermore, the analyzed projects in their study were not identified either deeply described.

The sixteen documented projects from the “Bio-inspired urban projects: an inventory of French projects” report were selected by the BiomimCity’Lab stakeholders, following each stakeholder own preferences. The only criteria among all projects were that they had to integrate at some level a biomimetic approach and be situated in France or be designed by French teams. As a result, the analyzed projects vary in form, size, objective, status, and biomimicry application level. Furthermore, the report is not an exhaustive study of the French biomimetic urban projects, but it constituted an unprecedented sample worth analyzing. Several documented projects are proposals for architectural and urban design competitions, and the report includes projects that were not successful in the process.

As a significant lack of studies and knowledge regarding biomimicry’s design practice applied to architectural and urban designs remains [ 16 ], our research carried out an opportunistic analysis of this French biomimetic practice sample, relying on all of the sixteen projects factsheets produced by the Biomim’City Lab. This study is an opportunity to through lights on the contemporary trends in the practice and challenges that design teams face integrating biomimicry.

In this context, the research questions we have explored are:

  • What types of urban biomimetic projects did French teams design?
  • How was the biomimetic approach expressed in these projects in terms of goals, biological models and integration level?
  • What challenges did the design teams face on the design process?

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. data collection.

As an opportunistic study, this research did not produced data, but data from the sixteen biomimetic French urban projects presented in the source document (“Projets urbains bio-inspirés: un état des lieux des projets français”, Biomim’City Lab, Paris, France, Document S1 ) were extracted and analyzed. All the French case studies document by the Biomim’City Lab report are here analyzed. Table 1 presents context information about these projects. Table S1 presents all the collected data. They have different understandings in terms of sustainability, comprehension, and abstraction of living systems, not evaluated in this study. However, they all derived from a creative approach based on the observation of biological systems.

Analyzed projects.

Table 2 provides an overview of the variables and classification options used in the study, extracted from each project factsheet and compiled on a Microsoft Office Excel 365 database (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). To make data scientifically sound with our research questions, we merged some of the original classes from the factsheets for the variables “project status”, “project type”, “integration level of the biomimetic approach”, and “biological model”. Document S2 explains each of the classification variables and options.

Collected data from the original factsheets with the classification options used in the study.

2.2. Analysis

Results were analyzed with a mixed-method approach, using quantitative and qualitative perspectives. At first, we use correlational research, relying on a quantitative typological analysis [ 17 ], to explore the sample trends. Following, we used a qualitative narrative and content analysis of text excerpts from the report [ 17 , 18 ]. This step aimed to explore lessons and barriers from the designing team perspective. Both approaches are detailed in the sequence:

2.2.1. Typological Analysis

The typological analysis aims to identify significant trends in the sample, such as their chronological evolution, project types, aimed objectives, level of integration and types of biological models. After data collection, we quantitively analyzed data on Microsoft Office Excel 365 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA), using frequency and chronological analysis.

2.2.2. Content Analysis

Content and narrative pattern analysis have been done using text excerpts of the original report. Each project factsheet concluded with a section named “Lessons learned” ( Leçons à retenir ), in which designing and editorial teams highlighted main challenges, levers and barriers to the realization of a biomimetic urban project. We extracted these full excerpts from each factsheet and composed a unique textual corpus for analysis.

The textual corpus ( Document S2 ) was then imported to MaxQDA Analytics Pro 2020 (VERBI GmbH, Berlin, Germany). We first used the word cloud function on this software to identify recurrent terms in the corpus. Afterwards, we used the interactive word tree function to explore phrases and narratives around the most frequent word, understand the context, and draw insights from this data.

2.3. Methodological Limits

This research is an opportunistic study, and some of its limits reflect the limits of the original data source. Notably, the French report does not document all biomimetic urban projects designed in France, but some of them. Nevertheless, we consider it a representative sample that allows us to infer trends in practice, once it is the most updated information available. Furthermore, this research does not aim to evaluate the pertinence and the environmental performance of the projects and their biomimetic design approach.

3.1. Project Status and Types

We identified that 44% ( n = 7) of the projects have been accepted by the project owners and are built or under construction. Examples in this category are the Nianing Church, a concluded project located in Senegal ( Figure 1 ). This project finds inspiration in the termite mounds model aiming at passive thermal regulation, a well-described biological model successfully applied in previous projects as the CH2 and the Eastgate Center [ 5 ]. Another example is the Quartier de Gally project, a neighborhood under construction that aims at natural ecosystems as models to promote a neighborhood that better integrate urban spaces and nature.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g001.jpg

Nianing Church, Sénégal (© Régis L’Hostis/IN SITU Architecture).

A quarter of the projects ( n = 4) have been accepted but are not constructed and not under construction. It includes conceptual projects, as the Biolum_Reef, a project that aims to create autonomous human habitat in the sea, presenting bioluminescent bio-inspired technologies and contributing to ocean decontamination and natural habitat provision ( Figure 2 ). This category includes also projects accepted by the client and further abandoned, as the Residence Solaire d’Ordener, a project in which the building orientations were calculated using a solar phyllotaxis algorithm to optimize sunlight exposition, and, finally, projects still in executive design, as the Ecotone project that finds inspiration in transition ecosystems recreating ecosystems services in the urban space.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g002.jpg

Biolum_Reef (© Treex/Tangram Architectes).

Furthermore, 31% ( n = 6) of the projects were not accepted by the project owners. One example is the Osez Josephine project, a mixed-use project that finds inspiration in French forests, aiming for diverse vegetation strategies, more circular water and waste cycles and bioclimatic and evolutive buildings.

Office projects are the most represented (37%), followed by equipment projects (25%), as schools and churches ( Figure 3 ). Housing and mixed-use projects are the less represented types (19% each). Office projects mostly implemented biomimetic approaches, but they also represents the project type with more issues to reach implementation phases ( Figure 3 ). One successful office example is the Tour D2 project, which uses the periosteum structure (membrane covering the bones) as model for its exo-structure, which allowed to reduce the total building mass ( Figure 4 ). An example that did not reach the implementation phase is the Parramatta project, which uses a local eel species model for a passive thermal regulation system.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g003.jpg

Distribution of projects status according to their types.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g004.jpg

Tour D2, La Défense, Paris (© Pierre Elie de Pibrac/Bechu & Associés).

Very few of them addressed the retrofit of existing infrastructures. Only 13% ( n = 2) integrate some renovation. They are the Osez Josephine and the Quartier de Gally projects. In both, renovations were partial, on some selected pre-existing buildings.

3.2. Chronological Evolution of Projects

Figure 5 outlines this sample distribution over time and according to their design year and status. The oldest documented project in the report was designed in 2007. Between 2012 and 2016, the report presents at least one biomimetic project designed per year. Then, the number increases from 2017 to 2019. Nevertheless, since 2013, we also observe an increasing number of projects that did not reach implementation (not built or not accepted).

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g005.jpg

Distribution of the analyzed biomimetic urban projects according to their status and design date.

3.3. Objectives

Figure 6 presents the frequency of declared objectives of the projects with their biomimetic approach. We can observe that six objectives were present in more than ten projects (62.5% of the sample): climate change adaptation, biodiversity hosting, outdoor water management, indoor air quality, visual and lighting comfort, and thermal comfort.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g006.jpg

Aimed objectives.

Most of the projects declared to seek several objectives with their biomimetic approach. The average number of objectives aimed per project was 7. The project with a narrower focus is the CIRC, a project that uses bio-inspired adaptative solar protections made of metal with shape memory, aiming for visual and light comfort, and thermal comfort ( Figure 7 ). The projects with a wider focus in the sample, aiming twelve different objectives are the Biolum_Reef, Osez Joséphine and the Pôle d’excellence sur le biomimétisme marin.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g007.jpg

CIRC adaptative solar protections (© Art&Build).

We observe that accepted and built or under construction projects in the sample tend to have a narrow focus on their objectives ( Figure 8 ).

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g008.jpg

Distribution of the total number of aimed objective in the projects per project status.

3.4. Level of Integration

The projects’ most recurrent integration level of the biomimetic approach is at the façade/roof/floor systems ( Figure 9 ). Ten projects applied some level of biomimicry at this level. Examples are the Tour D2 project with its exo-structure, the CIRC with its adaptative solar protections and the Alguesens project, which proposes a bio-façade with algae bioreactors, ensuring building thermal regulation and CO 2 sequestration.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g009.jpg

Integration level of the biomimetic approach.

Moreover, the less explored level is building materials ( Figure 9 ). One example is the Bangkok I’m Fashion Hub, which explored a minimal structural surface in local woven bamboo, inspired by spider webs, associated with a bio-inspired membrane ensuring waterproofing and passive ventilation.

At the technology level, one example is the Smartseille project ( Figure 10 a), which tested a mycelium-based technology to remediate soil pollution on the project site. At the building level, one example is the Estran project, which replicates a foreshore ecosystem in the building, integrating a wetland to serve as a reservoir for rainwater, water treatment system and habitat for biodiversity. Finally, at the plot/neighborhood level, examples are the Quartier de Gally ( Figure 10 b) and the Ecotone projects.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g010.jpg

( a ) Smartseille (© Action Photo Video Thierry Lavernos/Eiffage); ( b ) Quartier de Gally (© ICADE).

On average, projects explore two different levels of integration. Three projects explored just one level (CIRC, Nianing Church and Tour D2), and only one project explored all the dimensions (Pôle d’Excellence sur le Biomimétisme Marin).

3.5. Type of Biological Models

Ecosystems are the most recurrent models, cited in 10 projects, followed by Eukaryotes models as plants and animals. Fungi and Archaea/Bacteria models are the less explored models in our sample ( Figure 11 ).

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g011.jpg

Occurrence of the different types of biological models ( n = number of observations).

3.6. Green Labels

To give visibility to their sustainable engagements and performances, ten projects from the sample (62.5%) highlighted labels that the projects aimed for or obtained. Fifteen different labels families have been cited, but only six have been cited more than once ( Figure 12 ). We can find a higher presence of standard French market label families as HQE, E+C- and BiodiverCity. Nevertheless, innovative labels, not yet fully adopted by the French market, have been observed, as the LBC.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g012.jpg

Green building labels.

3.7. Design Challenges

The main recurrent keywords in the “Lessons learned” section from the projects factsheets relates to the design process and its challenges as: “ conception ” (design), “ rechercher ” (research), “ étude ” (study ) , “ temps ” (time) and “ integration / intégrer ” (integration) ( Figure 13 ).

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g013.jpg

“Lessons learned” section word cloud, using MaxQDA Analytics Pro 2020.

Figure 14 presents the interactive word tree for the word “ conception ” (design), the main identified keyword. The interactive word tree allowed us to identify passages and recurrent ideas presented by the designing teams.

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g014.jpg

Interactive word tree for “ conception ” using MaxQDA Analytics Pro 2020.

The passages related to the challenges of the design process converge into two main topics: project temporality and team knowledge.

The result highlights that the temporalities of design and research process are distinct, as the available time for the design of urban projects, in the French concurrently context, is short. However, the research and development process usually necessary to apply biomimicry into the process is long. Nevertheless, designers acknowledge the importance of bridging the gap between the two practices. The following passages illustrate this:

  • “research and development process at the heart of biomimetic solutions: the bio-inspired facades of the project were the subject of a research project, with several prototypes and tests before being integrated into the project.”
  • “The long design time allows the biomimicry approach to continue to be developed.”
  • “Today there is a temporal incompatibility between the design time in a competition and the research and development time.”
  • “This project has particularly demonstrated that the time spent on studies does not represent a cost, but a real investment (…).”
  • “The limitations of this project are the number of associated research projects that would need to be launched over the long term.”

The second challenge is related to the team experience and knowledge of biomimicry, biology and ecology. Designers acknowledge the importance of working in a multi-disciplinary context, integrating experts, and building biomimicry capacity on the design team and other project stakeholders. The following passages support this:

  • “The importance of integrating biomimicry right from the competition phase with an acculturation of the architects and the project owner upstream of the project is a key element.”
  • “Set up an interdisciplinary design team: architects, ecologists, landscape designers, etc. contributed with their knowledge and skills to build a project (…).”
  • “This project provided an opportunity to explain the biomimetic approach and its potential to the contracting authority. The latter understood the real opportunities that the biomimetic tool offers (…) but we also identified some inherent obstacles related to their poor knowledge on the subject.”
  • “This project led the project management to review its architectural and urban design process by integrating the study and knowledge of living things into it.”
  • “The process of biomimetic design integrating a scientific council, led the project management to do many iterations and to develop their knowledge on many subjects. In return, the knowledge not directly used has enriched the process allowing the project management to improve its practice.”

4. Discussions

4.1. an increasing trend over time.

In the analyzed sample, we observed an increasing trend over time of projects applying biomimicry for sustainable development in France. This trend deserves further exploration with a larger and exhaustive sample. This trend converges with the increase in biomimicry research applied to architecture and urban design in the last years already demonstrated by previous research [ 4 , 5 ]. Two important milestones in the French timeline that contributed to more visibility and interest in biomimicry are the Alguesens project (2016) and the Ecotone project (2017). Alguesens is one of the winners of the “ Reinventer Paris ” competition, aiming to innovate and experiment with new approaches to bring selected Parisian sites to life. Ecotone is one of the winners of the “ Inventons la Métropole du Grand Paris ” competition, one of Europe largest contemporary competition, promoting innovative projects to rethink critical sites in the Parisian metropole region.

Nevertheless, our sample also presents a growing number of projects that do not reach the implementation phase. Several factors could be related to these projects non-acceptance, not related to the biomimetic approach, as the highly competitive context of urban projects competitions, the quality of the overall project, the project costs, and political preferences. However, the role of the biomimetic approach in the project acceptance by the final client deserves further exploration. Hayes et al. (2019) highlighted in their case studies that the absence of well documented and successful application examples remains a significant barrier in the field. Designers from the analyzed projects also indicated that the project owner’s lack of understanding of biomimicry could be a barrier to the project success.

4.2. A Focus on Macroscopic Models

Most of the analyzed biological models remained at macroscopic scales such as ecosystems and eukaryotes. This finding converges with previous results highlighting a taxonomic bias in selecting biological models [ 14 ]. This trend can be explained due to the lack of academic knowledge of biological models by the design team and the lack of time to analyze, compare, and then select relevant living models to face the project challenges. Integrating stakeholders with a strong background in biology or ecology in the design teams can be a way to explore further biological models [ 19 , 20 ], mainly in a short delay design context. Another lever is developing tools and methods to help designers navigate biological knowledge easily, as being explored by fellow researchers as reviewed by Wanieck et al. [ 21 ].

Ecosystem-level biomimicry is a growing research topic [ 4 , 16 ], and its first position in our sample highlights a particular interest in the practice for this subject. We assume that ecosystem-level inspiration helps address transversal and systemic urban challenges such as biodiversity loss, the materials, and energy flows between urban and ecological systems [ 16 , 22 , 23 ].

4.3. Organising the Design Process

There is a significant challenge in integrating research and development with urban biomimetic practice [ 24 ]. Designing teams highlighted the different temporalities and the positive aspects of integrating research and specialists in the projects. Integrated design process (IDP) could be a helpful design framework to organize biomimetic architectural and urban projects design. It relies on multi-disciplinary teams early engaged in the project, with a straightforward decision-making process and an external facilitator, aiming to foster sustainable and regenerative development on urban projects keeping in mind the project quality and costs [ 25 ].

Another leverage point would be to work alongside project owners to raise awareness of the topic and integrate biomimetic specifications on their project briefing and technical specifications.

4.4. Thermal Comfort and Biodiversity Hosting: Two Major Entry Points

Thermal regulation is a contemporary urban challenge well-explored in biomimetic architecture and illustrated by numerous well-documented proofs of concept [ 2 , 5 ]. Successful biomimetic cases reduce the risks of rejection for project stakeholders [ 16 ]. This could explain the number of observations of this objective within the sample ( n = 15). Among the analyzed projects, diverse solutions and strategies have been observed to reach this objective through biomimicry. The Skolkovo Innovation Center proposes a site organization that minimizes thermal loss, imitating penguins comportment to save and share heat. Other projects deal with thermal regulation through the façades, as the CIRC and Alguesens, and others with passive ventilation systems as the Nianing Church and Parramatta projects.

Regarding biodiversity, several projects declared to contribute to creating habitat for biodiversity ( n = 13). However, only one project, the Ecole des Sciences et de la Biodiversité, clearly stated the biomimetic approach to reach this objective. To bring biodiversity back to the urban space and promote human and other species co-habitation, the building walls find inspiration in cliffs walls, using concrete blocks that create holes and niches for different animal and plant species ( Figure 15 ).

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Object name is biomimetics-06-00027-g015.jpg

Biodiversity at the walls of Ecole des Sciences et de la Biodiversité (© Myr Muratet/ChartierDalix).

Even if biodiversity and ecosystems models have a high interest in our sample and practice, very few bio-inspired projects achieve to address their complexity adequately. For example, projects finding inspiration on ecosystems tend to look mainly to materials and energy flows, translating it to into urban metabolism and circular economy solutions. However, the ecosystems biotic and abiotic structure and ecosystems functions are much less explored [ 22 , 26 ], leading to simplistic and metaphorical ecosystem-level biomimicry application.

4.5. Biomimetics Applied to Retrofit

The renovation of urban infrastructures remains the main lever over the coming years to reduce human impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems [ 27 ]. In 2019, retrofitting activities represented 54.4% of the building market in France [ 28 ]. For 2020, this activity is expected to increase +0.9% [ 29 ].

Biomimicry offers an opportunity to handle retrofitting with a sustainable development perspective [ 14 , 23 ]. Nevertheless, only a few of the analyzed projects had partially retrofitted existing infrastructures. This topic deserves further exploration. The reasons could be related to a lack of research and practice of biomimicry for architectural and urban retrofitting but also, retrofitting projects and stakeholders could be less open to innovative approaches.

5. Conclusions

Biomimicry seems to be a design approach with growing interest in the French market, but several unresolved questions and challenges remain.

The analyzed data highlighted the gaps between biomimetic and biological research teams and urban designers practitioners. To facilitate the knowledge transfer from biological and ecological disciplines to architecture and urban design practice is a major challenge. Our data demonstrated the importance of rethink design team composition and projects design phase organization to bridge this gap.

The case studies also highlighted the variety of sustainability goals addressed through biomimicry in France. Nevertheless, it would be worth formally exploring the different urban stakeholders’ motivations applying biomimicry and the difference in design process and outputs between applying it with a narrow or a broad focus.

Furthermore, it would also be essential to study and evaluate the performance of these projects concerning their objectives. Projects tend to use labels to show their performances, but urban biomimicry still lacks specific sustainable performance metrics. The use of life cycle assessments and ecosystems services assessments could allow a proxy to these performance assessments.

Finally, to document and analyze the practice of biomimicry on architectural and urban projects allowed us to have some perspective from the French practice. To showcase national projects can tackle the incomprehension of biomimicry by urban stakeholders and project owners and raise awareness of the topic. Nevertheless, such benchmarks are rare and deserve to be enlarged. A more exhaustive study would probably highlight new challenges, and it remains relevant work to be done.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Biomim’City Lab and its external contributors for making the data analyzed in this study public available. We would also like to thank Caroline Robert, for the work gathering and organizing some of the information analyzed in this study.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biomimetics6020027/s1 , Table S1: Projects data, Document S1: Projets urbains bio-inspirés: un état des lieux des projets français , Document S2: Variables and classification options definitions, Document S3: Leçons learned text excerpts.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, E.B. and E.C.; methodology, E.B.; software, E.B.; validation, E.B., E.C. and C.L.; formal analysis, E.B.; investigation, E.B.; resources, E.B.; data curation, E.B.; writing—original draft preparation, E.B.; writing—review and editing, E.B., E.C., C.L., K.R. and P.C.; visualization, E.B.; supervision K.R. and P.C.; project administration, E.B.; funding acquisition, E.B., K.R. and P.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

This research was funded by ANRT, grant number CIFRE 2019/0389.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

  • The Tallest Buildings in France

The Champs-Élysées with La Défense in the background.

The Eiffel Tower is probably the first structure that comes to mind whenever France is mentioned. However, France is home to other large structures, some of them ranking among the tallest buildings in the European Union . Among the top 20 tallest buildings in France, 18 are located in Paris with the other two being in Lyon and Marseille . The buildings located in Paris are concentrated in the La Défense business district. La Défense hosts 72 steel and glass buildings, 19 of which are skyscrapers.

The Tour First is the tallest building in France second only to the Eiffel Tower. It is located in La Défense, Paris. This building was constructed for UAP insurance by Bouygues in 1974, and at that time it was only 522 ft tall. When UAP was purchased by AXA in 1996 the building was renamed Tour AXA. Between 2007 and 2011, large-scale renovations started on the tower. The building received a complete facelift that changed its exterior appearance and added to its height. The final product was a renovated tower of 738ft at roof height. When its spire is included, Tour First has a total height of 758ft and has a floor space of 933,310 sq ft. Together with the Italian Unicredit Tour in Milan, Tour First is the 9th tallest building in the European Union.

Tour Montparnasse

Tour Montparnasse stands at 689 feet tall. It is the tallest building in the Montparnasse area of Paris and the second tallest in the country. Until 2011, Tour Montparnasse was the tallest building in France, but following the renovations on Tour First, it fell back to second place. It is the 18th tallest building in the European Union. This tower was designed by architects Louis Hoym de Marien, Eugène Beaudouin and Urbain Cassan. The building’s façade is expected to receive a redesign by Nouvelle AOM after this company won a competition in September 2017 for the remodeling.

Tour Incity

The Tour Incity is the tallest building in the Greater Lyon area and ranks third-tallest in the country. The building was completed in 2015 in the La Part-Dieu business district. The Incity is also the 24th tallest building in the European Union, a position it shares with three other buildings in Germany and Spain that also stand at 656 feet tall.

Tour Majunga

Tour Majunga stands at 633 feet tall including its spire, ranking it as the fourth-tallest skyscraper in France. The Majunga is located in La Défense business district. This building also ranks 29th among the tallest buildings in the European Union. World-renowned architect Jean-Paul Viguier designed the building.

Other Tall Buildings

Tour Total, Tour Gan, and Tour T1 rank fifth, sixth and seventh respectively in the list of the tallest buildings in France. They are all located in the La Défense area of Paris. Tour Area and Tour Granite close the list of buildings with more than 600ft of height in France. There are approved constructions that are set to displace Tour First from its position at the top of the list. The Hermitage Plaza I and Hermitage Plaza II are expected to be completed in 2021 and will take the first rank with a height of 1,060ft. They will also be located in La Défense.

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  • Tour D2 - 17 bis place des Reflets -
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  • Fax : 00 31 20 46 35 324
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  • ul. Marszalkowska 111
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  • Fax : 00 48 22 528 4600
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  • METAV A2, strada Biharia nr. 67-77, et 2, Sector 1, C013-981
  • BRD Tower - 1-7, Ion MIhalache blvd, sector 1011171 -
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  • Splaiul Independentei Nr 15, Bloc 100, Scara 5, Tronson 1, Etaj 6, Sector 5
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  • Fax : 00 40 21 408 29 00
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  • BRD Tower 1-7, Ion MIhalache blvd., Sector 1
  • 011171 Bucharest
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  • Fax : 00 4021 200 81 01
  • www.brd.ro/despre-brd/profil/grupul-brd/brd-finance
  • Splaiul Independentei Nr 15 Bloc 100, Scara 5, Tronson 1, Etaj 6, Sector 5
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  • Bd. Iuliu Maniu nr. 6P, clădire 6.3, etaj 8, Campus 6, sector 6
  • 061103 Bucarest/Bucuresti
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  • globalsolutioncentre.societegenerale.ro/
  • Metav A2 - Strada Biharia nr. 67-77 Sector 1 013981
  • Fax : +40 21 200 83 75
  • 220030, Myasnikova str. 70, office 504,
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tour d2 paris

À Paris, les murs sont polyglottes !

Plaque commémorative en hommage à Kenzo Takada, rue de Rivoli.

Un tour du monde des alphabets

Do you speak « plaques commémoratives » .

Plaque American legion 14 rue Emile Psichari (7e)

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Monfils-Alcaraz : à quelle heure et sur quelle chaîne suivre le match du 3e tour du Masters de Miami ?

Le Français défie ce lundi l’Espagnol pour la deuxième fois seulement de sa carrière. Pour le moment, Alcaraz mène 1-0

Gael Monfils est le dernier représentant français à Miami. Icon Sport/Geoff Burke

A Miami, Gaël Monfils affronte ce lundi 25 mars en début de soirée la tête de série numéro 1 du Masters 1000 floridien, l’Espagnol Carlos Alcaraz. Les deux hommes se défient pour le compte du 3e tour du tournoi de tennis .

De retour dans le Top 50 de l’ATP pour la première fois depuis l’automne 2022, le Francilien, actuellement 47e mondial et très en forme pour commencer l’année, peut se préparer à un troisième tour alléchant face au favori du tournoi.

C’est aussi un choc de générations. L’Espagnol est né il y a 20 ans quand Monfils débarquait sur le circuit professionnel. C’est seulement la deuxième fois que les deux hommes s’affrontent. La première fois, c’était à Indian Wells en 2021, et Alcaraz encore presque débutant avait gagné 7-5, 6-1.

« C’est un gros défi, avouait le Français après sa victoire au 2e tour contre l’Australien Jordan Thompson. Ce ne sera pas facile car il peut vraiment lâcher ses coups et il sera dur à déborder. En plus, il a gagné facilement en jouant bien. Mais ça donne envie. Il faudra mieux rentrer dans le match, c’est sûr. Maintenant, on va bien se préparer. Ce sera probablement en nocturne, ce qui n’est pas idéal. Mais il y aura sûrement une belle ambiance. J’espère faire un beau match et jouer ma carte au maximum. »

Le match Monfils-Alcaraz est prévu ce lundi pas avant 19 heures heure de Miami soit pas avant minuit ce lundi soir heure française. Il commencera donc dans la nuit de lundi à mardi après 0 heure (en France) et sera à suivre sur Eurosport 1.

tour d2 paris

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JO 2024 : la Monnaie de Paris va mettre en circulation 24 millions de pièces commémoratives de deux euros

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Ces pièces, marquées d'une tour Eiffel, seront mises en circulation en juin prochain.

La Monnaie de Paris va mettre en circulation en juin, à travers la Banque de France, des pièces de deux euros commémoratives des Jeux olympiques 2024 , marquées d'une tour Eiffel, a indiqué ce vendredi l'institution. Ces pièces commémoratives seront fabriquées par la Monnaie de Paris à 24 millions d'exemplaires au total, dont plus de 4 millions ont d'ores et déjà été livrées au ministère de l'Éducation nationale.

Des livrets pédagogiques, qui intègrent une pièce commémorative de 2 euros dans le cadre des Jeux olympiques, «sont acheminés dans les écoles mais n'ont pas encore été distribués, dans l'attente d'une annonce officielle» , a indiqué le ministère de l' Éducation nationale .

À lire aussi Paris 2024 : découvrez à quoi ressemblent les médailles olympiques

En plus des médailles officielles

La Monnaie de Paris va commercialiser à partir du mois de juin, parallèlement aux pièces dites «circulantes,» des pièces de collection de 2 euros pour les JO, «de qualité numismatique» , mais en beaucoup plus petit nombre : 200.000 de qualité Fleur de coin, 10.000 de qualité Brillant universel et pour la plus haute qualité numismatique, Belle Épreuve (BE), 20.000 colorisées et 4000 non colorisées à polissage inversé.

Par ailleurs, la Monnaie de Paris va fabriquer les médailles qui seront remises aux athlètes des JO, d'après les dessins du joaillier Chaumet (LVMH) : un hexagone de fer provenant de la tour Eiffel, et portant le logo de Paris-2024, duquel émanent des rayons façonnés dans le métal de la médaille (or, argent ou bronze).

  • Pour fêter les 80 ans du droit de vote des femmes, la Monnaie de Paris édite une pièce très symbolique
  • À la Monnaie de Paris: «C’est trop d’la balle!»
  • JO 2024 : l'établissement chargé de la fabrication des médailles olympiques victime d’une grève
  • Monnaie de Paris

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le 22/03/2024 à 17:05

Combien va coûter cette plaisanterie ???

Baron de Charlus

le 22/03/2024 à 17:03

Autant dire qu'avec 2 millions d'exemplaires leur valeur numismatique n'est pas prête de dépasser 2 euros ....

«Je ne fume pas et je n’ai pas d’animaux» : comment ils ont réussi à convaincre les propriétaires de louer leurs logements

NOS CONSEILS - Pour se donner les meilleures chances de décrocher un logement, de plus en plus de locataires envoient spontanément un dossier particulièrement fourni.

Une perte abyssale pour la Banque de France, victime de la hausse de ses taux d’intérêt

CHRONIQUE - Le rapport annuel de l’établissement annonce une perte d’exploitation sèche.

Fin des voitures thermiques en 2035 : le président de Renault dénonce l’absence d’étude d’impact avant la décision de l’UE

Auditionné cette semaine par la commission des Affaires économiques du Sénat, Jean-Dominique Senard a estimé que l’«industrie automobile se retrouve face à des défis majeurs» qui «n’avaient pas été anticipés».

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JO de Paris 2024: le sondage qui ne montre pas une grande impatience des Français pour les Jeux

tour d2 paris

Un peu moins de quatre Français sur dix (37%) déclarent attendre "avec beaucoup" ou "un peu d'impatience" les Jeux olympiques de Paris 2024 (26 juillet-11 août), selon un sondage Viavoice dévoilé lundi pour les Assises du journalisme de Tours. A l'inverse, 57% des sondés attendent avec "peu" ou "aucune impatience" la grand-messe du sport, organisée à Paris pour la première fois depuis un siècle. L'intérêt est encore un peu moins prononcé pour les Jeux paralympiques, qui suscitent l'impatience de seulement 30% des sondés, interrogés en ligne du 29 février au 4 mars pour cette étude réalisée pour France Télévisions, Radio France, France Médias Monde et Ouest-France .

Même chez les répondants qui "s'informent régulièrement sur le sport et son actualité", l'engouement reste plutôt mesuré, avec 55% d'impatients pour les JO , et 45% pour les Jeux paralympiques. Ils s'inscrivent dans le cadre d'une enquête plus large sur le rapport de l'opinion au journalisme de sport, thème central des Assises organisées à Tours de lundi à samedi, année olympique oblige.

Les hommes s'informent plus sur le sport que les femmes

Selon cette étude, moins de la moitié des sondés (45%) s'informent régulièrement sur le sport et son actualité et 35% "rarement", tandis que 20% ne suivent "jamais" le sport. 61% des hommes interrogés déclarent s'informer régulièrement sur le sport, contre 30% des femmes. Sans surprise, le sport le plus suivi est le football, cité par 43% des 353 sondés suivant un sport particulier quasi quotidiennement, loin devant le rugby (15%) et le tennis (7%).

Autre enseignement: 76% des répondants estiment que les journalistes de sport doivent être neutres et ne pas afficher leur préférence. Mais la donne change quand des équipes ou athlètes français sont en lice, 45% des sondés attendant alors des journalistes et commentateurs qu'ils "soient supporters" et "montrent leur préférence". Sondage réalisé auprès d'un échantillon de 1.001 personnes, représentatif de la population âgée de 18 ans et plus résidant en France métropolitaine, selon la méthode des quotas.

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La joie d'Alexis Lebrun lors des championnats de France de tennis de table, le 24 mars 2024.

Tennis de table: "ce sont des frères qui s'aiment", quand papa Lebrun démine la célébration expressive d'Alexis devant son frère en pleurs

Psg-barça: le club catalan choqué par le prix des places pour sa délégation au parc des princes, comment les bleus ont vécu la soirée cauchemardesque contre l’allemagne, crise de l’arbitrage: on connaît le (seul) club de ligue 1 qui n’a pas demandé la démission d’antony gautier, tennis de table: la célébration enflammée d'alexis lebrun, qui saute sur la table sous les yeux de son frère félix, en larmes.

Equipe de France U23: Henry dépité par le nombre de blessés et de malades après le nul contre les Etats-Unis

IMAGES

  1. Tower D2 / Anthony Bechu Tom Sheehan Architects

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  2. Agence d'architecture Bechu + Associés

    tour d2 paris

  3. PARIS LA DEFENSE: ESPLANADE NORD

    tour d2 paris

  4. Tour D2 à La Défense

    tour d2 paris

  5. Tour D2

    tour d2 paris

  6. Luftaufnahme Paris Courbevoie

    tour d2 paris

COMMENTS

  1. D2

    Achevée en 2015, la tour D2 remplace l'immeuble du bureau Veritas, érigé en 1984. Atypique par sa forme, elle est l'une des réalisations les plus emblématiques du duo franco-américain Anthony Béchu et Tom Sheehan. ... Tom Sheehan s'installe à Paris en 1989. Il crée son agence en 1997, après avoir travaillé plusieurs années comme ...

  2. Tour D2

    Tour D2. The Tour D2 is a 171-metre (561 ft) tall skyscraper in the La Défense business district outside of Paris, France. It is located in the municipality of Courbevoie and is used for office purposes. It is the 13th tallest building in the Paris region. It includes a public garden on its roof.

  3. D2

    D2 was the first high-rise building in France with a concrete core and an exotic steel load-bearing structure. Resolutely innovative and designed to optimize space, it offers a capacity of 4,200 workstations on 49,000 sq.m. of floor space. ... Paris La Défense carried out the development work at the same time as the tower. This concomitance of ...

  4. D2 Tower

    D2 Tower is the first tower in La Défense having this type of structure, with addition of a reinforced concrete core, a grid of bearing outer steel also. With a total height of 180m tower it is designed to accommodate 3,700 people in 37 plants. In designing the geometry of the tower, the radii of curvature, and therefore modules front mesh is ...

  5. Tour D2 Paris

    With 171m height and 37 floors, the Tour D2 is Paris' newest landmark and offers a surface area of more than 54.000 m2 of office spaces. The emblematic office building, created by the French architect Anthony Béchu and his American colleague Tom Sheehan, is part of an extensive urban renewal project and is located on the former site of the ...

  6. Tower D2 / Anthony Bechu Tom Sheehan Architects

    Hauts-de-Seine, France. Architects: Anthony Bechu Tom Sheehan Architects. Area: 54000 m². Photographs: Mathieu Ducros. Manufacturers: Çuhadaroğlu Aluminium. Text description provided by the ...

  7. Tour D2

    Tour D2. Tour D2. AABTS - Atelier d'Architecture Anthony Bechu Tom Sheehan. Paris, France. Add to favorites. La Défense is Europe's biggest Business District with 3,00,000 sqm of offices, 600,000 sqm of housing, 230,000 sqm of retail, 3,000 companies, for over 180,000 employees.

  8. Tour D2 Map

    Tour D2 The Tour D2 is a 171-metre tall skyscraper in the La Défense business district outside of Paris, France.It is located in the municipality of Courbevoie and is used for office purposes.

  9. Tour D2

    The tower D2 is an architectural icon that, reflecting on its neighbors, brings them a refreshing modernity. Its ovoid shape, often compared to that of a lawyer coming out of the ground, offers an atypical architecture that changes traditional geometric shapes. It develops 3 different facades: a large slender facade on Paris, an elongated ...

  10. Tour D2

    Tour D2. Paris, France. 2014. View all. <. >. Smulders delivered and assembled the steel construction of a new office building in La Défense. The oval shape of Tour D2 is prominent in the heart of the La Défense business district. The silhouette of the building consists of three parts: a narrow facade to Paris, a facade to Courbevoie and a ...

  11. Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG) to Tour D2

    Blablabus operates a bus from Paris - Roissy Charles De Gaulle Airport to Paris - La Défense every 4 hours. Tickets cost €2 - €3 and the journey takes 45 min. FlixBus also services this route every 4 hours. Alternatively, Paris RER operates a train from Aéroport Charles de Gaulle 2 to Châtelet les Halles every 15 minutes.

  12. Jean Nouvel, Foster + Partners Among 7 Architects to Design ...

    Image Courtesy of Paris La Défense Height: 320 meters Gross Area: 260,000 square meters (including a 35,000-square-meter hotel and 35,000 square meters of office space)

  13. Tour D2 à La Défense, Paris

    « D2 - An environmental antidot in La Défense »La Défense is the French « Moskova City » in Paris, and the biggest Business District in Europe : 3 000 000 sq...

  14. Paul Clemence Captures Ateliers Jean Nouvel 's Completed Tours Duo in Paris

    Besides setting character in Eastern Paris, the Duo 1 tower is the third tallest building in Paris, after Tour Eiffel and Tour Montparnasse. Save this picture! DUO Tour, by Jean Nouvel.

  15. Tour D2, La Défense, Paris (© Pierre Elie de Pibrac/Bechu & Associés

    Download scientific diagram | Tour D2, La Défense, Paris (© Pierre Elie de Pibrac/Bechu & Associés). from publication: Biomimicry in French Urban Projects: Trends and Perspectives from the ...

  16. Anthony Béchu Architect: Paris Architects

    Tour D2 - Paris project, France Date: 2008-Building design with Tom Sheehan The Tour D2 is a 171-m high skyscraper building in the La Défense business district west of Paris, France. It is located in the municipality of Courbevoie and is used for offices. More architecture projects online soon.

  17. Phare Tower

    The Phare Tower (Tour Phare), in English, "Beacon Tower", was a planned approx. 300-metre (984 ft) tall skyscraper with 71 floors designed as a green building to be built in Courbevoie (Hauts-de-Seine), France, in the La Défense district of suburban Paris.The building was being designed by Los Angeles-based Morphosis, headed by architect Thom Mayne, and would have been completed in 2018.

  18. Paris to Tour D2

    The journey time between Paris and Tour D2 is around 12 min and covers a distance of around 3 km. Operated by RATP Metro, the Paris to Tour D2 service departs from Porte Maillot and arrives in Tour D2. Typically 1887 services run weekly, although weekend and holiday schedules can vary so check in advance. 1887 Weekly Services.

  19. 2024 Paris-Roubaix Femmes

    Last year, Canadian cyclist Alison Jackson sprinted to a historic win on the third edition of the cobbled classic Paris-Roubaix Femmes, after leading a long breakaway that miraculously stuck all ...

  20. Fastest way to complete "Worlds Championship Tour" challenge?

    HipToBeDorsia. •. Empire hunts gives 10%. Altars of sorrow gives around 2% per regular tier then around 26% for a boss completion. So I'd say this is the best way. archangel890. •. I just did an altar of sorrow and got 0% for some reason.. HipToBeDorsia.

  21. Sogecap S.A.

    Sogecap S.A. | 2,191 followers on LinkedIn. Sogecap S.A. is an insurance company based out of TOUR D2 - 17 BIS PLACE DES REFLETS, LA DÉFENSE 2, Paris, France.

  22. Where to stay during the Paris Olympics 2024

    It's half an hour on foot to the Paris Expo (which will be showing handball, volleyball, table tennis and weightlifting), or just one minute from Pernety Metro station on line 13. Plaza Tour Eiffel.

  23. Biomimicry in French Urban Projects: Trends and Perspectives from the

    Tour D2: Paris, France: 2007: Open in a separate window. Table 2 provides an overview of the variables and classification options used in the study, extracted from each project factsheet and compiled on a Microsoft Office Excel 365 database (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). To make data scientifically sound with our research questions ...

  24. The Tallest Buildings in France

    Tour First. The Tour First is the tallest building in France second only to the Eiffel Tower. It is located in La Défense, Paris. This building was constructed for UAP insurance by Bouygues in 1974, and at that time it was only 522 ft tall. When UAP was purchased by AXA in 1996 the building was renamed Tour AXA.

  25. Our Locations

    SOCIETE GENERALE PARIS FRANCIA REPRESENTACION EN MEXICO Corporate and Investment Banking. Avenida Paseo de la Reforma 265 Piso 1-Col. Cuauhtemoc Alcandia de Cuauhtemoc; ... Tour D2 - 17 bis place des Reflets - 92919 Paris La Défense 2; Phone : 00 33 1 41 43 95 60; Fax : 00 33 1 46 93 53 53;

  26. À Paris, les murs sont polyglottes !

    Des idéogrammes japonais, des caractères cyrilliques ou hébreux, mais aussi des phrases en espagnol, en polonais ou en roumain, un grand nombre de plaques commémoratives apposées et inaugurées en l'honneur de personnalités sur les immeubles de la capitale comportent des éléments de texte en langue étrangère.

  27. Monfils-Alcaraz : à quelle heure et sur quelle chaîne suivre le match

    Monfils-Alcaraz : à quelle heure et sur quelle chaîne suivre le match du 3e tour du Masters de Miami ? Le Français défie ce lundi l'Espagnol pour la deuxième fois seulement de sa carrière.

  28. JO Paris 2024 : à 99 ans, il portera une nouvelle fois la ...

    Dernier survivant des porteurs de la flamme des Jeux de 1948, Daniel Rebiffé a été invité par Tony Estanguet à être l'un des relayeurs de la flamme des JO de Paris 2024.

  29. JO 2024 : la Monnaie de Paris va mettre en circulation 24 millions de

    Ces pièces, marquées d'une tour Eiffel, seront mises en circulation en juin prochain. La Monnaie de Paris va mettre en circulation en juin, à travers la Banque de France, des pièces de deux ...

  30. JO de Paris 2024: le sondage qui ne montre pas une grande impatience

    Un peu moins de quatre Français sur dix (37%) déclarent attendre "avec beaucoup" ou "un peu d'impatience" les Jeux olympiques de Paris 2024 (26 juillet-11 août), selon un sondage Viavoice ...