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Scopes for safari rifles

• Thread starter Bert Reynolds
• Start date Sep 29, 2021

Bert Reynolds

• Sep 29, 2021

Hi all. I’m having a pair of rifles built. One in 404 Jeffery and one in 8x68S. I’d like them matching models. I would like a 1.1-4 and a 2.5-10x42 Diavari, as I have a couple of Diavari’s and they are my favourite scopes. What other recommendations do people have?  

Tally-Ho HUNTING SAFARIS

leupold vx3 and up, great value for money, lifetime guarentee, rugged  

CBH Australia

When I joined the Big Bore club people said a Leupold Vx3 1-4x20 I think it is. I had a .458wm downsized to a .375 H&H That's a solid entry level scope I was told I really like my Ziess scope and my Kahles. Someone is bound to suggest Leica here. I believe they are good all round but I have never handled a Lieca scope. I find I do appreciate great glass when I get behind it. An extra thousand bucks might be worth it if you have the means and will get the use of it. It's cheap insurance for that hunt of a lifetime.  

I’ve become a fan of illuminated scopes, specifically the Swaro Z8i series. Makes finding the crosshairs much easier against a dark colored animal. There are several other less expensive options, but still high quality scopes. I’d consider the Leupold VX3 line the entry level. For a DG scope, I would prefer a true 1x low range and mounted in QD rings. Shouldn’t need more than 4x or 5x at the high end. The PG scope should fit the caliber and expected ranges for the game. 2.5-10 or 3-9 are good options IMO for the 8mm. Again, I like these in QD rings but not completely necessary for a PG rifle. Whatever you do, remember that the rifle and scope are a system or matched set with a purpose. Stay true to that purpose and you will be fine.  

Tally-Ho HUNTING SAFARIS said: leupold vx3 and up, great value for money, lifetime guarentee, rugged Click to expand...

BeeMaa said: I’ve become a fan of illuminated scopes, specifically the Swaro Z8i series. Makes finding the crosshairs much easier against a dark colored animal. There are several other less expensive options, but still high quality scopes. I’d consider the Leupold VX3 line the entry level. For a DG scope, I would prefer a true 1x low range and mounted in QD rings. Shouldn’t need more than 4x or 5x at the high end. The PG scope should fit the caliber and expected ranges for the game. 2.5-10 or 3-9 are good options IMO for the 8mm. Again, I like these in QD rings but not completely necessary for a PG rifle. Whatever you do, remember that the rifle and scope are a system or matched set with a purpose. Stay true to that purpose and you will be fine. Click to expand...

The Z6 is a performer as well. I have them on a 375 H&H and a 300 Win Mag. They worked well on dangerous game and plains game. I would recommend the illuminated reticle.  

Bert the Turtle

As stated above, the scope and rifle are a system. The scope should suit the characteristics and purpose of the rifle. A 404 and and 8x68 have different t characteristics and purposes. They shouldn’t have identical scopes. if it’s going to be used on dangerous game, I think it should have a true 1x on the low end. I’ve got a z6i EE on my 404 and I think it’s perfect for a 404. Needs 1x on the low end and 6 is plenty on the upper end. I’ve got the 1.7-10z6i on my 30-06; it would serve admirably on an 8-68. Better low-light performance than the 1-6. If you want more magnification on the high end, a Z8 would work well but I don’t have need for more than 10x. If money is no concern, it won’t hurt to spend the extra on the z8. I’d absolutely have an illuminated reticle. It has no downside other than cost and in the level of scope appropriate for your project, illuminated is probably going to be part of the deal anyway.  

Leupold VX6 HD 1-6X24 Firedot reticle. I put this scope on my 416 Rigby. The illuminated red dot is great for fast target acquisition especially against black hides of buffalo. Turned down to 1 power setting it works like having a RMR red dot sight. Very versatile.  

Bert Reynolds said: I have a z6 on another rifle and I like it. I was considering a pair of z6’s. A 1-6 and a 1.7-10. Both rifles will have recknagel QD rings. Both rifles will be near identical with the 404 being a bit heavier in the barrel and stock. Cheaper options for scopes would be a pair of vx5’s or a pair of Leica ER5’s (old stock) Click to expand...

If you can find a Z6i ee 1-6x24 it would be perfect on that 404.  

I too am having a 404 jeff built on a magnum pre-64 Mod. 70 action. It is being built to shoot off-hand with express sights. If it goes to Africa, it will be used under a 100y at the big boys (or girls?). On another thread, there is a current discussion regarding scoping dangerous game rifles, in particular for use under 100y. My opinion is obviously, no. It might be okay if you manage a first shot kill, but what if Tembo or Mbogo gets pissed and comes after you? I don't want to be looking down a telescope with a live tank 10y away and headed in my direction! And remember, scopes in general did not come into general use until after WWII. The earlier African hunters managed quite well with open sights. Also, think Hemingway with his '06 with a peep sight - and he was shooting well beyond 100y.  

Although neither of your rifles are ”hard” recoiling, I like as close to 4” of eye relief as possible. I’d consider the Trijicon 1-6x and 2.5-12x as well as the Leupold VX-3 or VX-5 series scopes.  

JPmbogo said: I too am having a 404 jeff built on a magnum pre-64 Mod. 70 action. It is being built to shoot off-hand with express sights. If it goes to Africa, it will be used under a 100y at the big boys (or girls?). On another thread, there is a current discussion regarding scoping dangerous game rifles, in particular for use under 100y. My opinion is obviously, no. It might be okay if you manage a first shot kill, but what if Tembo or Mbogo gets pissed and comes after you? I don't want to be looking down a telescope with a live tank 10y away and headed in my direction! And remember, scopes in general did not come into general use until after WWII. The earlier African hunters managed quite well with open sights. Also, think Hemingway with his '06 with a peep sight - and he was shooting well beyond 100y. Click to expand...

Then let me elaborate. At 100y or less, off hand, I can shoot an open sighted rifle just as accurately as anyone with a scoped rifle.  

• Oct 3, 2021

There are so many quality options to choose from. Personally I default to Leupold for most my rifles. They’re light, rugged, and the warranty is a nice add-on. The VX-5 1-5 is what I run on a CZ 416 Rigby. It does what I need it to do. 1-6 Trijicon is on another option that works very well and can take me tripping in alders and still keep POI. Good luck on your search and I’d like to see photos of your completed matched pair.  

Totally agree with Jeff. Although I have not specifically tested that Leupold model, I have tested the VX-3 and it gave me a spectacular result giving it a really bad treatment and it never missed the point of impact so it is a really good alternative for BG hunting. Unfortunately, it is becoming more and more difficult to buy optics directly in the United States from Europe and less and less Leupolds are seen in European rifles. A shame because they are scopes of an impressive quality. Best regards, Jorge.  

Nevada Mike

My .404J wears a Leupold VX6i 1-6X in custom QD rings. The .375 H&H wears a Leupold VX2 2-7X in Talley QD rings with a Leupold VX3 1.5-5X in Talley QD rings as a back up scope, and my 7mm Rem magnum wears a S&B Summit 2.5 -10X. I consider these scopes to be adequate to the job.  

• Oct 8, 2021

Trijicon AccuPoint 1-4 x 30 with the illuminated German # 4 reticle in the colour of your choice.  

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Rifle Scopes   Best Scope For An African Safari

• Thread starter superwolf
• Start date Jul 6, 2010
• The Hide Armory
• Observation & Sighting Devices
• Jul 6, 2010

I am building a Rem 700 Long Action in .416 Rigby primarily for an African Safari (Cape Buffalo mainly) I have planned next year. I am also planning to using this rifle for some Kodiak Brown Bear as well. I am undecided on what optics to get. Right now I am leaning toward a Zeiss 1.1-4x24 Victory Varipoint. I am curious to know from the guys that have been to Africa, what optics would be best?  

Gunny Sergeant

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari The Swarovski PH series is very popular.  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Swarovski Z6 1-6x24 series is what I have used. Also the 1.8-10 seems like a very good scope. The Zeiss will be fine also.  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Counter Sniper! Thise African snipers can be dangerous.  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari S&B Zenith!!!  

harleymann02

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari I would not risk my life with anything less than a Counter Sniper scope heck just look at some of these features all it lacks is Alien technology recovered from the Roswell Crash. Heck it can resist impacts of up to 5000 times the force of gravity which will come in handy in case a large asteroid lands on top of you. Forged and milled pure Titanium or T6061 aircraft aluminum bodies. Impact resistance to more than 5000 times the force of gravity. Lenses of utterly flawless transmissivity, composited to aspheric lens elements to eliminate chromatic aberrations with apochromatic lenses with Extra Low Dispersion Glass. Proprietary-230-+485°F degree stable pure optical glass 24 step vacuum Bertrillium-Zantitium™ multicoating, raises the light transmission coefficients to beyond anything achieved to date. Massive 56mm primary objective lenses offer nearly triple the light transmission area of lesser designs. Vacuum and lifetime sealed with a mixture of nitrogen and rare earth gasses. Vaporless, fogless, mirageless- unaffected by atmospheric ranges from below sea level to 5 miles above it. Waterproof for marine-ops, dustproof for desert warfare & ergonomically compatible with arctic gloves or desert heat. Revolutionary front and rear reticle focal plane design dramatically reduces parallax & provides an immovable reticle plane with variable power accuracy identical to fixed power designs. Selective ranging at power allows for 1 fourth to 1 milliradian ranging, zoomable as needed on FFP Models. Variable power illumination to the reticle-red and green and black  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari How do those small objective lense scopes stack up against the larger objective lense scopes when it come to real world twilight conditions?? Thanks, Tom.  

SAKOstalker

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari new S&B 1-8x24  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari My .375 wears a 2.5-8 Zeiss, and that has done very well for me. For your specified application I would likely go straight to one of the 1-4 category of scopes basically what your looking at.  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari What?! You can't take a push-feed on Safari! Sacrilege! You need a good Mauser or better yet a few nice double rifles for the boys to carry. (Sorry, I finished reading <span style="text-decoration: underline">Something of Value</span> not too long ago) Having not been on safari myself (on the Dark Continent), I would defer wholly to the judgments of those who have (a good forum to check out). In a fanciful moment I did once purchase a 458 Win Mag custom Mauser with a safari pedigree, and it came with not one but two 1-4x scopes -- a Redfield and a Zeiss -- on claw mounts. Could be like they say: two is one, one is none.  

• Jul 7, 2010

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Haven't been on safari, but what about an acog or something like that?  

THUNDERBOLT68

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari I would go SWAROVSKI Z6i 1.7 x 10 42 w/ CD-1 reticle I had bad experience with the 24mm objective when Brown Bear Hunting  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Two (2) Leupold FX2 4x retrofitted with a German #1 reticle one on rifle one in carryon just in case  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Night Force NXS 1x4 FC-2 reticle, I haven't ben on a dangerous hunt,but that is what this scope is made for, I love mine, it is fast, and if you have a little moon you can hunt this scope all night long, even with out turning on the lit reticle  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Swarokski 1-6 Z6i or a Tricon Accupoint 1-4 w/ triangle reticle  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari <div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: LFOD1776</div><div class="ubbcode-body">What?! You can't take a push-feed on Safari! Sacrilege! You need a good Mauser or better yet a few nice double rifles for the boys to carry.</div></div> I concur! You probably want a scope for the bear because of how you will most likely hunt them but in Africa go open sights!  

sirhrmechanic

Command sgt. major.

• Jul 8, 2010

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Before I retired and became LEO in my hometown... I went after Cape Buffalo as a "guest" of US Embassy in Kenya. (It's who you know...) For M'Bogo (Cape Buffalo) used .458 built on Springfield '03 action. Not pretty, not expensive, but very functional and I would not have cared if the customs/airlines goobers stole it. Used Barnes Solids on handloads. I did not use a scope, nor would I have wanted one. Shot was in heavy brush at short range (<40 yds) in rotten conditions -- thorns and brush. Single head shot and buffalo dropped on the spot. For me a scope would not have been a plus. FYI, before the hunt, guide wanted me to hit a 3 x 5 card at 50 with the rifle. No problem w. open sights. It was his rule... no hit, no hunt. Be ready for a 'test' depending on your camp or guide. I later got my 960lb Moose w. same rifle, loaded down, at 120 yds, also with open sights. Heart shot. Still have the bullet from that one. I love good optics and use top notch ones in my current billet. But for that Africa trip, open sights were the rule. For that type of hunting, practice w. open sights and, unless your eyes don't let you use open sights, leave the scope at home. Just my $0.02. Cheers, Sirhr  

• Jul 9, 2010

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari I disagree with open sights comments.... Why do math the long way when you can use a calculator???? Why shoot irons when you can shoot with scope..... The lion I killed charged I ended his life 3 yards from me by putting bullet in nose. I was using scope... If you are shooting animals 50 yards and in irons could be fine. The chances you will be shooting game at 100 to 250 is great. I would not shoot at game with irons at that distance....  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Thunderbolt: I gladly run optics, especially as my eyes get older. But not under all circumstances and my Africa trip was one of those times. I am comfortable hitting vitals w. iron sights out to 100 yds. 150 with a rest. My buffalo was standing still and I had time to wait for an opening. My moose was 124 yards and I had 10 minutes to get into a sitting position, rest rifle over a log and wait for the perfect broadside shot. In either case, would a scope have been useful? Possibly, but I chose against and was glad I did. For Africa, I felt it was something else to get stolen or go wrong... perhaps not likely with a S&B or Leica... but I didn't have one of those. Were I going again... my eyesight at 45 isn't what it was at 35, especially close up. Rear sights are harder to acquire.... Sure, today I might pick a scope. And the reason I didn't take a scoped rifle for moose was we were in terrible raining/snowing conditions and my partner (with whom I shared the tag) had the scoped rifle. We had agreed that he would take any longer shots and I would be able to handle backups or snap shots or shoot if his scope had issues (we were using one of the experimental -- at the time -- Adirondak Optics video scopes loaned to us by Terry Gordon... so we didn't fully trust it. As it turned out, I got a 'long' shot while he was scoping a hollow about 50 yds away from me on the other side of a small ridge. His scope worked great, but he never got to shoot at a moose. And I still carry open sight rifle more than half the time during deer and all the time during muzzleloader season. Does it limit my shooting options to shorter shots? Yes, but on Vermont ridges, swamps, etc. my shots are almost all <50 yds anyway. Had I been faced w. a charging animal as you were, I doubt I'd have even used sights... more likely I would have made a snap shot. At 12 feet, I don't think I would have had the presence of mind to use a scope as effectively as you did. But having never been in that position 'for real' it's an academic question. Personally, I think I would have had more trouble acquiring through the scope but that's just me. Probably the best advice for Superwolf is to use (or not use) a scope as a matter of personal preference. There are good arguments for both options. Whatever you do, practice, practice. Not all shots will be simple, calm and un-dramatic as mine. If you can't use your gear under extreme stress as Thunderbolt was forced to do... remember M'bogo kills 200 people a year in Africa. Cheers, Pierce  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Sirhrmechanic, I do agree with what you are saying, I feel a person is limiting himself by not using a scope. I have to admit that I did turn the gun sideways when the lion was charging and looked down barrel to shoot the lion. So, I kinda used make shift irons. However, on the same hunt I shot several animals over 250 yrds. I use to have a double rifle with irons and shot my rhino with it, but that was less than 50 yrds. I have since sold it. In my humble opinion, When going to Africa A person even if he is going after one of the "dangerous seven" will be shooting more game at distance than up close. THE MOST IMPORTANT THING WHEN PLANNING THE TRIP IS NOT THE EQUIPEMENT ( IE. CALIBER,SCOPE, RIFLE....) IT IS THAT YOU SHOULD SHOOT THE SET UP YOU HAVE CHOOSEN. I DO NOT MEAN OFF A BENCH EITHER. BUY SOME STICKS...( LONGRASS.COM ) IMHO.... HAS THE BEST AFRICAN STICKS. AND SHOOT OFF THEM.... TO MANY GUYS GO OVER THERE WITH BIG CALIBERS AND FLINCH ETC...AND WOUND GAME INSTEAD OF KILLING THEM....  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari Forget the rest, just get the best: http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2010/07/78000-bolt-action-double-rifle-marvel-in-metal/ Then practice, practice, practice.  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari <div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: harleymann02</div><div class="ubbcode-body">I would not risk my life with anything less than a Counter Sniper scope heck just look at some of these features all it lacks is Alien technology recovered from the Roswell Crash. Heck it can resist impacts of up to 5000 times the force of gravity which will come in handy in case a large asteroid lands on top of you. Forged and milled pure Titanium or T6061 aircraft aluminum bodies. Impact resistance to more than 5000 times the force of gravity. Lenses of utterly flawless transmissivity, composited to aspheric lens elements to eliminate chromatic aberrations with apochromatic lenses with Extra Low Dispersion Glass. Proprietary-230-+485°F degree stable pure optical glass 24 step vacuum Bertrillium-Zantitium™ multicoating, raises the light transmission coefficients to beyond anything achieved to date. Massive 56mm primary objective lenses offer nearly triple the light transmission area of lesser designs. Vacuum and lifetime sealed with a mixture of nitrogen and rare earth gasses. Vaporless, fogless, mirageless- unaffected by atmospheric ranges from below sea level to 5 miles above it. Waterproof for marine-ops, dustproof for desert warfare & ergonomically compatible with arctic gloves or desert heat. Revolutionary front and rear reticle focal plane design dramatically reduces parallax & provides an immovable reticle plane with variable power accuracy identical to fixed power designs. Selective ranging at power allows for 1 fourth to 1 milliradian ranging, zoomable as needed on FFP Models. Variable power illumination to the reticle-red and green and black </div></div> Not again...  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari open sights or an Aimpoint Micro-T. Never hunted cape buffalo, but it seems most of the kills are up close and personal from what I've seen  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari <div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: THUNDERBOLT68</div><div class="ubbcode-body">Sirhrmechanic, THE MOST IMPORTANT THING WHEN PLANNING THE TRIP IS NOT THE EQUIPEMENT ( IE. CALIBER,SCOPE, RIFLE....) IT IS THAT YOU SHOULD SHOOT THE SET UP YOU HAVE CHOOSEN. I DO NOT MEAN OFF A BENCH EITHER. BUY SOME STICKS...( LONGRASS.COM ) IMHO.... HAS THE BEST AFRICAN STICKS. AND SHOOT OFF THEM.... TO MANY GUYS GO OVER THERE WITH BIG CALIBERS AND FLINCH ETC...AND WOUND GAME INSTEAD OF KILLING THEM.... </div></div> And that is the best advice of all. A lot of the guides or camps will require a test/zero. Be ready for one. It would not be fun to get over there and 'fail' to be allowed to hunt. Cheers, Sirhr  

shooting4life

• Jul 10, 2010

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari I have a sightron siii 1.5-5x50. It came with a cz 550 I purchased. It would be great for low light hunting. Some great looking glass that would work well in low light. I think they discontinued this model a few years back. It would work very well in low light. However, I have never been on a hunt in Africa so take it for what it's worth.  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari The kind that doesnt fail.  

• Nov 2, 2010

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari I took a Trijicon 1-4x24 Accupoint to Africa, I could not have been more impressed with the scope. Great during daylight hours and I used it to on a night ration hunt where it was brilliant too. Highly recommended.  

Greg Langelius *

Resident elder fart.

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari I don't know, I've never been to Africa (they <span style="font-style: italic">eat</span> folks there...). But I <span style="font-style: italic">have</span> been on a two-way range, and I think there probably are some crucial similarities. My questions would be about the distances of shots and the urgency involved in obtaining an effective sighting solution quickly. When seconds count, I like the reflex sight without any magnification. I would carry a second rifle with magnifying optics for distance shots, where time is not so much of the essence. I like the reflex (dot) sight because I think it's the simplest and quickest means to acquire and resolve a good sighting solution while still using both eyes. IMHO, nothing works quite so well, quite so quickly, quite so consistently. If my fanny was on the line, and something big with muscles, teeth/claws/horns, and an attitude was pissed off at me, those criteria would be foremost on my mind. Greg  

Opticsspecialist

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari there are a few good options, Schmidt and Bender and Zeiss come to mind, personally i would take a Swarovski http://www.sportoptics.com/swarovski-z6i-EE-illuminated-rifle-scope-1x6-24-4I.aspx  

• Nov 5, 2010

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari <div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: razor100</div><div class="ubbcode-body">Two (2) Leupold FX2 4x retrofitted with a German #1 reticle one on rifle one in carryon just in case </div></div> + 1  

broke_again

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari <div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: Opticsspecialist</div><div class="ubbcode-body">there are a few good options, Schmidt and Bender and Zeiss come to mind, personally i would take a Swarovski http://www.sportoptics.com/swarovski-z6i-EE-illuminated-rifle-scope-1x6-24-4I.aspx </div></div> I would say that this scope should be on your short list.  

Stewartgigi

• Mar 22, 2012

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari as said here, http://africafreak.com/blog/camera-equipment-suggestions-what-to-choose-for-your-african-safari , i think the selection begins with the type of photos one is willing to shoot.  

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari <div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: harleymann02</div><div class="ubbcode-body">I would not risk my life with anything less than a Counter Sniper scope heck just look at some of these features all it lacks is Alien technology recovered from the Roswell Crash. Heck it can resist impacts of up to 5000 times the force of gravity which will come in handy in case a large asteroid lands on top of you. Forged and milled pure Titanium or T6061 aircraft aluminum bodies. Impact resistance to more than 5000 times the force of gravity. Lenses of utterly flawless transmissivity, composited to aspheric lens elements to eliminate chromatic aberrations with apochromatic lenses with Extra Low Dispersion Glass. Proprietary-230-+485°F degree stable pure optical glass 24 step vacuum Bertrillium-Zantitium™ multicoating, raises the light transmission coefficients to beyond anything achieved to date. Massive 56mm primary objective lenses offer nearly triple the light transmission area of lesser designs. Vacuum and lifetime sealed with a mixture of nitrogen and rare earth gasses. Vaporless, fogless, <span style="font-weight: bold">mirageless-</span> unaffected by atmospheric ranges from below sea level to 5 miles above it. Waterproof for marine-ops, dustproof for desert warfare & ergonomically compatible with arctic gloves or desert heat. Revolutionary front and rear reticle focal plane design dramatically reduces parallax & provides an immovable reticle plane with variable power accuracy identical to fixed power designs. Selective ranging at power allows for 1 fourth to 1 milliradian ranging, zoomable as needed on FFP Models. Variable power illumination to the reticle-red and green and black </div></div> A mirage is caused by refraction of light through air of different temperatures...you can't control it or stop it because it is an inherent phenomenon that is independent of the scope... my .02  

Sniperprince

• Mar 23, 2012

Re: Best Scope For An African Safari The Best scope for Africa is to use the Giraffes neck and eyes =) haha .. jk!  

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Big caliber rifles for the hunt of your dreams-- whether on the hunt in the African plains on a safari, or in the Rocky Mountains of North America. Bolt action rifles are the most common for large animal hunting all over the world. Always "bring enough gun" to get the job done, and practice for the terrain you plan to visit. The classic rifle caliber for almost any situation is the 375 H&H, but we carry guns in almost every hunting caliber available, and as always- at great prices! 

Sig KILO8K-ABS, Rangefinder Monocular, 7Xx25mm, FDE, Circle, Duplex, Box + Milling Grid Reticles

Ruger Hawkeye Alaskan .375 Ruger, 20" Barrel, Hogue Overmolded Black Stock, Stainless Steel, 3rd

Savage 10/110 Brush Hunter 375 Ruger, 20" Barrel, Stainless Steel,, , Synthetic, 3 rd

Savage 10/110 Brush Hunter 338 Winchester Magnum, 20" Barrel, Stainless Steel,, , Synthetic, 4 rd

Chapuis Armes Elan Classic Double Rifle, .470 NE, 24" Barrel, Ejectors

Sabatti Classic Safari Big Five EA 500 N.E. Color Case Hardened

Chapuis Armes Elan Classic .375 H&H, 25.5" Barrel, Engraved, Box-Lock, Circassian Walnut

Chapuis Armes Elan Artisan Double Rifle, .375 H&H FL, 25.5" Barrel

Chapuis Armes Elan Artisan Double Rifle, .470 NE, 24" Barrel

Sabatti Classic Safari Big Five EA EDL 500 N.E.

Remington Model 700 North American Custom 300 Win Mag 24" Fluted Barrel, Muzzle Brake

Chapuis Armes Elan Artisan Double Rifle, .450-400 NE, 25.5" Barrel

Chapuis Armes Elan Classic, .450-400 NE 25.5"

Sabatti Classic Safari Big Five EA EDL 470 N.E.

Remington Custom Shop North American . 375 H&H, 24" Barrel, Tan Stock /w Black Webbing

Remington Custom Shop 700 NA 338 Lapua, 26" Barrel W/Muzzle Brake, 40X Trigger, Tan Stock W/Black Webbing

Smith & Wesson 500 Hunter Performance Center .500 S&W, 10.5" Barrel, Synthetic Grip, Matte Stainless, 5rd

Smith & Wesson 629 Performance Center 44 Rem Mag, 7.5", 6rd, W/Red Dot Sight

Dakota Arms Model 97 Long Range SS Hunter 300 Win Mag, 24" Barrel, Falcon Ceramic Coating, Swarovski Z6 1.7-10x42 Scope

Remington 700 SPS 375 H&H 24" Barrel, Sythentic Black Stock

Dakota Arms Model 76 African Custom 416 Rigby Upgraded, Color Case Hardening, Rings and Base

Montana Rifle Co. Colorado Buck Edition 300 Win Mag, 24" Barrel Synthetic, Cerakote, Right Hand, Brake

Sako 85 Brown Bear 375 H&H Magnum 21" Barrel 1/12 Twist

Montana Rifle Co. Extreme Vantage V2 375 H&H 24" Barrel, Muzzle Brake Synthetic, SS, Sights, RH

Sabatti Classic Safari Express, Double Trig, Extractors Only 9.3X74R

Marlin 1895 SBL Modern Lever Hunter MLH 45-70 18" Threaded Barrel, Sniper Gray Cerakote, Black Stock, Light Splatter XS Ghost Ring Sight

Winchester M70 Safari Express Bolt 375 H&H Mag 24" Barrel Grade I Walnut Stock

Winchester M70 Alaskan Bolt 375 H&H Mag 25" Barrel Walnut Stock Blued

Seekins SP10 6.5 Creedmoor, 22" Barrel, Flat Dark Earth, 20rd

Marlin 1895 Cape Hunter Package 45-70, 18" Barrel, Leupold VX3i Scope W/Super Low Mount System

Savage 10/110 Bear Hunter 375 Ruger 23" Barrel, Stainless Steel,, , AccuFit Mossy Oak Break-Up Stock, 2 rd

Browning X-Bolt Medallion Safari Bolt 300 H&H Mag 24" Barrel, Black Walnut Stock Blued Open Sights, 3rd

Kimber Talkeetna Rifle, .375 H&H Mag 24" Barrel Kevlar Carbon Stock

Browning BLR LiteWeight 81 Takedown SS 300 WinMag 24" SS Barrel Gray Stock

Browning X-Bolt Hunter 375 H&H Mag 24" Barrel, Satin Walnut Stock Blued, 4rd

Montana Rifle Co. American Vantage 375 H&H, Walnut, Blued, Right Hand W.Muzzle Brake

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The Most Iconic Rifles and Cartridges from African Safaris

By Ron Spomer

Updated on Apr 20, 2021 2:33 AM EDT

8 minute read

The .30-06 has been an Africa classic since president Teddy Roosevelt’s infamous 1909 safari. Ron Spomer

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Just as the lever-action .30/30 is iconic in the North American whitetail woods, certain rifles and cartridges are African safari icons. But which are they? Which define the long, rich tapestry of safari hunting on our greatest big-game continent?

A surprising many.

The surprise is as much the variety of calibers and cartridges as the makes and models of rifles. Seen through the lens of the modern safari hunter, classic Africa rifles would all seem a tight knit family of side-by-side doubles and beefy bolt-actions with oversized holes at their muzzles. That is only partially true.

The double-barrel big bores evolved from double-barrel muzzleloading shotguns first used to slow down large and cantankerous animals. A .50-caliber Hawken might have sufficed for a Rocky Mountain fur trapper and even a bison market hunter. But not an ivory hunter. Or even a voortrekker in pursuit of Cape buffalo or cameleopard (giraffe) skins. Even when firing 1/4-pound balls from 4-gauge guns, hunters usually needed multiple hits to bring prey to the ground. The process of reloading a muzzle loader, of course, meant one hired a gun bearer or two to stay at heel with backup guns loaded and ready. The second barrel of a side-by-side double was often the last line of defense.

Hardened and elongated bullets (Maxi balls) improved terminal performance in the mid-1800s, but the real leap forward came in the 1890s with the advent of smokeless powder. The concentrated energy of nitroglycerine boosted velocities significantly. Doubling bullet mass doubles energy. Doubling velocity quadruples energy. This made lighter bullets more effective. Nevertheless, tradition dies hard. So do buffalo. Bore diameters certainly shrank during the 1890s and 1900s, but they seemed to settle between .40 inches and .577 inches.

Oddly and simultaneously, a few hunters, tired of massive recoil and heavy guns, began experimenting with lighter military rifles and cartridges. The most famous and influential was W.D.M. “Karamojo” Bell. This Scottish ivory hunter proved a puny .275 Rigby Mauser moving round nose, 173-grain FMJ military bullets 2,300 fps (feet per second) killed mature elephants and buffalo as effectively as bigger bores when bullets from both were applied to the same vital places (brain and heart.) The .275 Rigby is the 7×57 Mauser with a different name.

Heavy Calibers for Dangerous Game

Despite Bell’s success, African dangerous game cartridges settled firmly in the larger bore sizes starting with the minimum .375 H&H Magnum and running through such famous numbers as .416 Rigby, .425 Westley Richards, .404 Jefferey, .450 Nitro Express, .470 Nitro Express, .500 Nitro Express, and .577 Nitro Express, among others. The rimmed cartridges were engineered for best function in double rifles, which still cling to their romantic position because of their second shot speed and reliability. All spit bullets weighing anywhere from 300 grains to 570 grains at muzzle velocities from 1,900 fps to 2,600 fps with most settling in at about 2,100 fps. This is a sufficient speed and mass to generate anywhere from 4,000 to 5,800 foot pounds (ft-lbs) of kinetic energy.

For perspective, the .30-06 with a 180-grain slug might hit 3,000 ft-lbs. Only one .60-caliber was ever marketed, the .600 Nitro Express, throwing 900-grain bullets about 1,900 fps to generate an unbelievable 7,000 ft-lbs muzzle energy. Even burly, beefy professional hunters considered this a bit excessive, best employed in the most dire emergencies only. The 16-pound rifles also limited how far PHs and hunters were willing to carry it.

The Move to Double Rifles

Strong, fast, naturally pointing doubles from Holland & Holland, Rigby, Westley Richards, Boss, Purdey, William Evans, Boswell, and other boutique English gunmakers gave and continue to give professional hunters and wealthy clients the tools and assurance they need in the face of a 1,500-pound buffalo at terminal velocity.

But there is a fly in the double rifle ointment. Expense. Many, if not most doubles, with articulating triggers and intercepter sears cost five to ten times more than a bolt-action of similar quality. This focuses the attentions of average hunters, even professional guides and PHs, on controlled-round-feed bolt actions like Bell’s Rigby Mauser M98. This controlled-round-feed magazine rifle provides four or five quick shots with remarkably reliable function. It wormed its way into the batteries of professional hunters when magnum versions came chambered in .416 Rigby, .404 Jeffery, .425 Westley Richards, .450 Rigby, and .505 Gibbs.

The Rigby Mauser was the standard bolt-action big bore in Africa until Teddy Roosevelt and Stewart Edward White carried Griffin & Howe modified 1903 Springfields on safari prior to WWI. They and others proved that the .30-06 could handle leopards, lions, even buffalo and rhino. Then, in 1956, the affordable Winchester M70 CRF bolt-action came along in .458 Win. Mag. This round throws 500-grain bullets to within 250 ft-lbs of the .470 Nitro Express’ energy levels. Dozens of PHs adopted it. The CZ 550 bolt-action is another rugged, dependable CRF, as is the superb, high-end Dakota M76.

The .375 H&H is Just Right

The most common chambering among African bolt-actions is the .375 H&H, one of our first belted magnum cartridges. Ever since its introduction by Holland & Holland in 1912, the old .375 H&H has clung to its well-earned fame because it’s a Goldilocks round. Not too big, not too light. Just right for the sport hunter with insufficient time to become proficient with heavier recoiling rounds. It may not be the equal of the .458 Lott (a stretched .458 Win. Mag.) or .505 Gibbs for stopping a charge, but the sport hunting client is always backed up by a professional PH. Loaded with 235-grain bullets going 2,800 fps gives the .375 H&H 300-yard reach for smaller antelope while 270-grain spire points make it a trajectory match for a .30-06 shooting 180-grain spire points. Step up to full-house 300-grain loads and with 4,100 ft-lbs muzzle energy you enjoy sufficient energy for not just eland, lion, and leopard, but rhino, buffalo, elephant, and hippo on land.

Read Next: How to Plan a Hunting Trip to Africa

Bolt Guns vs. Double Barrels vs. Single-Shot

The most significant feature of the Mauser 98 and its near copies that cement them as safari ideals is their massive, leaf-spring, claw extractor that grabs rounds from the magazine, holds them firmly against the bolt face for a straight, unencumbered ride into the chamber, and yanks them out with a wide, firm grip. Additionally, bolt-actions are much more precise for long shots and can be easily fitted with quick-release scopes for additional precision, something needed for many plains antelope. In contrast, double rifles are at their best inside 50 yards, the distance at which most are regulated to print near the same point. You can’t free-float a double’s barrels, and getting both the throw bullets to the same spot is a slow, expensive process.

One surprise safari classic is the falling block single-shot. More than a few African hunters worked with the old Winchester M85 single-shot with its external hammer, but the most famous falling block is the Farquharson as built by Gibbs. Few were actually made, but Frederick Selous used one, and that accrued to its fame. Today, the Ruger No. 1 is the go-to falling block for Africa. More elegant and expensive is the superb Dakota Model 10. Of course, a single-shot is not ideal for dangerous game, but, again, the PH is at hand to stop a charge. Knowing you have but one shot tends to focus your attention on making it a good one.

Despite more than a century of these doubles, CRF bolt-actions, and single-shots, modern safari hunters are broadening the category to include push-feed bolt-actions and even lever-actions. The same rifles hired for elk, moose, and mule deer in the U.S. are proving just as effective for kudu, oryx, and even buffalo in Africa. I’ve personally used multiple CRF and push-feed bolt actions chambered for everything from .223 Rem. to .450 Lott during some 15 African safaris and suffered no ill effects but a poor trigger and a dropped magazine from any. Lever-actions in traditional chamberings like .45-70 Govt., .405 Win. and newer magnums like the .475 Turnbull are turning heads in African safari camps these days. This hardly makes lever-actions or push-feed bolt-actions safari classics, but they can certainly do the job.

Shooting Small Ammo

Finally, we’d be remiss if we ignored the long history of small caliber rounds in Africa. While some consider Bell’s .275 Rigby an exception to the big bore rule, in reality most African game has probably been taken by such small bores. Since the early 1800s local farmers, ranchers, meat and hide hunters have made do and done well with a wide variety of affordable, often military surplus rifles and ammo. In addition to the 7×57 and .30-06, the .303 British, 6.5×55 Swede, 6.5 Mannlicher-Schoenauer, 8mm Mauser, and 9.3×64 Brenneke were quite common across Africa. Many are still collecting biltong, increasingly joined by 7mm and .300 magnums, .308 Win., 7mm-08 Rem., .270 Win., and even the loved/hated 6.5 Creedmoor.

Read Next: 10 Life-Changing Lessons I Learned From My First Africa Safari

The point is, any good shot with a good bullet can use virtually any rifle/cartridge effectively on appropriate African game. But when campfires glow against dark African nights, the appeal of the classics dominates hunters’ dreams and conversations. And the most recognized and venerated of all is the controlled-round-feed bolt-action chambered .375 H&H Magnum.

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The Moscow Trials and the "Great Terror" of 1937-1938: What the Evidence Shows

Grover Furr July 31 2010

[To be added at the end of Part One of "Stalin and the Struggle for Democratic Reform" ]

Since my two-part essay "Stalin and the Struggle for Democratic Reform" was written in 2004-5, a great deal more evidence has been published concerning the Opposition, the Moscow Trials of 1936, 1937, and 1938, the Military Purges or "Tukhachevsky Affair", and the subsequent "Ezhovshchina", often called "the Great Terror" after the title of the extremely dishonest book by Robert Conquest first published in 1968.

The newly-available evidence confirms the following conclusions:

* The defendants at the Moscow Trials of August 1936, January 1937, and March 1938, were guilty of at least those crimes to which they confessed. A "bloc of Rights and Trotskyites" did indeed exist. It planned to assassinate Stalin, Kaganovich, Molotov, and others in a coup d’�tat , what they called a "palace coup" ( dvortsovyi perevorot ). The bloc did assassinate Kirov.

* Both Rights and Trotskyites were conspiring with the Germans and Japanese, as were the Military conspirators. If the "palace coup" did not work they hoped to come to power by showing loyalty to Germany or Japan in the event of an invasion.

* Trotsky too was directly conspiring with the Germans and Japanese, as were a number of his supporters.

* Nikolai Ezhov, head of the NKVD from 1936 to late 1938, was also conspiring with the Germans.

We now have much more evidence about the role of NKVD chief Nikolai Ezhov than we had in 2005. Ezhov, head of the NKVD (People’s Commissar for Internal Affairs), had his own conspiracy against the Soviet government and Party leadership. Ezhov had also been recruited by German intelligence.

Like the Rights and Trotskyites, Ezhov and his top NKVD men were counting on an invasion by Germany, Japan, or other major capitalist country. They tortured a great many innocent people into confessing to capital crimes so they would be shot. They executed a great many more on falsified grounds or no grounds at all.

Ezhov hoped that this mass murder of innocent people would turn large parts of the Soviet population against the government. That would create the basis for internal rebellions against the Soviet government when Germany or Japan attacked.

Ezhov lied to Stalin, the Party and government leaders about all this. The truly horrific mass executions of 1937-1938 of almost 680,000 people were in large part unjustifiable executions of innocent people carried out deliberately by Ezhov and his top men in order to sow discontent among the Soviet population.

Although Ezhov executed a very large number of innocent people, it is clear from the evidence now available that there were also real conspiracies. The Russian government continues to keep all but a tiny amount of the investigative materials top-secret. We can’t know for sure exactly the dimensions of the real conspiracies without that evidence. Therefore, we don’t know how many of these 680,000 people were actual conspirators and how many were innocent victims.

As I wrote in 2005, Stalin and the Party leadership began to suspect as early as October 1937 that some of the repression was done illegally. From early in 1938, when Pavel Postyshev was sharply criticized, then removed from the Central Committee, then expelled from the Party, tried and executed for mass unjustified repression, these suspicions grew.

When Lavrentii Beria was appointed as Ezhov’s second-in-command Ezhov and his men understood that Stalin and the Party leadership no longer trusted them. They made one last plot to assassinate Stalin at the November 7, 1938 celebration of the 21 st anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution. But Ezhov’s men were arrested in time.

Ezhov was persuaded to resign. An intensive investigation was begun and a huge number of NKVD abuses were uncovered. A great many cases of those tried or punished under Ezhov were reviewed. Over 100,000 people were released from prison and camps. Many NKVD men were arrested, confessed to torturing innocent people, tried and executed. Many more NKVD men were sentenced to prison or dismissed.

Under Beria the number of executions in 1938 and 1940 dropped to less than 1% of the number under Ezhov in 1937 and 1938, and many of those executed were NKVD men, including Ezhov himself, who were found guilty of massive unjustified repression and executions of innocent people.

Some of the most dramatic evidence published since 2005 are confessions of Ezhov and Mikhail Frinovsky, Ezhov’s second-in-command. I have put some of these on the Internet in both the original Russian and in English translation. We also have a great many more confessions and interrogations, mostly partial, of Ezhov, in which he makes many more confessions. These were published in 2007 in a semi-official account by Aleksei Pavliukov.

Anticommunist Scholars Hide the Truth

All "mainstream" – that is, anticommunist – and Trotskyist researchers falsely claim that there were no conspiracies. According to them, all the Moscow Trial defendants, all the military defendants, and all those tried and sentenced for espionage, conspiracy, sabotage, and other crimes, were innocent victims. Some claim that Stalin had planned to kill all these people because they might constitute a "Fifth Column" if the USSR were attacked. Other anticommunists prefer the explanation that Stalin just tried to terrorize the population into obedience.

This is an ideological, anticommunist stance masquerading as an historical conclusion. It is not based upon the historical evidence and is inconsistent with that evidence. Anticommunist historians ignore the primary source evidence available. They even ignore evidence in collections of documents that they themselves cite in their own works.

Why do the anticommunist "scholars", both in Russia and the West, ignore all this evidence? Why do they continue to promote the false notions that no conspiracies existed and that Stalin, not Ezhov, decided to execute hundreds of thousands of innocent people? The only possible explanation is that they do this for ideological reasons alone. The truth, as established by an examination of the primary source evidence, would make Stalin and the Bolsheviks "look good" to most people.

Collectivization of Agriculture Saved The World from Nazis and Japanese…

We have an example of this ideological bias in the way anticommunist scholars and writers treat the Bolshevik collectivization of agriculture. Anticommunists have long attacked it as immoral and unjustified. Yet collectivization provided the capital for the crash industrialization of the USSR. And only industrialization made a modern Red army possible.

Without a technologically-advanced modern army the Nazis would have conquered the USSR. Then, with the resources and manpower of the USSR and the rest of Europe behind them, the Nazis could have invaded the British Isles. Nazi armies would have been a far more formidable foe against all Allied powers. Meanwhile the Japanese, strengthened by the petroleum of the Soviet Far East, would have been a far more formidable enemy for the USA in the Pacific war.

Millions more Slavs and Jews – "Untermenschen" to the Nazis – and millions more Europeans and American soldiers – would have been killed. That this did not occur can be attributed, in large part, to the Soviet collectivization of agriculture. This is an obvious conclusion. There was simply no other way than by collectivizing agriculture that the USSR could have industrialized, and thus stood up to the Nazis and Japanese.

The only alternative was the one promoted by the Right and Trotskyite conspirators: to make peace with the Germans and Japanese, even if that meant granting them huge trade and territorial concessions. That would have greatly strengthened the Axis powers in their war against the U.K. and the USA.

For purely ideological reasons anticommunists cannot admit that collectivization made it possible for the Axis to be defeated.

… And So Did The Defeat of the Conspirators in 1936-1938

Whether they were able to seize political power through a "palace coup", or whether they would have to rely on a German and/or Japanese attack as they only way they might be able to overthrow the Stalin government, the Opposition conspirators were planning some kind of alliance with the Axis.

In fact they would have had no choice, as they realized themselves. A USSR weakened by internal revolt, with or without an invasion from abroad, would have had to make trade, territorial, and ideological concessions to its major potential adversaries simply in order to avoid invasion and inevitable conquest.

At a minimum, a USSR led by some combination of conspirators would have made treaties with Germany and Japan that would have provided the Axis powers with huge natural resources, possibly with manufactured goods as well. The military conspirators were contemplating going much farther than mere trade with the Axis. They were contemplating an outright military alliance with Germany. That would have meant millions more soldiers to fight alongside the German Wehrmacht.

Therefore, in foiling the machinations of the Rights, Trotsky and his supporters, and the Military conspirators, Stalin saved Europe from Naziism – again!

No doubt this is why anticommunist "scholars" insist, in the face of all the evidence, that there were no conspiracies in the USSR and no collaboration with the Germans and Japanese. Once again they refuse to admit these truths on purely ideological grounds because doing so would seem to justify Stalin’s actions.

Bukharin, Not Stalin, To Blame for the Massive Repressions

One interesting aspect of this is that Nikolai Bukharin, leading name among the Rightists and one of its leaders, knew about the "Ezhovshchina" as it was happening, and praised it in a letter to Stalin that he wrote from prison.

It gets even better. Bukharin knew that Ezhov was a member of the Rightist conspiracy, as he himself was. No doubt that is why he welcomed Ezhov's appointment as head of the NKVD -- a view recorded by his widow in her memoirs.

In his first confession, in his now-famous letter to Stalin of December 10, 1937, and at his trial in March 1938 Bukharin claimed he had completely "disarmed" and had told everything he knew. But now we can prove that this was a lie. Bukharin knew that Ezhov was a leading member of the Rightist conspiracy -- but did not inform on him. According to Mikhail Frinovsky, Ezhov's right-hand man, Ezhov probably promised to see that he would not be executed if he did not mention his own, Ezhov's, participation (see Frinovsky's confession of April 11, 1939 ).

If Bukharin had told the truth -- if he had, in fact, informed on Ezhov -- Ezhov's mass murders could have been stopped in their tracks. The lives of hundreds of thousands of innocent people could have been saved.

But Bukharin remained true to his fellow conspirators. He went to execution -- an execution he swore he deserved "ten times over" * -- without revealing Ezhov's participation in the conspiracy.

This point cannot be stressed too much: the blood of the hundreds of thousands of innocent persons slaughtered by Ezhov and his men during 1937-1938, are on Bukharin's hands.

Objectivity and Evidence

I agree with historian Geoffrey Roberts when he says:

In the last 15 years or so an enormous amount of new material on Stalin … has become available from Russian archives. I should make clear that as a historian I have a strong orientation to telling the truth about the past, no matter how uncomfortable or unpalatable the conclusions may be. … I don’t think there is a dilemma: you just tell the truth as you see it. ("Stalin’s Wars", Frontpagemag.com February 12, 2007. At http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/35305.html )

The conclusions I have reached about the "Ezhovshchina" will be unacceptable to ideologically-motivated people. I have not reached these conclusions out of any desire to "apologize" for the policies of Stalin or the Soviet government. I believe these to be the only objective conclusions possible based on the available evidence.

I make no claim that the Soviet leadership was free from error. Stalin’s vision of a socialism leading to communism was obviously faulty in that it did not come to pass. During Stalin’s time, as during the short period of Lenin’s leadership, the Soviets made a great many errors. Error is, of course, inevitable in all human endeavor. And since the Bolsheviks were the first communists to conquer and hold state power, they were in unknown waters. It was inevitable, therefore, that they would make a great many mistakes – and they did.

However, any objective study of the evidence and the historical record shows that there was simply no alternative to forced collectivization and industrialization – except defeat at the hands of some combination of capitalist powers. Likewise, the fact that the Right, Trotskyite, and Military conspiracies really did exist but were snuffed out by the Soviet leadership, which managed to out-maneuver Ezhov and foil his conspiracy as well, proves that once again the USSR – "Stalin" – saved Europe from Naziism and all the Allies from an immense number of additional casualties at the hands of the Axis powers.

* Bukharin's two appeals for clemency, both dated March 13, 1938, were reprinted in Izvestiia September 2, 1992, p. 3. They were rejected, and Bukharin was executed on March 15, 1938. I have put them online in English here.

Additional Bibliography

Ezhov’s interrogations: I have translated all of Ezhov’s interrogations available to me as of July 2010 and put them online here:

http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/ezhovinterrogs.html (Russian original: http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/ezhovpokazaniia.html )

Lubianka. Stalin I NKVD – NKGB – GUKR "SMERSH". 1939 – mart 1946 . Moscow, 2006.

• Frinovsky confession of April 11, 1939, pp. 33-50. http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/frinovskyeng.html (Russian original here: http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/frinovskyru.html )
• Ezhov confession of April 26, 1939, pp. 52-72. http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/ezhov042639eng.html (Russian original: http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/ezhovru.html )

Petrov, Nikita, Mark Jansen. "Stalinskii pitomets" – Nikolai Ezhov . Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2008, pp. 367-379.

• Ezhov confession of August 4, 1939. http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/ezhov080439eng.html (Russian original: http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/ezhov080439ru.html )

Furr, Grover and Vladimir L. Bobrov, "Bukharin's Last Plea: Yet Another Anti-Stalin Falsification." http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/bukhlastplea.html - translation of Russian original published in Aktual’naia Istoriia for February 2009 at http://actualhistory.ru/bukharin_last_plea

Furr, Grover and Vladimir L. Bobrov, "Nikolai Bukharin's First Statement of Confession in the Lubianka" in English translation, Cultural Logic 2007 - http://clogic.eserver.org/2007/Furr_Bobrov.pdf

Furr, Grover and Vladimir L. Bobrov, "Pervye priznatel'nye pokazaniia N.I. Bukharina na Lubianke." Klio No. 1 (2007). http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/furrnbobrov_klio0107.pdf

Furr, Grover and Vladimir L. Bobrov, eds. "Lichnye pokazaniia N. Bukharina." Klio (St. Petersburg), No. 1 (2007). http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/furrnbobrov_klio0107.pdf

Furr, Grover. "Evidence of Leon Trotsky's Collaboration with Germany and Japan." In Cultural Logic for 2009. http://clogic.eserver.org/2009/Furr.pdf

Holmstr�m, Sven-Eric. "New Evidence Concerning the 'Hotel Bristol' Question in the First Moscow Trial of 1936". Cultural Logic 2008. At http://clogic.eserver.org/2008/Holmstrom.pdf

Furr, Grover.Khrushchev Lied: The Evidence That Every "Revelation" of Stalin's (and Beria's) Crimes in Nikita Khrushchev's Infamous "Secret Speech" to the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on February 25, 1956, is Provably False. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press & Media LLC, 2011. At Amazon.com ; at Erythros Press & Media : at Abebooks.com ; at Abebooks.co.uk (United Kingdom)

Furr (‘Ferr’), Grover Antistalinskaia podlost’ ("Anti-Stalin Villanies"). Moscow: Algoritm, 2007. Home page: http://www.algoritm-kniga.ru/ferr-g.-antistalinskaya-podlost.html Brief summary in this interview: "The Sixty-One Untruths of Nikita Khrushchev" (Interview with Grover Furr). http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/litrossiainterv0608_eng.html (original here: http://www.litrossia.ru/article.php?article=3003 )

Pavliukov, Aleksei. Ezhov. Moscow: Zakharov, 2007.

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Moscow relishes its new outdoor cafés

By Anne Barnard

• July 13, 2008

MOSCOW — Fat raindrops slid down the vinyl sheeting that partly sheltered the café table from the downpour that was just letting up. Water sluiced across the sidewalks, and cars spewing leaded gasoline spattered the curbs as they drove through grimy puddles.

But the woman at the front table gazed out at the street with an expression of dreamy bliss.

"Summer in Moscow is only two months," said Nargis Gulyamova, 40. "We don't often get chance to be outside."

Finding a glimpse of human-scale beauty - a patch of green in a courtyard, a 19th-century gargoyle - can be a challenge in this city of monumental architecture and busy construction sites, especially in winter when no one wants to linger on the street.

So it takes more than rain for Muscovites to give up one of their rare chances to relax outdoors, Gulyanova explained.

"To find 15 or 20 minutes to sit down outdoors, it's a big gift," she said. "Today I saw it was raining and I almost didn't come. But then I thought I have to use this chance."

On Friday, with the temperature hovering around 15 degrees to 18 degrees Celsius - in the low 60s Fahrenheit - and heavy rainstorms rolling across the city, the outdoor cafés that have become a Moscow summer tradition did brisk business, built as they are with awnings and roofs for just such a contingency. In the narrow strip of park between the two lanes of a central boulevard, couples sat placidly on benches under the drizzle, holding umbrellas.

When it comes to enjoying the outdoors, Russians have always been adept at taking what they can get: sunbathing standing up beside frozen rivers, or growing a year's worth of vegetables at their country houses in the short, bright summers.

But outdoor cafés have taken on a special importance in Moscow, where over the last decade people have slowly colonized street spaces that once offered little in the way of coziness. Cafés have filled in the architectural nooks and crannies away from the city's wide avenues - behind apartment houses, in park outbuildings. Some Moscow diners happily sit outdoors next to 10-lane avenues.

Prices aren't cheap - it's common to pay the equivalent of $4 to $8 for a cappuccino. Yet popular chains like Shokoladnitsa (Chocolate Girl) and Kofe House offer an accessible treat to the growing class of urban professionals who cannot afford the luxury goods marketed to the richest Russians but have made a little extra money from the country's oil-driven consumer boom.

The sprucing up of Moscow's streetscapes and parks - pushed through by Mayor Yury Luzhkov - and the growth of cafés have also taken the edge off what Gulyamova, sipping her espresso on Pushkin Square, called problems with the government, like the increasing limitations that have been placed on her journalist colleagues.

"If, with all our other problems, we couldn't have cappuccino, then it would be totally bad," she said.

Every spring, restaurants and cafés hammer together wooden terraces that they call, in honor of their short window of operations, summer cafés. On summer nights, sunset lingers past 10:30 p.m, and days are often sunny but not hot.

"If you don't have an outdoor café, in the summer, you might as well not open up," said Nathan Dallimore, an Australian who is one of the two imported foreign chefs at the Denis Simachyov Bar, a café attached to a high-end fashion designer's boutique.

Its busy summer café juts out into Stoleshnikov Pereulok, a cobblestone pedestrian street near the Kremlin. Vitaly Karpov, 32, an architect, and his wife Olga Neronskaya, 29, who were visiting Moscow from Tyumen, in Siberia, smoked and drank bracing espresso. Rain spattered the potted hedges behind them. They were disappointed to find Moscow colder than their home town, but, Karpov said, "We have to maximize our enjoyment."

At Venezia Trattoria, a restaurant with outdoor tables in an apartment building courtyard a few blocks away, Aleksei Bartomevich, 69, and Lena Kaichenko, 56, art historians, had just finished their mushroom soup and were waiting for his tortellini as the rain steamed up the vinyl flap that sheltered their table.

Colleagues at the nearby State Institute for Art Studies, they eat nearly every day in a café, rain or shine. She works three academic jobs at once and he works two, partly so they can enjoy such restaurants, where main courses can cost more than 400 rubles, or about $17.

Karpov recalled the Soviet days when cafés were so scarce that their doormen demanded bribes. "If you had told me then that almost every day I would be going to a restaurant, I would not have believed it," he said.

Outdoor cafés underline the growing gap between rich and poor, though. Nastya Fomina, 18, smoking with four teenage friends at Prime Star, a deli-like café on Kamergersky Pereulok, another pedestrian street near the Kremlin, said it disturbed her when passers-by asked for money.Though the restaurant's food is simple, featuring premade wraps, turkey with cranberry sauce, and shrimp - along with Russian soups like borscht, a lunch can easily run to $20. Fomina said allowances from their parents enabled her and her friends to go there every day. "It's our tradition," she said.

People who cannot afford cafés find their own ways to take advantage of the summer. Around 10 p.m. one recent night on Tverskaya Boulevard, nearly every bench was occupied by a group of people drinking beer, including Aleksandr Mikhailovich and three friends, all immigrants from Kyrgyzstan.

Mikhailovich, 31, said he made 19,000 rubles a month, or about $816, working 11 hours a day as a janitor. He can't afford a beer or a coffee in a café, he said. But he had bought Old Windmill beers for 30 rubles apiece, or $1.28.

"After working so long, you want to come and sit outside a bit, and meet people," he said as his friend nuzzled the neck of a girlfriend. Orange sunset light reflected off the mare's-tails clouds in the blue sky and on the golden onion dome of a church at the end of the park. That part was free.

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