travel vaccines for india from usa

Travel Vaccines and Advice for India

The Taj Mahal, Hampi, the Himalayas and the Caves of Ajanta are just the beginning for amazing sights in India. For thousands of years, the subcontinent has been the cradle of one of the most amazing cultures to visit.

Every year, tourists from around the globe flock to India to see its amazing sights and sounds. Whether you are a spiritual pilgrim, a business executive or an adventure seeker, India is sure to have something for you.

Do I Need Vaccines for India?

Yes, some vaccines are recommended or required for India. The CDC and WHO recommend the following vaccinations for India: hepatitis A , hepatitis B , typhoid , cholera , yellow fever , Japanese encephalitis , rabies , meningitis , polio , measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) , Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis) , chickenpox , shingles , pneumonia and influenza .

COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for travel to all regions, both foreign and domestic. Check with your local Passport Health clinic if immunization is offered in your area.

See the bullets below to learn more about some of these key immunizations:

• COVID-19 – Airborne & Direct Contact – Recommended for all unvaccinated individuals who qualify for vaccination
• Hepatitis A – Food & Water – Recommended for most travelers
• Hepatitis B – Blood & Body Fluids – Accelerated schedule available
• Typhoid – Food & Water – Shot lasts 2 years. Oral vaccine lasts 5 years, must be able to swallow pills. Oral doses must be kept in refrigerator.
• Cholera – Food & Water – A risk for travelers throughout India. Avoid swimming in popular rivers or streams as cholera may be present. Vaccination is recommended for some travelers.
• Yellow Fever – Mosquito – Required if traveling from a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.
• Japanese Encephalitis – Mosquito – Recommended for all regions except: Dadra, Daman, Diu, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Lakshadweep, Meghalaya, Nagar Haveli, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Sikkim.
• Rabies – Saliva of Infected Animals – High risk country. Vaccine recommended for long-term travelers and those who may come in contact with animals.
• Polio – Food & Water – May be required if arriving from countries with active transmission. Recommended for some travelers to the region. Single adult booster recommended.
• Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) – Various Vectors – Given to anyone unvaccinated and/or born after 1957. One time adult booster recommended.
• TDAP (Tetanus, Diphtheria & Pertussis) – Wounds & Airborne – Only one adult booster of pertussis required.
• Chickenpox – Direct Contact & Airborne – Given to those unvaccinated that did not have chickenpox.
• Shingles – Direct Contact – Vaccine can still be given if you have had shingles.
• Pneumonia – Airborne – Two vaccines given separately. All 65+ or immunocompromised should receive both.
• Influenza – Airborne – Vaccine components change annually.
• Meningitis – Airborne & Direct Contact – Given to anyone unvaccinated or at an increased risk, especially students.

See the tables below for more information:

Some mosquito-borne diseases are also prevalent in India including:

• Malaria – Antimalarial medication is recommended for many regions in India. Speak with a travel health specialist to learn if these are right for your itinerary.
• Dengue Fever – Another mosquito-borne disease, dengue affects millions each year. Unfortunately, there is no vaccination against dengue approved in the United States. Make sure you take precautions against mosquitoes like using repellents and mosquito netting.

Fortunately, the Zika virus has yet to arrive in India.

To learn more about these infections, see their respective vaccination or infection pages.

If you are traveling to India, make sure you are protected. Visit your local Passport Health to receive a comprehensive consultation on what you will need to stay safe. Book your appointment online now or call us at and make sure your dream trip doesn’t become a nightmare.

Do I Need A Yellow Fever Vaccine for India?

The yellow fever vaccine is not recommended for travelers to India. However, a yellow fever vaccination may be required for entry to India. If you are coming to India from a country where yellow fever is present you may be required to show proof of immunization. For example, if you are traveling from some South American countries to India, proof of yellow fever immunization may be required.

How To Prevent Delhi Belly (Travelers’ Diarrhea)

Delhi Belly (or travelers’ diarrhea ) is very common among travelers. Up to 70 percent of international travelers will come down with travelers’ diarrhea during their trips. This is especially true for visitors to India.

Causes can range from viral or bacteria infections to just a difference in cuisine. But, no matter how it happens, travelers’ diarrhea can ruin a trip.

There are a few precautions you can take to avoid travelers’ diarrhea:

• Avoid risky eating – Be smart about where and what you eat. Street carts may not be the best place to grab a snack, but you also don’t need to only eat pre-packaged foods. Use good judgment to decide where would be best to chow down.
• Watch what you drink – Indian water can be contaminated with bacteria and other biologics that could cause travelers’ diarrhea. Be sure anything you drink is clean. If at a restaurant, do not drink anything with ice as it is likely made from unclean water.
• Consider preventative care – Some products, like AssureGI, will provide you with some protection against travelers’ diarrhea.

Be sure to bring a travelers’ diarrhea kit that includes antibiotics or similar products that can help stop diarrhea if it occurs.

To learn more about what you can do to avoid Delhi Belly, see our travelers’ diarrhea page . Or, book an appointment with your local Passport Health by calling or scheduling online now .

Do I Need a Visa or Passport for India?

India requires all U.S. travelers have a visa prior to entering the country. Visa requirements vary based on the purpose of travel, length of stay and family background. A passport with at least six months validity is also required.

Sources: Embassy of India and U.S. State Department

What Is the Climate Like In India?

India is a big country, the weather can be different depending on where you go. Here’s some information about the weather in some of India’s most popular places:

• Goa: Goa is a beach place in India. The best time to go is from November to February when the weather is dry and comfortable.
• Delhi: Delhi is a city in India. The best time to go is from October to March when the weather is good.
• Mumbai: Mumbai is a city in India. The best time to go is from November to February when it’s cooler.
• Jaipur: Jaipur is a city in India. The best time to go is from October to March when the weather is good.
• Agra: Agra is a city in India. The best time to go is from November to March when the weather is good.
• Kerala: Kerala is a place in India with lots of rain. The best time to go is from September to March when it’s dry.

Remember that the weather can change every year, so it’s always a good idea to check before you go.

How Safe Is India?

Avoid an embarrassing stop, over 70% of travelers will have diarrhea., get protected with passport health’s travelers’ diarrhea kit .

India is generally safe, but is still a developing country in many ways. Try to avoid the Indian-Pakistani border, as growing tensions have led to a less safe situation.

Petty crime, especially theft is common. This happens mostly in trains and buses. pick-pocketing is known to occur in some tourist areas. Violent crime is traditionally uncommon, though there has been a slight increase in recent years.

Scamming has become more common in many popular areas. Be especially careful in airports and train stations. If an offer for cheap transportation or hotel rooms seems too good, it probably is. Only use well-known travel agencies when booking your trip and planning activities in-country.

LGBT individuals will want to be especially careful as laws on homosexuality are unclear. While prosecution is rare, LGBT visitors may wish to avoid drawing attention.

What Should I Pack For India?

Packing for India can be a bit tricky, as the country is different from many popular travel destinations:

• Pack light – Moving from place to place in India can be a bit tricky. Many forms of transportation have a tight fit and having something you can easily haul around is key. Bringing an extra backpack isn’t a bad idea either as a purse or small bag may not be enough to carry water, an umbrella and similar items.
• Prepare for weather – Be sure to pack according to what season you’ll be in the country. Where you are headed is also a key factor as the Himalayas are a much cooler region.
• Wear the right footwear – You’ll likely be doing a lot of walking (or even standing) in India. Make sure your shoes are up for the trip, your feet will thank you.
• Bring a complete first-aid kit – The CDC has a complete list of recommended health items which can be found here . Some notable items include: sunscreen, insect repellent, hand sanitizer and diarrhea medicine like DiaResQ or other remedies.

Where Is the U.S. Embassy in India?

The State Department recommends all travelers to India enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) to receive automated notifications from the U.S. Embassy. This program provides important information to travelers about potential threats in countries you may be visiting.

The U.S. Embassy in India is located at:

U.S. Embassy New Delhi Shantipath, Chanakyapuri New Delhi – 110021 India Telephone: +(91) (11) 2419-8000 Fax: +(91) (11) 2419-8407

Whether you are traveling for business or pleasure, India is an absolutely amazing destination. From the Himalayas to the coast of the Indian Ocean, the country’s unique culture and feel has something for every type of traveler.

To learn more about what you can do to prepare for an Indian trip, visit your local Passport Health clinic. Book your appointment today by calling or scheduling online now.

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On This Page: Do I Need Vaccines for India? How To Prevent Delhi Belly (Travelers’ Diarrhea) What Are the Entry and Exit Requirements for India? What Is the Climate Like In India? How Safe Is India? What Should I Pack For India? Where Is the U.S. Embassy in India?

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India Travel Requirements & Vaccinations

India, located in southern Asia, is the seventh largest country in the world and the second largest in terms of population. Its 4,700 miles of coastline bank the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Just under half of its coastline miles are sandy beaches, with the rest being comprised of rocky shores, cliffs and mudflats. Approximately 1/5 of the country’s interior is covered by forests.

Although India has no official, national language, Hindi is the most commonly spoken language with English also used extensively, especially in urban areas. Tourists to India enjoy a wide variety of attractions and geographical diversity, including:

• Sun-washed beaches
• Lush national parks and wildlife sanctuaries
• Ancient military and sacred structures
• Guided jungle walks and lake cruises

REQUIRED VACCINATIONS FOR INDIA TRAVEL: YELLOW FEVER VACCINE

Vaccination against yellow fever  may be required if entering India from a country with a risk of yellow fever transmission. UH Roe Green Center for Travel Medicine will provide you with an official certificate of vaccination for this purpose.

Additional Vaccines That May Be Recommended When Travelling to India

• Hepatitis A
• Japanese Encephalitis
• Malaria (pill form)

*Rabies vaccination is typically only recommended for very high risk travelers given that it is completely preventable if medical attention is received within 7 – 10 days of an animal bite.

Travelers may also be advised to ensure they have received the routine vaccinations listed below. Some adults may need to receive a booster for some of these diseases:

• Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
• Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis)

Older adults or those with certain medical conditions may also want to ask about being vaccinated for shingles and/or pneumonia.

This information is not intended to replace the advice of a travel medicine professional. Not all of the vaccines listed here will be necessary for every individual.

Talk to the experts at UH Roe Green Center for Travel Medicine & Global Health to determine how each member of your family can obtain maximum protection against illness, disease and injury while traveling, based on age, health, medical history and travel itinerary.

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Travel Vaccines and Advice for India

The Taj Mahal, Hampi, the Himalayans and the Caves of Ajanta are just the beginning for amazing sights in India. For thousands of years, the subcontinent has been the cradle of one of the most amazing cultures to visit.

Every year, tourists from around the globe flock to India to see its amazing sights and sounds. Whether you are a spiritual pilgrim, a business executive or an adventure seeker, India is sure to have something for you.

Do I Need Vaccines for India?

Yes, some vaccines are recommended or required for India. The National Travel Health Network and Centre and WHO recommend the following vaccinations for India: hepatitis A , hepatitis B , typhoid , cholera , yellow fever , Japanese encephalitis , rabies , polio and tetanus .

See the bullets below to learn more about some of these key immunisations:

• Hepatitis A – Food & Water – Recommended for most travellers to the region, especially if unvaccinated.
• Hepatitis B – Blood & Body Fluids – Recommended for travellers to most regions.
• Tetanus – Wounds or Breaks in Skin – Recommended for travellers to most regions, especially if not previously vaccinated.
• Typhoid – Food & Water – Jab lasts 3 years. Oral vaccine lasts 5 years, must be able to swallow pills. Oral doses must be kept in refrigerator.
• Cholera – Food & Water – A risk for travellers throughout India. Avoid swimming in popular rivers or streams as cholera may be present.
• Yellow Fever – Mosquito – Required if travelling from a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.
• Japanese Encephalitis – Mosquito – Recommended for all regions except: Dadra, Daman, Diu, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Lakshadweep, Meghalaya, Nagar Haveli, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Sikkim.
• Rabies – Saliva of Infected Animals – High risk country. Vaccine recommended for long-stay travellers and those who may come in contact with animals.
• Polio – Food & Water – May be required if arriving from countries with active transmission. Recommended for some travellers to the region. Single adult booster recommended.

See the tables below for more information:

Some mosquito-borne diseases are also prevalent in India including:

• Malaria – Antimalarial medication is recommened for many regions in India. Speak with a travel health specialist to learn if these are right for your itinerary.
• Dengue Fever – Another mosquito-borne disease, dengue affects millions each year. Unfortunately, there is no vaccination against dengue approved in the United States. Ensure you take precautions against mosquitoes like using repellents and mosquito netting.

Fortunately, the Zika virus has yet to arrive in India.

To learn more about these infections, see their respective vaccination or infection pages.

If you are travelling to India, ensure you are protected. Visit your local Passport Health to receive a comprehensive consultation on what you will need to stay safe. Book your appointment online now or ring us up at and ensure your dream trip doesn’t become a nightmare.

How To Prevent Delhi Belly (Traveller’s diarrhoea)

Delhi Belly (or traveller’s diarrhoea ) is very common amongst travellers. Up to 70 percent of international travellers will come down with traveller’s diarrhoea during their trips. This is especially true for visitors to India.

Causes can range from viral or bacteria infections to just a difference in cuisine. But, no matter how it happens, traveller’s diarrhoea can ruin a trip.

There are a few precautions you can take to avoid traveller’s diarrhoea:

• Avoid risky eating – Be smart about where and what you eat. Street carts may not be the best place to grab a snack, but you also don’t need to only eat pre-packaged foods. Use good judgement to decide where would be best to chow down.
• Consider preventative care – Some products, like Travelan, will provide you with some protection against traveller’s diarrhoea.

Be sure to bring a traveller’s diarrhoea kit that includes antibiotics or similar products that can help stop diarrhoea if it occurs.

To learn more about what you can do to avoid Delhi Belly, see our traveller’s diarrhoea page . Or, book an appointment with your local Passport Health by calling or scheduling online now .

Do I Need a Visa or Passport for India?

Visas are required for all travellers to India. Passport requirements are a bit more intensive than other regions. Passports must have 180 days validity from the date of visa application and another 180 days from the time of entry. Ensure you have this amount of remaining time before expiration at minimum. Proof of yellow fever vaccination may be required if you are travelling from a region where yellow fever is present.

Sources: Embassy of India and GOV.UK

What Is the Climate Like In India?

India is generally classified as a hot tropical country, except for the Himalayan north. The country has three distinct seasons:

• Summer (March to June) – Indian summers are very hot. Temperatures often climb to over 43 degrees.
• Monsoon (July to August) – The rainy season brings thunderstorms and heavy rains. These sometimes cause flooding or other damage. Bring an umbrella and be sure to take other precautions.
• Winter (October to February) – Winter temperatures are generally mild. Except in the northern regions where they will dip to near or below freezing. Remember, the higher into the mountains you go, the chillier it will get.

How Safe Is India?

India is generally safe, but is still a developing country in many ways. Try to avoid the Indian-Pakistani border, as growing tensions have led to a less safe situation.

Petty crime, especially theft is common. This happens mostly in trains and buses. Pickpocketing is known to occur in some tourist areas. Violent crime is traditionally uncommon, though there has been a slight increase in recent years.

Scamming has become more common in many popular areas. Be especially careful in airports and train stations. If an offer for transportation or hotel rooms on the cheap seems too good, it probably is. Only use well-known travel agencies when booking your trip and planning activities in-country.

LGBT individuals will want to be especially careful as laws on homosexuality are unclear. While prosecution is rare, LGBT visitors may wish to avoid drawing attention.

What Should I Pack For India?

Packing for India can be a bit tricky, as the country is different from many popular travel destinations:

• Pack light – Moving from place to place in India can be a bit tricky. Many forms of transportation have a tight fit and having something you can easily haul around is key. Brining an extra rucksack isn’t a bad idea either as a purse or small bag may not be enough to carry water, an umbrella and similar items.
• Prepare for weather – Be sure to pack according to what season you’ll be in the country. Where you are headed is also a key factor as the Himalayas are a much cooler region.
• Wear the right footwear – You’ll likely be doing a lot of walking (or even standing) in India. Ensure your shoes are up for the trip, your feet will thank you.

Where Is the Embassy of the United Kingdom in India?

If you are in India and have an emergency (for example, been attacked, arrested or someone has died) contact the nearest consular services. Contact the embassy before arrival if you have additional questions on entry requirements, safety concerns or are in need of assistance.

British High Commission New Delhi Shantipath, Chanakyapuri New Delhi 110021 India Telephone: +91 (11) 2419 2100 Emergency Phone: +91 (11) 2419 2100 Fax: +91 (11) 2419 2492 Contact Form: Click Here

Whether you are travelling for business or pleasure, India is an amazing destination. From the Himalyas to the coast of the Indian Ocean, the country’s peculiar culture and feel has something for every type of traveller.

To learn more about what you can do to prepare for an Indian trip, visit your local Passport Health clinic. Book your appointment today by calling or scheduling online now.

On This Page: Do I Need Vaccines for India? How To Prevent Delhi Belly (traveller’s diarrhoea) What Are the Entry and Exit Requirements for India? What Is the Climate Like In India? How Safe Is India? What Should I Pack For India? Where Is the Embassy of the United Kingdom in India?

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Vaccination for safe travel to India

Bharti mehta.

Department of Community Medicine; PGIMS; Rohtak, India

Harashish Jindal

Bhumika bhatt, vijay kumar dharma, satvinder choudhary.

Worldwide more than 900 million international journeys are undertaken every year. India is one of the favorite tourist destinations around the world. International travel exposes travelers to a range of health risks. Traveling to India possess a threat to travelers with waterborne diseases like bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever; vector borne diseases like dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria; animal contact disease like rabies. Furthermore diseases spreading through behavior aspects cannot be ruled out hence posing a risk for hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C as well. Hence, before travel the travelers are advised about the risk of disease in the country or countries they plan to visit and the steps to be taken to prevent illness. Vaccination offers the possibility of avoiding a number of infectious diseases that may be countered abroad. There is no single vaccination schedule that fits all travelers. Each schedule must be individualized according to the traveler’s previous immunizations, countries to be visited, type and duration of travel, and the amount of time available before departure.

Introduction

Tourism has been recognized as a potent engine for socio-economic development of any nation. Because of its inter-sectorial linkages it possesses the potential to stimulate other economic factors as well. In this rapidly shrinking world, International travel has risen from 25 million international tourists in 1950 to 1.035 million international tourists in 2012 and an estimated increase to 1.8 billion tourists in 2030. 1

Worldwide more than 900 million international journeys are undertaken every year. India is one of the favorite tourist destinations around the world. In comparison to the previous year, there has been substantial growth in foreign tourist arrivals which rose from 6.31 million to 6.65 million accounting to 5.4% and Foreign Exchange Earnings which rose from US $77 591 to US $94 487 crore accounting to 21.8% during the year 2012. 2

International travel exposes travelers to a range of health risks. Many of these risks can be minimized by precautions taken before, during and after travel. Hence, before travel the travelers are advised about the risk of disease in the country or countries they plan to visit and the steps to be taken to prevent illness. 3

Vaccination offers the possibility of avoiding a number of infectious diseases that may be countered abroad. However, satisfactory vaccines have not yet been developed against several of the most life-threatening infections, including tuberculosis, malaria, dengue and HIV/AIDS. There is no single vaccination schedule that fits all travelers. Each schedule must be individualized according to the traveler’s previous immunizations, countries to be visited, type and duration of travel, and the amount of time available before departure. 3

Following vaccination, the immune response of the vaccinated individual varies with the type of vaccine, the number of doses required, and whether the individual has been vaccinated previously against the same disease. For this reason, travelers are advised to consult a travel medicine practitioner or physician 4–8 wk before departure in order to allow sufficient time for optimal immunization schedules to be completed. 3

Traveling to India possess a threat to travelers with waterborne diseases like bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever; vector borne diseases like dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria; animal contact disease like rabies. 4 Further more diseases spreading through behavior aspects cannot be ruled out hence posing a risk for hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C as well.

Vaccine Recommendations for Travelers

Numerous international, national, and professional organizations publish guidelines and recommendations that assist travel health providers in giving the best possible advice to prospective travelers. Some of the reasons why guidelines differ include availability of products in different countries, a different cultural perception of risk, lack of evidence (or differing interpretations of the same evidence), and sometimes just honest differences in opinion among experts. 5

Vaccines Recommended for India Travel 6

The vaccination recommended for India travel includes yellow fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, tetanus-diphtheria, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, pneumococcal, typhoid fever, and some other selective vaccines like cholera, Japanese encephalitis, and rabies ( Table 1 ).

Travel is a good opportunity for the health care provider to review the immunization status of infants, children, adolescents and adults. Unimmunized or incompletely immunized travelers should be offered vaccination as recommended. A health care provider or travel medicine clinic should be consulted 2 to 3 mo in advance of travel in order to allow sufficient time for optimal immunization schedules to be completed. Vaccination offers the possibility of avoiding a number of infectious diseases that may be countered abroad. But it is important to remember that all health problems faced by international travelers are not preventable by vaccines. It is also important to remember that immunization is not a substitute for safe practices, careful selection and handling of food and water.

10.4161/hv.27234

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

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Vaccines for Travelers

Vaccines protect travelers from serious diseases. Depending on where you travel, you may come into contact with diseases that are rare in the United States, like yellow fever. Some vaccines may also be required for you to travel to certain places.

Getting vaccinated will help keep you safe and healthy while you’re traveling. It will also help make sure that you don’t bring any serious diseases home to your family, friends, and community.

On this page, you'll find answers to common questions about vaccines for travelers.

Which vaccines do I need before traveling?

The vaccines you need to get before traveling will depend on few things, including:

• Where you plan to travel . Some countries require proof of vaccination for certain diseases, like yellow fever or polio. And traveling in developing countries and rural areas may bring you into contact with more diseases, which means you might need more vaccines before you visit.
• Your health . If you’re pregnant or have an ongoing illness or weakened immune system, you may need additional vaccines.
• The vaccinations you’ve already had . It’s important to be up to date on your routine vaccinations. While diseases like measles are rare in the United States, they are more common in other countries. Learn more about routine vaccines for specific age groups .

How far in advance should I get vaccinated before traveling?

It’s important to get vaccinated at least 4 to 6 weeks before you travel. This will give the vaccines time to start working, so you’re protected while you’re traveling. It will also usually make sure there’s enough time for you to get vaccines that require more than 1 dose.

Where can I go to get travel vaccines?

Start by finding a:

• Travel clinic
• Health department
• Yellow fever vaccination clinic

Learn more about where you can get vaccines .

What resources can I use to prepare for my trip?

Here are some resources that may come in handy as you’re planning your trip:

• Visit CDC’s travel website to find out which vaccines you may need based on where you plan to travel, what you’ll be doing, and any health conditions you have.
• Download CDC's TravWell app to get recommended vaccines, a checklist to help prepare for travel, and a personalized packing list. You can also use it to store travel documents and keep a record of your medicines and vaccinations.
• Read the current travel notices to learn about any new disease outbreaks in or vaccine recommendations for the areas where you plan to travel.
• Visit the State Department’s website to learn about vaccinations, insurance, and medical emergencies while traveling.

Traveling with a child? Make sure they get the measles vaccine.

Measles is still common in some countries. Getting your child vaccinated will protect them from getting measles — and from bringing it back to the United States where it can spread to others. Learn more about the measles vaccine.

Find out which vaccines you need

CDC’s Adult Vaccine Quiz helps you create a list of vaccines you may need based on your age, health conditions, and more.

Take the quiz now !

Get Immunized

Getting immunized is easy. Vaccines and preventive antibodies are available at the doctor’s office or pharmacies — and are usually covered by insurance.

Find out how to get protected .

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TRAVEL SUPPORT

Travel requirements by destination

All destinations.

Afghanistan

Covid-19 testing requirements.

All passengers above the age of 8 years old are required to hold a negative COVID-19 PCR test conducted maximum 96 hours prior to departure.

Travel to and from Dubai

If you're travelling to, from or transiting through Dubai, please check our Travel requirements for Dubai. (Opens page in the same tab)

List of laboratories

This is a recommended list of authorised COVID-19 test laboratories in Dubai (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  where you can get tested before you travel to your destination.

The UAE government has specified designated laboratories in each of our current destinations (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  . You can either use the recommended laboratories in the list or any trusted and certified laboratories in your country of origin to get your COVID-19 RT PCR test.

Search and book flights

Latest updates

All restrictions lifted starting 01 November 2022

Mask requirements

Masks are required on board and at the airport in your destination.

The UAE government has specified designated laboratories in each of our current destinations (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  . You can either use the recommended laboratories in the list or any trusted and certified laboratories in your country of origin to get your COVID-19 RT-PCR test.

If you're travelling to, from or transiting through Dubai, please check our Travel requirements for Dubai (Opens page in the same tab) .

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Angola. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Travel from Angola

Passengers are advised to ensure they meet all travel requirements for the countries of their final/transit destinations.

If you're traveling to, from or transiting through Dubai, please check our Travel requirements for Dubai (Opens page in the same tab) .

Travel eligibility

Travel from argentina.

This is a recommended list of authorised COVID‑19 test laboratories in Dubai (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  where you can get tested before you travel to your destination.

The UAE government has specified designated laboratories (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  in each of our current destinations. You can either use the recommended laboratories in the list or any trusted and certified laboratories in your country of origin to get your COVID‑19 RT PCR test..

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Australia. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Austria. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Bahrain. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are changes to the required documents for travel to Bangladesh.

Masks are required on board and in the airport at your destination.

Visa-on-arrival services for nationals of the following countries are now available at Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka:

• United States of America
• All GCC countries
• All European countries

New Zealand

• Russian Federation
• South Korea

Read through the guideline for all arriving passengers on the Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh portal (Opens an external website in a new tab)  .

Passengers who are not fully vaccinated must have a negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test certificate for a test taken within 72 hours before departure.

Children under 12 years old are exempt from the COVID-19 PCR test requirement but must follow the requirements that apply to their accompanying family members.

Please refer to the Vaccination requirements section for more details.

Vaccination requirements

Vaccinated passengers

Travelers who have received the required doses (single/double dose) of a WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccine and carry a valid vaccination certificate are not required to present a pre-departure COVID-19 test certificate to enter Bangladesh.

Unvaccinated passengers

Travelers who have not received the required doses (single/double dose) of a COVID-19 vaccine must present a COVID-19 RT-PCR test certificate for a test taken within 72 hours before departure.

Required documents

The Online Health Declaration Form (HDF) is no longer required for travel to Bangladesh.

Travel from Bangladesh

Passengers must follow the COVID-19 PCR testing requirements of their destination and present the test result certificate at check-in. The COVID-19 PCR test certificate must be issued by approved hospitals or organizations (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  .

This is a recommended list of authorized COVID-19 test laboratories in Dubai (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  where you can get tested before you travel to your destination.

The UAE government has specified designated laboratories (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  . You can either use the recommended laboratories in the list or any trusted and certified laboratories in your country of origin to get your COVID-19 RT PCR test.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Belgium. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID‑19 entry restrictions for travel to Brazil. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Before you travel, please ensure you understand the requirements for travel to Canada (Opens an external website in a new tab)  .

While travelers will no longer have to submit their quarantine and vaccination information through ArriveCAN, they can continue to use the optional Advance Declaration feature in ArriveCAN (free as a mobile app or on the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) website) to save time at the airport by submitting their customs and immigration declaration in advance of arrival. 

Download the ArriveCAN app here (Opens an external website in a new tab)  .

Travel from Canada

If you're traveling to or transiting through Dubai, please check the travel requirements for Dubai , the requirements of your final destination, and the departure requirements below set by the Canadian government.

There are no longer any COVID‑19 entry restrictions for travel to China. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

From 7 March 2022, fully vaccinated passengers are not required to take a pre departure COVID 19 test for travel to Cote d’Ivoire.

Passengers who are not fully vaccinated, except children under below 12 years old, travelling to Abidjan from any country must have a valid printed negative COVID-19 PCR test certificate for a test taken not more than 72 hours before arrival. A certificate from any government approved laboratory is acceptable.

All arriving passengers are required to undergo a free COVID-19 antigen testing upon arrival.

Travel from Cote d’Ivoire

All departing passengers who require a COVID-19 PCR test for their final destination must conduct the test at a government designated laboratory. From 20 September 2021 the COVID‑19 PCR certificate must include a QR code.

The COVID-19 test cost is 25,000 FCFA payable online.

Passengers travelling from Abidjan must take the required pre-departure tests at designated testing centres approved by Institute Pasteur.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Cyprus. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Wearing face masks is recommended on all flights to and from Cyprus, as well in all indoor areas while in Cyprus.

Czech Republic

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Czech Republic. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Denmark. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Travel rules for Dubai residents

Follow the latest travel advice for residents travelling to and from Dubai (Opens page in the same tab) . The information changes frequently so please check back before you travel.

Travel rules for tourists

Follow the latest travel advice for tourists travelling to, through and from Dubai (Opens page in the same tab) . The information changes frequently so please check back before you travel.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Egypt. Passengers are no longer required to hold a COVID 19 vaccination certificate or a COVID 19 test result to enter the country. Quarantine restrictions have also been lifted.

There are no longer any COVID‑19 entry restrictions for travel to Ethiopia.

Visa-on-arrival services are available for eligible passengers provided they apply for OK-to-board approval before traveling to Ethiopia.

Exemptions:

• Transfer passengers
• Passengers with sticker visas
• E-visas with a confirmation page showing the passenger details along with a photo of the passenger will be accepted
• A visa on arrival will only be granted to passengers who were born in Ethiopia, whose passport states Ethiopia as their place of birth
• Children of Ethiopian nationals or Residence Card holders who are traveling with their parents, who will be allowed to enter the country with a visa on arrival eligibility or if they have a pre-issued sticker or e-visa
• Passengers with Africa Union IDs or Diplomatic IDs issued by the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, given the ID is valid
• Passengers with Ethiopian Origin ID

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to France. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Germany. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Travel from Ghana

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Greece. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

From 25 June 2022, arriving and departing passengers will no longer be required to complete a health declaration form.

From 13 March 2022, all nationalities are allowed entry into Guinea provided they complete the following requirements on arrival.

Passengers who are fully vaccinated must present proof that they have complete the required doses of the any of the following vaccines:

• Astra Zeneca
• Sinopharm and Sinovac
• Johnson & Johnson

Fully vaccinated passengers are not required to present a negative pre-departure COVID-19 test.

Passengers unvaccinated or partially vaccinated must present a negative COVID-19 PCR test certificate for a test taken not more than 72 hours before travel.

Travellers who present a COVID-19 recovery certificate dated less than six months are not required to present a vaccination certificate on arrival.

Passengers between the ages of 5 and 18 years are exempt from the vaccination requirement but must take a PCR test not more than 72 hours before entry into Conakry.

Any passenger who presents symptoms of COVID 19 (e.g. fever, cough, difficulty breathing, sneezing, poor general condition, etc.) on arrival will undergo a standard diagnostic test (PCR) and be isolated while waiting for the test results. If found positive for COVID 19, the traveller will be treated at a dedicated processing centre.

Hong Kong, China

Effective March 1, 2023, travelers are no longer required to wear masks on board flights to Hong Kong and at Hong Kong International Airport.

Please visit the official website (Opens an external website in a new tab)  for more details. 

Please check the government website  for eligibility and mandatory quarantine requirements before you travel to Hong Kong.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Hungary. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Effective February 13, 2023 (11:00 a.m. IST), travelers may be subject to random COVID-19 PCR testing on arrival in India.

Effective February 13, 2023 (IST 11:00 a.m.), pre-departure COVID-19 testing and registration on the Air Suvidha portal are no longer required for passengers traveling from China, Hong Kong, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore and Thailand.

However, all travelers arriving in India are subject to random COVID-19 testing on arrival at the airport.

Vaccination and Satu Sehat Apps are no longer mandatory requirements.

Masks are optional on board and at the airport in your destination.

The following categories of passengers are exempt from the entry restriction:

• Indonesian nationals
• Non-Indonesian nationals holding diplomatic visa and official visa
• Non-Indonesian nationals holding limited stay permit (ITAS) and permanent stay permit (ITAP)
• Non-Indonesian nationals holding diplomatic stay permit and official stay permit
• Non-Indonesian nationals holding visit visas
• Non-Indonesian nationals holding limited stay visas
• Non-Indonesian nationals holding Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) business travel card
• Foreign nationals from 92 territories who are eligible for visa on arrival services and who are visiting Indonesia for tourism purposes

International to international transit/transfer through Jakarta (CGK) airport is now allowed for a maximum of 6 hours. International to domestic transfer is allowed and travelers must present all entry requirements at the first port of entry. 

International to international transit or transfer through Denpasar (DPS) airport is now allowed for a maximum of eight hours. Between 2:00 a.m. -7:00 p.m. (LT), the airport closure period, international to international transit or transfer passengers must clear CIQ and must fulfill DPS entry requirements.

Visa-free entry or visa on arrival is only allowed through CGK, DPS, KNO, SUB, UPG, MDC, YIA, BTH, LOP, PDG, BPN, PKU, KJT, DJJ and BTJ.

Visa-free entry for tourists only applies to citizens of South East Asian countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vietnam.

Visa on arrival for tourists only applies to nationals of 92 territories: Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hong Kong SAR, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland Republic, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau SAR, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Monaco, Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Palestine, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, San Marino, Seychelles, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom (British citizens only), United States of America, Uzbekistan, Vatican and Vietnam.

Passengers who have the following types of British passports are not eligible for visa on arrival services:

• British Overseas Territories Citizen
• British National (Overseas)
• British Overseas Citizen
• British Subject
• British Protected Person

All eligible foreign nationals can apply for an e-visa on arrival (E-VOA) and pay the visa fees online before traveling to Indonesia at https://molina.imigrasi.go.id/ (Opens an external website in a new tab) 

Passengers who are eligible for visa-free entry or a visa on arrival can stay for 30 days and must comply with the following requirements:

• Minimum six months passport validity
• Return or onward ticket
• Visa-on-arrival fee of IDR 500,000
• Sufficient funds
• Tourists can stay a maximum of 30 days and request a one-time extension for another 30 days at the nearest immigration office.
• Exit Indonesia from any immigration checkpoint
• Visa-free entry and/or a visa on arrival cannot be exchanged for a resident visa

Foreign nationals who have an emergency passport, temporary passport, travel document or laissez passer are not eligible for visa on arrival services.

Foreign nationals from countries not specified can visit Indonesia by applying for a visit visa or limited stay visa before arrival.

Visit visa and limited stay visa can apply to the following purposes:

A. Visit Visa

• Tourism purposes
• Emergency work activity
• Business discussion
• Purchase of items
• Film activity
• Food, medical and humanitarian support
• Governmental duty including G20 activity or international meetings 144th Inter Parliamentary Union (IPU)
• Joining ship in Indonesia territory
• Marine industry development
• Foreign worker candidate trial on the ability to work

B. Limited Stay Visa

• As an expert staff
• Gather together to work on ships, float equipment or installation operated in Indonesian territory and Economic Exclusive Zone Indonesia
• Quality control of items or production
• Inspection or audit of branch office in Indonesia
• After-sales activity
• Installing or repairing a machine
• Non-permanent construction work
• Undertaking a film production for commercial purposes and has been approved by the appropriate authorities
• Foreign workers on a skills trial
• Visa index C313 (non-work purpose): foreign investment for period of 1 year
• Visa index C314 (non-work purpose): foreign investment for period of 2 years
• Visa index C316 (non-work purpose): study / education
• Visa index C317 (non-work purpose): family reunion

Guarantors must apply for visit visas and limited stay visas online (Opens an external website in a new tab)  to the Directorate General of Immigration based on the visit purposes.

Visit visas and limited stay visas are granted by the Director General of Immigration in the form of an electronic visa (eVisa). Visit visas with an eVisa Number ending in DN cannot be used for entry, as this code is for a visa extension for foreign nationals who have entered Indonesia and are currently staying in Indonesia (On Shore Visa). Visit visa numbers to enter Indonesia should end with LN (Off Shore Visa).

Diplomatic visa and official visa are regulated by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Holders of diplomatic and service passports from 91 countries (Opens an external website in a new tab)  can enter Indonesia with the free visa facility if the visit purpose of the visit is related to diplomatic or official visits with supporting documents:

• Carrying a diplomatic duty note or visit statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic Indonesia and or foreign state ministry
• Invitation letter issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic Indonesia for those attending meetings and or conferences in Indonesia

All passengers arriving in Indonesia must also complete the electronic Customs Declaration form https://ecd.beacukai.go.id/ 

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Iran. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Entry to Iran is allowed only for Iranian nationals and foreign nationals who have any of the following:

• Residence permit
• Entry visa (merchants)
• Work permit visa;
• Medical visa
• Investment visa
• Exit and return stamp from Iran Immigration

Eligible passengers must apply for the Entry Visa online and receive approval before traveling to Iran.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Iraq. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Passengers holding a paper visa and one-way or return tickets require OK-to-board approval. To get OK-to-board approval, they must submit copies of their passport, flight booking reference and visa 48 hours before their date of travel. The required documents must be submitted to:

• Baghdad: [email protected]
• Basra: [email protected]

The following passengers can travel to Iraq without OK-to-board approval:

• Passengers holding a valid sticker visa

All passengers who have recently traveled to or through Bangladesh will not be allowed entry to Basra.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Ireland. Passengers are no longer required to hold a COVID‑19 vaccination certificate, COVID‑19 test result or complete the Passenger Locator Form.

Travel from Ireland

Emirates passengers can undergo COVID 19 testing at the following facilities.

Emirates passengers can undergo COVID 19 testing at the following facilities. Find the testing facility closest to you and present your Emirates ticket or booking confirmation. You should receive your test results within 96 hours after the sample is taken. Emirates is not liable for the samples, their transfer and analysis as carried out under the full responsibility of these laboratories, nor for any delay in the release of test results.

• RDT Care (Opens an external website in a new tab) 
• Randox Health (Opens an external website in a new tab) 
• Travel Health (Opens an external website in a new tab) 
• Vida care (Opens an external website in a new tab) 
• Liffey Medical (Opens an external website in a new tab) 
• Better2know (Opens an external website in a new tab) 
• Tropical Medical Bureau (Opens an external website in a new tab) 

There are no longer any COVID‑19 entry restrictions for travel to Israel. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Italy. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Japan. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any testing, vaccination or quarantine requirements.

All passengers must register on the Visit Jordan portal (Opens an external website in a new tab)  prior to departure and complete the required form to get a QR code. The QR code must be presented at check-in and to authorities on arrival in Jordan.

Exceptions:

• Jordanian passengers and their families, spouses and children regardless of their nationalities
• Transit passengers
• Diplomats and employees of regional and international organisations as well as their dependents and family members with a special and/or normal passport who are residing in Jordan and who have a permanent QR code with an indefinite validity that can be used to return to Jordan on several trips

This is a recommended list of authorised COVID-19 test laboratories in Dubai (Opens a PDF in a new tab) i  where you can get tested before you travel to your destination.

All passengers who require visas should apply for and obtain an e-visa before traveling to Kenya. The e-visa can be obtained through this website (Opens page in a new tab)  . Minors under 16 years of age are exempt from the visa requirement.

Passengers holding Refugee or Alien travel documents must have a visa at all times.

The UAE government has specified designated laboratories (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  . You can either use the recommended laboratories in the list or any trusted and certified laboratories in your country of origin to get your COVID-19 RT-PCR test.

Korea, Republic of

From March 1, 2023, all passengers are requested to upload their health questionnaire information on the  Q-Code location (Opens an external website in a new tab)   or complete the Health Questionnaire (yellow form) before arrival for quarantine inspection.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Kuwait. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Lebanon. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

This is a recommended list of authorised COVID-19 test laboratories in Dubai (Opens a PDF in a new tab) (Opens an external website in a new tab)  where you can get tested before you travel to your destination.

The UAE government has specified designated laboratories in each of our current destinations (Opens a PDF in a new tab) (Opens an external website in a new tab)  . You can either use the recommended laboratories in the list or any trusted and certified laboratories in your country of origin to get your COVID-19 RT-PCR test.

There are no longer any COVID 19 entry restrictions for travel to Malaysia. Passengers are no longer required to hold a COVID 19 vaccination certificate or a COVID 19 test result to enter the country. Quarantine restrictions have also been lifted.

Malaysian International boarders are open and, passengers can travel to Malaysia provided they comply with the Entry Visa requirements. For further details, please refer to Visa Services (Opens page in a new tab)  on The Official Portal of Malaysian Immigration Department  (Opens page in a new tab) 

Visa On Arrival services is partially suspended. Passengers must refer to the Malaysian Embassy in their respective country of departure to confirm VOA eligibility.

Other information

International and domestic transfer passengers 

• Transit passengers must follow the requirements of the carrier and final destination.
• Flight itinerary must be planned with the shortest connecting flights, and transit time must not be more than 24 hours.
• Passengers arriving at Kuala Lumpur international Airport (KLIA)* and connecting to an international flight departing from KLIA 2 must complete the requirements for travel to Malaysia as they must clear immigration and collect their luggage (not applicable to pre-approved charter operations) *Emirates operates from Kuala Lumpur International Airport KLIA, also known as KLIA1 or MTB.

The following are some of airlines Operating from KLIA2.*

• FD Thai Air Asia
• Z2 Philippine AirAsia
• D7 Air Asia X
• 5J Cebu Pacific
• QZ Indonesia Air Asia
• AK Air Asia
• 3K Jet Star
• TR Scoot International

* Passengers must check with their onward carrier to verify which terminal they operate from

There are changes to the required documents for travel to the Maldives.

Passengers traveling to the Maldives must complete the online Traveler Declaration Form (Opens an external website in a new tab)   within 96 hours before arrival in the Maldives, obtain a QR code and present it at the time of check-in at the airport.

Passengers traveling to the Maldives as tourists must have a confirmed hotel reservation for their stay at registered tourist facilities.

Travel from Maldives

Passengers traveling from Maldives must confirm the COVID-19 PCR test requirements of their destination country and present the test result certificate at check-in. Please contact your resort’s guest relations department for assistance with COVID-19 PCR testing, if required.

Passengers traveling from Maldives must complete the online  Traveler Declaration Form (Opens an external website in a new tab)   within 96 hours before their flight’s departure. Obtain a QR code and present it to the officials at the entrance to check in, and to Immigration officers on departure.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Malta. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

The UAE government has specified designated laboratories in each of our current destinations (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  . You can either use the recommended laboratories in the list or any trusted and certified laboratories in your country of origin to get your COVID-19 RT-PCR test. 

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Mauritius. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination and quarantine.

To facilitate arrival process, passengers are encouraged to complete the arrival form on www.safemauritius.govmu.org (Opens an external website in a new tab)  .

Masks are not required on board or while at the airport.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Mexico. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Wearing face masks is optional on board flights and inside airport terminals. However, travelers are advised to wear them in confined spaces.

There are no longer any COVID‑19 entry restrictions for travel to Morocco. Passengers are no longer required to hold a COVID‑19 vaccination certificate or a COVID‑19 test result, or to complete the Passenger Locator Form.

Netherlands

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to the Netherlands. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Requirements for travel to a specific city or region

Travelers can now complete a New Zealand Traveler Declaration if they are flying into Christchurch, Wellington or Queenstown. Effective late August, travelers will be able to complete a New Zealand Traveler Declaration if they are flying into Auckland. For details, please visit the official website. (Opens an external website in a new tab)   

For more information and assistance, you can email or call the NZTD Contact Center (Opens an external website in a new tab)  , available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. 

• +64 4 931 5799 – for international callers (please note that charges may apply from your service provider) 
• 0800 359 269 – toll-free number for New Zealand-based callers 
• 1800 359 269 – toll-free number for Australia-based callers

Travelers arriving at New Zealand international airports now have the option to complete a digital declaration instead of a paper Passenger Arrival Card before traveling to New Zealand. Find out more 

Home/New Zealand Travel Declaration 

There are no longer any COVID-19 testing, vaccination and quarantine requirements for travel to Nigeria. There are changes to the required documents.

Masks are optional on board and at the destination airport.

Passengers are required to complete the Health Questionnaire Form (Opens an external website in a new tab)  before departure or upon arrival.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Norway. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Oman. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Pakistan.

Philippines

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Poland. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Portugal. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID 19 testing, vaccination and quarantine requirements for entry to Russia. Foreign nationals must complete the entry form provided on board.

Passengers may be subject to selective COVID-19 testing upon arrival.

Travel from Russia

Foreign passengers must complete arrival forms which are distributed on board.

Saudi Arabia

There are no longer any COVID‑19 entry restrictions for travel to Saudi Arabia. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Only passengers who meet the following conditions will be allowed on flights to Senegal.

• Residents of countries that are not affected by the temporary restriction of non-essential movement to Senegal or have not imposed restrictions on the movement of Senegal nationals
• Nationals of member states of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) and from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
• EU citizens
• Third-country nationals regularly established in Senegal and holding a residence permit issued by the competent services of the Republic of Senegal

Passengers holding a Seychelles passport must be allowed to board without any additional checks or requirements. They are exempt from obtaining an Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA). It is crucial to uphold their constitutional right of return, ensuring their unrestricted travel to Seychelles.

Passengers who hold dual citizenship with Seychelles and are traveling with a passport issued by a country other than Seychelles are exempt from the eTA requirement. However, they must provide documentation confirming their Seychelles nationality for verification purposes. Once the necessary documentation is provided, they should receive an “Ok to Board” message.

All other foreign passport holders must complete the Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) process before departure. They can obtain the eTA at https://seychelles.govtas.com/ 

This is a  recommended list of authorized COVID-19 test laboratories in Dubai (Opens a PDF in a new tab)   where you can get tested before you travel to your destination.

The UAE government has specified  designated laboratories in each of our current destinations (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  . You can either use the recommended laboratories in the list or any trusted and certified laboratories in your country of origin to get your COVID-19 RT-PCR test.

From February 13, 2023, there are no longer any COVID-19 testing, vaccination or quarantine requirements for entry to Singapore.

All passengers traveling to Singapore must comply with the current public health and entry requirements. 

Passengers who have no travel history to any country or region classified by the Singapore Ministry of Health as a Restricted Category country or region in the last seven days before travel to Singapore will not be required to serve a Stay-Home Notice (SHN) upon entering Singapore, regardless of the passenger’s vaccination status. Such passengers will also no longer be subject to any COVID-19 testing, whether pre-departure or in Singapore. Similarly, every flight into Singapore may carry unvaccinated passengers.

As of February 9, 2023, there are no countries/regions in the Restricted Category.

Effective April 26, 2022, fully vaccinated passengers traveling to Singapore will not be required to undergo pre-departure testing, except for non-Malaysian Work Permit Holders (WPHs) holding an In-Principle Approval (IPA) in the Construction, Marine Shipyard and Process (CMP) sectors.

• All other unvaccinated or partially vaccinated passengers flying to Singapore must present a negative certificate for COVID-19 Antigen Rapid test (ART) or COVID-19 PCR test taken within 2 days before departure to Singapore 
• There are no on-arrival tests required for all passengers 
• Passengers scheduled to transit in Singapore will no longer be required to take a pre-departure test or further COVID-19 tests upon arrival.

Requirements for the COVID-19 Antigen Rapid test (ART) or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test certificate:

• A COVID-19 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test must be taken at, and issued by an internationally accredited or recognized laboratory, clinic or medical facility specified on the Singapore Ministry of Health website
• Administered by a trained professional including a medical professional or government-recognized trained professional in the country or regional of departure, or
• For eligible travelers, a self-administered test that is remotely supervised by an approved ART provider in Singapore
• Must be in English
• Test result
• Date that the test was taken
• Name of the passenger as stated in their passport and at least one other personal identifier, such as the date of birth or passport number
• Self-swabs are not allowed

The COVID-19 PCR and ART test requirement does not apply to:

• A fully vaccinated passenger 
• Children 12 years old and under in this calendar year 
• Passengers who have been given an exemption by a relevant Singapore government agency 
• A transfer or transit passenger who is not seeking entry into Singapore
• Medical discharge memo issued by the relevant state authority or licensed medical professional; OR
• Result of a positive COVID-19 PCR Test administered at an internationally accredited or recognized lab/clinic/medical facility; OR
• Result of a positive antigen rapid test (ART) administered by a trained professional 
• States their name, and at least one other personal identifier such as the date of birth or passport number matching the information on their passport used for entry into Singapore
• States their date of infection or the discharge date, which must be between 7 and 90 days before the scheduled date of departure for the flight to Singapore
• Passengers who are unvaccinated or partially vaccinated who can present a positive COVID-19 PCR test or professionally administered ART result taken between 14 and 90 days before the scheduled date of departure of the flight to Singapore or a discharge letter that:
• States their date of infection or the discharge date, which must be between 14 and 90 days before the scheduled date of departure for the flight to Singapore
• Is issued by a relevant state authority or licensed medical professional
• Passengers who have been given an exemption by a relevant Singapore government agency

Prior to travel, please check this list of accepted COVID-19 vaccinations for entry  .

Passengers vaccinated in Singapore can present their vaccination status in any of the accepted formats:

• Vaccination certificate
• Vaccination status as shown in the HealthHub or TraceTogether app.

For passengers vaccinated outside of Singapore, any of the following proof of vaccination formats will be accepted: 

• Digitally verifiable vaccination certificate; OR
• Name (per travel document used for entry)
• At least one other personal identifier, e.g. date of birth or passport number (per travel document used for entry)
• Country of vaccination
• Name of vaccine(s) administered, i.e. different names for different vaccine type
• Vaccination date(s)

The vaccination requirements for entry do not apply to travelers below 13 years old at the time of arrival (i.e., aged 12 and below by year of birth)

Pass holders who cannot be vaccinated due to special considerations will be issued with an exemption letter by a Singapore Government Agency and must present this at check-in.

All work pass holders, Student’s Pass holders, their dependents, and holders of an In-Principle Approval (IPA) letter must be fully vaccinated to enter Singapore. This includes passengers with travel history to all countries/regions, including Category I and II.

Effective February 1, 2022, 12.01am (Singapore time), all Work Pass holders, Student’s Pass holders and their dependents, and holders of an In-Principle Approval (IPA) letter entering Singapore must present one of the following proofs of vaccination at check-in:

• an acceptance letter issued by the Safe Travel Office (STO) confirming that the traveler’s vaccination certificate has been verified using the Vaccination Check Portal or
• Traveler’s name as stated on the passport
• At least 1 other personal identifier (e.g. date of birth or passport number), corresponding exactly to the information in the traveler’s passport used for entry into Singapore
• Name of vaccine(s) administered (if more than 1 dose, the name of each vaccine administered) and
• Vaccination date(s) (if more than 1 dose, the date each dose was administered). Passengers must complete their vaccination at least 14 days before entering Singapore.
• Vaccination status updated on the HealthHub (Opens an external website in a new tab)  or TraceTogether (Opens an external website in a new tab)  app

All travelers must submit their  Singapore Arrival Card (SGAC) (Opens an external website in a new tab)  within three days before arrival in Singapore. If passengers have not submitted their SGAC before departure, air operators should advise them to do so to facilitate a smooth arrival process in Singapore. 

Please note that there are no fees for completing the SGAC online.

Unvaccinated or partially vaccinated passengers arriving as of August 29, 2022, will no longer be required to serve a Stay-Home Notice (SHN) order, nor be subject to an exit-SHN COVID-19 PCR test.

To avoid tests and quarantine, travelers must fulfill the public health requirements. Travelers who cannot meet the public health requirements and refuse any test(s) and/or quarantine may be turned away from Singapore.

Yellow fever vaccination:

If you have visited any country at risk of Yellow Fever transmission (Opens an external website in a new tab)  in the past six days before arrival in Singapore, you must present an International Certificate of Vaccination for Yellow Fever. 

Travelers who can’t present a yellow fever vaccination certificate must quarantine for up to six days on arrival. Quarantine also applies to those who are ineligible to receive the vaccination, e.g., children aged one year and under and individuals with contraindications.

South Africa

Travel from south africa.

Check-in will close promptly 60 minutes before departure to ensure on-time departures.

The use of masks is not mandatory.

COVID-19 testing and vaccination are no longer required for travel to Sri Lanka.

Wearing of face masks is optional.

Sri Lankan nationals / dual citizens who are traveling on Sri Lankan passports / Sri Lanka emergency travel document holders are allowed entry into Sri Lanka.

Foreign nationals are allowed entry to Sir Lanka if they have any of the following documents:

• Approved Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) (Opens an external website in a new tab) 
• Landing endorsement
• Residence visa

Visa on arrival is also available except for nationals of Afghanistan, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, North Korea, Pakistan and Syria, who must have an approved Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) in advance to be accepted for travel to Sri Lanka.

There are no longer any COVID 19 entry restrictions for travel to Sudan. Passengers are no longer required to hold a COVID 19 vaccination certificate, COVID 19 test result or complete the Passenger Locator Form Quarantine restrictions have also been lifted.

Travel from Sudan

If you are travelling from Sudan, you must take a COVID-19 PCR test before departure according to the requirements of your final destination.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Sweden. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Switzerland

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Switzerland. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Taiwan, China

There are no longer any COVID‑19 entry restrictions for travel to Tanzania. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Thailand. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms.

Nationalities who are eligible for travel to Tunisia can now be accepted for travel, including nationalities who are eligible for visa on arrival services.

Passengers will be accepted based on meeting all requirements.

All non-resident passengers are required to have a return ticket. All non Tunisian residents (holding valid residence cards) are not required to have a return ticket.

Visa on arrival must be preapproved with an application submitted by the sponsor to Immigration HQ in Tunisia.

Travel from Tunisia

All passengers except Libyan nationals who are transiting through Tunisia to Libya should have an OK TO BOARD to be accepted on Emirates flights.

All passengers are advised to arrive at check in 4 hours before departure with all the correct documents required for their destination of travel.

Documents must be printed and soft copies will not be accepted.

Check-in counters will close 90 minutes prior to departure.

The boarding gate will open 60 minutes prior to departure.

Passengers are no longer required to undergo COVID-19 testing before traveling to Uganda.

Visa on arrival services in Uganda are suspended for majority of countries.

All travelers holding ordinary passports from countries whose citizens are required to have visas to enter Uganda will be required to apply for visas online (Opens an external website in a new tab)  prior to travel, and will receive an approved notification that they must print and carry with them as travel authorization.

Exempted countries are:

• Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Burundi, Comoros, Cuba, Cyprus, Eritrea, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Island, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Travel from Uganda

Before you travel from Uganda, check the rules for traveling to, from or transiting through Dubai.

Proof of vaccination may still be required for travel from Uganda, depending on the entry requirements of the country you will be visiting. Passengers are advised to bring proof of vaccination with them when traveling.

United Kingdom

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to the UK. This includes requirements for testing, vaccination, quarantine and entry forms. 

Visit the official website  for more information. 

Please also read the latest guidance  for people with COVID 19 and their contacts.

Travel from the United Kingdom

Before you travel from the UK, check the rules for traveling to, from or transiting through Dubai (Opens page in the same tab) from your point of origin.

Proof of vaccination may still be required for traveling abroad from the UK, depending on the entry requirements of the country you will be visiting. Passengers are advised to bring proof of vaccination with them when traveling.

Emirates has partnered with the following providers in the UK to offer you special COVID-19 testing rates:

Concepto Clinic, Randox

Find out more about our partners, the tests and special rates available (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  .

Before planning your trip to the UK, you must check the rules for transiting via Dubai from the countries you have visited.

If you are traveling between countries with different rules, you need to follow the most restrictive requirements.

This means that rules that are not otherwise mandated by the UK government for entry may therefore apply to your trip. This can include the following:

• Passengers who have been in or transited through certain countries may not be permitted to enter or transit via Dubai.
• Passengers transiting via Dubai from certain countries may be required to provide a valid negative COVID-19 PCR test certificate for a test conducted at an approved facility within a defined number of hours before departure from their origin, regardless of vaccinated status. This can also include a second PCR test performed at the airport of origin only a few hours before departure.

United States

There are changes to the COVID-19 testing and quarantine requirements.

There are no longer any COVID-19 entry restrictions for travel to Vietnam. Passengers are no longer required to hold a COVID-19 vaccination certificate or a COVID-19 test result to enter the country. Quarantine restrictions have also been lifted.

From 15 February 2022, Emirates is permitted to resume regular commercial flights into Vietnam. Passengers entering Vietnam must comply with current regulations on immigration, quarantine and disease control. All travellers are required to have the following applicable documents on hand on scheduled flights for entry:

• Visa, permanent residence card, temporary residence card, or valid visa exemption certificate

From 15 May 2022, a pre-departure COVID-19 RT‑PCR or RT‑LAMP test will no longer be required for entry into Vietnam.

Travelers must fill out a traveler’s health declaration form and present it on arrival in Zambia.

There are changes to travel eligibility and the COVID-19 testing and vaccination requirements.

Passengers will be accepted for travel if they have a vaccination certificate or a negative COVID-19 PCR test certificate for a test taken not more than 48 hours before departure for Zimbabwe.

Passengers who do not present a valid vaccination certificate or negative COVID-19 PCR test certificate will not be accepted for travel.

Passengers who are not fully vaccinated must have a valid negative COVID-19 PCR test taken not more than 48 hours from the time of departure for Zimbabwe. Children below 12 years old are exempt from the pre-departure COVID-19 testing requirement.

Returning residents who do not present a valid negative COVID-19 PCR test certificate or a vaccination certificate will be required tested for COVID-19 on arrival at their own cost.

Fully vaccinated passengers are not required to take a pre-departure COVID-19 PCR test.

All vaccines will be accepted as long as you have received all the required doses before travel.

Passengers must complete the health declaration form (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  and the data entry form (Opens a PDF in a new tab)  .

Returning residents who do not present a valid negative PCR test certificate will be required to quarantine for 10 days at their own expense.

Tourists who do not present a valid negative PCR test certificate will be denied entry.

Travel from Zimbabwe

All passengers travelling from Zimbabwe except children below 12 years old must have a valid negative COVID-19 PCR test certificate issued not more than 48 hours before departure or must be fully vaccinated and have a vaccination certificate.

• COVID-19 information hub

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock Locked padlock icon ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

COVID-19 international travel advisories

If you plan to visit the U.S., you do not need to be tested or vaccinated for COVID-19. U.S. citizens going abroad, check with the Department of State for travel advisories.

COVID-19 testing and vaccine rules for entering the U.S.

• As of May 12, 2023, noncitizen nonimmigrant visitors to the U.S.  arriving by air  or  arriving by land or sea  no longer need to show proof of being fully vaccinated against COVID-19. 
• As of June 12, 2022,  people entering the U.S. no longer need to show proof of a negative COVID-19 test . 

U.S. citizens traveling to a country outside the U.S.

Find country-specific COVID-19 travel rules from the Department of State.

See the  CDC's COVID-19 guidance for safer international travel.

LAST UPDATED: December 6, 2023

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Measles outbreak puts elimination status at risk: CDC

The most recent outbreak of measles is threatening the United States' elimination status, according to a new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report published Thursday.

The first measles vaccine was introduced in 1963 and, thanks to a yearslong and highly effective vaccination campaign, measles was considered eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, meaning the disease is no longer constantly present.

Despite occasional outbreaks, the U.S. has been able to maintain its elimination status. Cases have popped up due to international travel and unvaccinated or undervaccinated communities.

However, the rapid increase in the number of measles cases during the first quarter of 2024 "represents a renewed threat to the U.S. elimination status," according to the CDC report.

As of April 4, 2024, there have been 113 cases of measles reported in the U.S. This is an at least a 17-fold higher figure than the average number of cases seen during the same period from 2020 to 2023.

"What was surprising about 2024 is that we've seen a significant increase," said Dr. John Brownstein, an epidemiologist and chief innovation officer at Boston Children's Hospital and an ABC News contributor. "It's an alarming number because it indicates a trend going in the wrong direction for us, a virus that we have successfully controlled, a virus that we successfully have an effective vaccine for."

"We're seeing a rise that is unfortunate, and actually preventable, and so this outbreak highlights the fact that we are not unfortunately done with measles," he added.

This year, the number of measles cases have soared in part due to several localized outbreak, including at a children's hospital and daycare center in Philadelphia , an elementary school in Florida and at a migrant center in Chicago . Measles is so infectious that a measles patient can infect up to 90% of close contacts who are not immune.

Dr. Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Education Center and an attending physician in the division of infectious diseases at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, pointed out that almost all people in the U.S. who have had measles in recent years either traveled internationally to a country where measles has not been eliminated or were around someone who traveled internationally, and that immigrants are not responsible for the sporadic outbreaks.

He told ABC News that more than 20 years out since elimination status was declared, the U.S. should not be seeing as much of a renewed threat as it is.

"It's getting worse; I think it's fair to say that it is getting worse," Offit said. "Look, according to [the CDC's] definition. because there hasn't been 12 consecutive months of measles transmission, we're still considered to have eliminated measles ... but we're getting there."

This is not the first time that the measles elimination status has been at risk. In 2019, there were 1,274 reported cases due to outbreak in Washington state and in New York State and New York City.

The new report comes as there has been a dip in routine childhood vaccinations. A CDC report in November found that exemptions for routine childhood vaccination among U.S. kindergartners are at their highest levels ever.

The report found that about 93% of kindergarteners received select routine childhood vaccines, including the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine for the 2022-23 school year. This is about the same as the previous school year but lower than the 94% seen in 2020-21 school year and the 95% seen in the 2019-20, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The latter percentage had been the standard for about 10 years.

Offit said there is a critical percentage of parents choosing not to vaccinate their children with the MMR vaccine. There are various reasons, including vaccine hesitancy from the COVID-19 vaccine affecting the choice to receive other vaccines and not remembering how serious measles used to be prior to vaccines.

In the decade prior to the first measles vaccine in 1963, there were three to four million cases annually, which led to 48,000 hospitalizations and 400 to 500 deaths.

"Number one is to find out what it is that's causing them to choose not to vaccinate, what's the fear, because the fear can invariably be addressed with information," Offit said. "I think it's understandable how people can be hesitant to get a vaccine, but it is a dangerous game we play. I mean, it's a game of Russian roulette."

Despite the outbreak, the experts and the CDC say that anyone who has had a previous measles infection or who has received two doses of the MMR vaccine is essentially protected for life.

The CDC currently recommends receiving two doses of the MMR vaccine, with the first those at 12 to15 months old and the second dose between ages 4 and 6. One dose of the measles vaccine is 93% effective at preventing infection if exposed to the virus. Two doses are 97% effective, according to the CDC.

"We've had a vaccine that has been in use for a very long time and is shown to be incredibly effective in keeping our elimination status of measles going," Brownstein said. "But it's not about the vaccine itself. This is not a question of whether the vaccine works. This is a question of whether people work to get the vaccine."

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US issues travel advisory for Israel as Iran vows to avenge Syria strikes

The us embassy in israel has issued an advisory to its officials and their family members, asking them not to travel outside tel aviv, jerusalem and be'er sheva, amid a looming retaliation from iran over recent airstrikes on its consulate in syria..

Listen to Story

• Iran exercising caution in its possible retaliation against Israel for Syria strikes
• May use 'regional proxies' to attack Israel
• US vows 'ironclad' support to ally, Israel

The US has alerted its embassy officials in Israel to restrict their travel outside specific cities in the country amid an impending Iranian threat over airstrikes on its consulate in Syria on April 1. This restriction is applicable to all regions outside Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Be'er Sheva, news agency Reuters reported.

This came as Israel, engaged in an over six-month war with Hamas, is preparing for another conflict on other fronts over possible retaliation from Iran. A top Iranian general and six other military officers were killed in the strike, prompting Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to vow a reprisal.

Here are the top five developments in this story:

Russia, Germany and Britain have called for restraint to avoid a Middle East war. Germany's Lufthansa airline said it had suspended flights to and from Tehran until probably April 13. Lufthansa's subsidiary Austrian Airlines also said it was still planning to fly to Tehran but was adjusting timings to avoid crew having to disembark for an overnight layover.

IN THIS STORY

Indian foreign ministry advises against travel to Iran, Israel

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Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps said it launched dozens of drones and missiles at Israel on Saturday, in an attack that could lead to a major escalation between the regional archenemies.

The U.S. military has shot down Iranian drone aircraft headed toward Israel on Saturday, three U.S. officials said, without disclosing how many drones were shot down or the precise locations.

Jordan's air defences were ready to intercept and shoot down any Iranian drones or aircraft that violate its airspace, two regional security sources said.

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• Section 10 - China
• Section 10 - Nepal

CDC Yellow Book 2024

Author(s): Kristin VanderEnde, Meghna Desai

Destination Overview

Infectious disease risks, environmental hazards & risks, safety & security, availability & quality of medical care.

India is approximately one-third the size of the United States but has 4 times the population—almost 1.4 billion people—making it the second most populous country in the world, behind China. Rich in history, culture, and diversity, India is the birthplace of 4 of the world’s religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism. India is experiencing rapid urbanization, as noted in the growth of megacities (e.g., Delhi, Mumbai). India’s topography is varied, ranging from tropical beaches to deserts, foothills, and the Himalaya Mountains. Northern India has a more temperate climate; the south is more tropical year-round. Many travelers prefer India during the winter (November–March), when temperatures are more agreeable.

Because of India’s size, short-term travelers usually select a region of the country to visit for any given trip. A typical itinerary to the north includes the cities of Agra, Delhi, Varanasi, and cities in Rajasthan State (e.g., Jaipur [the Pink City] and Udaipur). More southern routes might swing through the beaches of Goa and the cities of Bengaluru (Bangalore) and Mumbai. In the east, Kolkata (Calcutta) is considered the cultural capital of the country.

Despite the many and varied itineraries, most health recommendations for travelers to India are similar. The incidence of some illnesses (e.g., those transmitted by mosquitoes) is greater during the monsoon season (June–September), which has high temperatures, heavy rains, and the risk of flooding. Travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) require extra consideration. Because they might stay in rural areas not often visited by tourists or businesspeople, live in homes, and eat and drink with their families, VFR travelers are at greater risk for many travel-related illnesses (see Sec. 9, Ch. 9, Visiting Friends & Relatives: VFR Travel ). Some VFR travelers might not seek pretravel health advice since they are returning to their land of origin.

All travelers to India should be up to date with routine immunizations . Infants 6–11 months old should get 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel to India; this dose does not count as part of the routine childhood vaccination series. Vaccination against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is recommended for travelers to India; specific guidance varies by age of the traveler (see the disease-specific chapters in Section 5). Additionally, India requires travelers coming from countries reporting cases of polio to show proof of oral polio vaccination; travelers should check with the Ministry of Health to learn if there is a requirement for a dose of polio vaccine prior to entry into India.

Enteric Infections & Diseases

Active cholera transmission has been reported from India in recent years and might be underreported. For current cholera vaccine recommendations for travel to India, refer to the destination page on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Travelers’ Health website. For more information on cholera, see Sec. 5, Part 1, Ch. 5, Cholera .

Giardiasis (see Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch. 12, Giardiasis ) is a major cause of diarrheal disease and is associated with morbidity in both children and adults in India. Travelers should maintain good hand hygiene, avoid drinking tap water, and should exclusively consume boiled, bottled, or filtered water (see Sec. 2, Ch. 9, Water Disinfection ).

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E virus is transmitted through fecally contaminated water and person-to-person through the fecal–oral route (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 10, Hepatitis E ). Highly endemic to India, hepatitis E is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis and acute liver failure. Infection during pregnancy puts people at greater risk for severe disease as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g., miscarriage, neonatal demise).

Travelers drinking untreated water or going to areas with poor sanitation are at risk for infection. Travelers should maintain good hand hygiene; avoid tap water; drink only boiled, bottled, or filtered water; and eat thoroughly cooked meats (see Sec. 2, Ch. 8, Food & Water Precautions ). Travelers immunized against hepatitis A who develop symptomatic hepatitis likely have hepatitis E.

Travelers’ Diarrhea

Travelers’ diarrhea (TD) is acquired through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or beverages, particularly in places where basic hygiene and sanitation infrastructure is poor. Both cooked and uncooked foods are potential vehicles for infection if handled improperly. The risk for TD is high in India; travelers have >60% likelihood of developing TD during a 2-week journey. Discuss self-treatment for diarrheal illness with travelers (see Sec. 2, Ch. 6, Travelers’ Diarrhea , and Sec. 2, Ch. 8, Food & Water Precautions ).

Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fever

In the United States, ≈85% of cases of typhoid fever are in people who traveled to India or other countries in South Asia (see Sec. 5, Part 1, Ch. 24, Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fever ). Thus, even for short-term travel, typhoid vaccine is recommended. Patients hesitant to be vaccinated might be persuaded by learning that typhoid fever acquired in South Asia is typically multidrug-resistant, and in a growing number of instances extensively drug–resistant. Remind all travelers to India to also practice good hand hygiene and follow safe food and water precautions.

Paratyphoid fever, a clinically similar disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotypes Paratyphi A, B, and C, has become increasingly prevalent in South Asia, but typhoid vaccines are not protective against this infection.

Respiratory Infections & Diseases

Coronavirus disease 2019.

All travelers going to India should be up to date with their COVID-19 vaccines .

Endemic Fungi

Four environmentally transmitted fungal pathogens are predominant to India; risk to travelers varies by activity and underlying health conditions.

Aspergillosis

Aspergillus spp. are airborne fungi that cause a broad array of illnesses ranging from mild to severe. Azole resistance and unavailability of amphotericin B complicate treatment. Most severe aspergillosis illness occurs in patients who are severely immunocompromised or critically ill.

Cryptococcosis

Cryptococcus neoformans exists in the environment worldwide. The fungus is typically found in soil, on decaying wood, in tree hollows, or in bird droppings . When inhaled, C. neoformans can cause a pneumonia-like illness. C. neoformans also is known to cause meningitis, especially in people who are immunocompromised or living with HIV. Diagnostic testing is limited in India.

Histoplasmosis

In areas where Histoplasma spp. are endemic, occupational and recreational (e.g., bat or birdwatching, cave exploration) activities that disrupt the soil surface can release infectious mold spores into the air. If inhaled, these spores can cause acute pulmonary disease and, more rarely, focal or disseminated extrapulmonary infection (see Sec. 5, Part 4, Ch. 2, Histoplasmosis ).

Mucormycosis

Various modes of transmission (inhalation being most common) for Mucorales spp. have been described. Underlying diabetes mellitus and glucocorticoid steroid use are among the major risk factors for mucormycosis in India. Mucormycosis has become a risk among patients recovering from COVID-19 and is associated with poor outcomes in these patients.

Influenza virus circulation in India usually peaks during the monsoon season (June–September) with secondary peaks during winter (November–February). Furthermore, the actual timing of the influenza season varies across the country due to differences in regional climates. Influenza vaccine coverage in India is assumed to be very low (no official data are available). Travelers who receive the Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine might not be fully protected from the viral strain circulating in India and should observe all necessary behavioral precautions to protect themselves from influenza, including frequent handwashing and respiratory etiquette. Travelers to India are strongly encouraged to receive an influenza vaccine directed against the Southern Hemisphere influenza strains from their health care providers, either in the United States (if available) or in India.

Tuberculosis

Approximately 25% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide are reported from India. Travelers planning to work in high-risk settings or in crowded institutions (e.g., homeless shelters, hospitals, medical clinics, prisons) are at risk for exposure. Travelers visiting ill friends or relatives or engaging in congregate activities (e.g., religious gatherings) also can face TB exposure risk.

Discuss the importance of testing before and after travel, and measures travelers can take to prevent disease. Travelers with anticipated exposure risks should undergo tuberculin skin testing have an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) before leaving the United States (see Sec. 5, Part 1, Ch. 23, . . . perspectives: Testing Travelers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection ). If a tuberculin skin test is used, CDC recommends the 2-step method for establishing a baseline. If the predeparture test results are negative, repeat the same type of test 8–10 weeks after the traveler returns from India.

Use of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in health care workers who will have increased risk of exposure during travel has been proposed, although this recommendation remains controversial (see Sec. 5, Part 1, Ch. 22, Tuberculosis ). US Food and Drug Administration–approved BCG formulations are no longer available in the United States.

Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV

As of 2019, an estimated 2.3 million people in India were living with HIV infection. Although the reported adult HIV prevalence in India is low, prevalence is much greater in specific locations (e.g., in the states of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland) and among high-risk populations (e.g., people who inject drugs, transgender people, men who have sex with men, and female sex workers). Condomless sex increases a traveler’s risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

Indian law penalizes acts related to prostitution, including running a brothel, soliciting, and trafficking. High-quality condoms and other barrier methods are available for sale in drugstores in India. Homosexuality is not illegal in India.

Skin Infections

Superficial dermatophytosis.

In addition to emerging viral and multidrug- resistant bacterial pathogens, superficial dermatophytosis has become a significant problem for travelers to India, largely due to the presence of a widespread fungal strain that is highly resistant to treatment. Indiscriminate use of topical antifungal + highly potent steroid combination preparations is believed to have contributed to the rise of the fungal strain. Travelers who develop a rash they think is ringworm should be aware that creams sold widely in drugstores in India can worsen the infection and cause other health problems. Consider prescribing a product that travelers can take in their travel health kit. For severe or recurrent infections, consider posttravel molecular testing for species identification (see Sec. 11, Ch. 8, Dermatologic Conditions ).

Soil- & Waterborne Infections

India accounts for 65% of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Southeast Asia, and 27% of all cases globally. Pathogens are found in both urban and rural areas, and include roundworm ( Ascaris lumbricoides ), hookworm ( Ancylostoma duodenale and Necatur americanus ), and whipworm ( Trichuris trichiura ). Symptoms might be nonspecific and include abdominal pain, diarrhea (with blood or mucous), fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. To reduce the risk for infection, travelers should pay attention to hand hygiene, safe food and water precautions, and always wear shoes (see Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch. 13, Soil-Transmitted Helminths ).

Vectorborne Diseases

Chikungunya, dengue & zika.

During the last several years, India has experienced outbreaks of chikungunya, transmitted by infected Aedes species ( Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus ) mosquitoes. Chikungunya symptoms are similar to those of dengue and malaria, but often with severe and persistent arthralgia (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 2, Chikungunya ).

Dengue is transmitted by infected Aedes species ( Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus ) mosquitoes and is endemic to all of India except at high elevation in mountainous regions (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 4, Dengue ). Large outbreaks can occur, including in many urban areas. Incidence is greatest during the wet summer season, which includes the monsoon season (June–September). Aedes mosquitoes bite both indoors and outdoors. Travelers to India should take measures to protect themselves from mosquito bites (see Sec. 4, Ch. 6, Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods ).

Zika is a risk in India. Because of the possibility for birth defects in infants born to mothers infected with Zika during pregnancy, people who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant should review the most recent recommendations .

Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is present throughout the country. Transmission occurs mostly from May–October in northern states and year-round in southern states. The JE virus is transmitted to humans who live and work in rural areas (typically around rice paddies and irrigation systems), primarily by Culex mosquitoes that feed on infected birds, pigs, and other mammals. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, severe headache, vomiting, general weakness, and neurological symptoms. Vaccination is recommended for people traveling extensively in rural areas, long-term travelers, and people assigned to work in endemic areas (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 13, Japanese Encephalitis ).

Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar)

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), transmitted by sandflies ( Phlebotomus argentipes ), presents with acute fever and splenomegaly (see Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch. 15, Visceral Leishmaniasis ). Travelers to India should take measures to protect themselves from both day- and night-biting sandflies (see Sec. 4, Ch. 6, Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods ).

Lymphatic Filariasis

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is transmitted by several mosquito vectors that bite during day, evening, and night, including Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquito spp. (see Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch .9, Lymphatic Filariasis ). LF presents with lymphedema and elephantiasis many years after the infection; in men, LF can present with hydrocele (swelling of the scrotum). In most instances, short-term travelers are at low risk because multiple bites over time are necessary for infection. Long-term travelers and expatriates are at greater risk.

Malaria remains a public health problem in India. Both Plasmodium vivax and chloroquine- resistant P. falciparum are found throughout India, including the cities of Mumbai and New Delhi; most cases occur in 7 states: Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Malaria-transmitting mosquitoes bite primarily between dusk and dawn. For recommended prophylaxis and mosquito bite precautions, see Sec. 2, Ch. 5, Yellow Fever Vaccine & Malaria Prevention Information, by Country ; Sec. 4, Ch. 6, Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods ; and Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch. 16, Malaria .

Rickettsial Diseases

Rickettsial infections, including outbreaks, are present across India; scrub typhus is the most common (see Sec. 5, Part 1, Ch. 18, Rickettsial Diseases ). Infection is seasonal (after the rainy season), more prevalent in rural areas, and often presents with nonspecific signs and symptoms. Travelers should wear long sleeves and pants and protect exposed skin with insect repellents when visiting potential vector-infested areas, especially areas with forest and vegetation (see Sec. 4, Ch. 6, Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods ). Counsel travelers to seek prompt medical care for acute fever onset, rash, or eschar (tan, brown, or black tissue) around an insect bite.

Yellow Fever

India has no risk for yellow fever (YF), and CDC has no recommendations for travelers to receive YF vaccine before going to India. The Government of India, however, has strict and carefully defined country entry requirements for proof of vaccination against yellow fever from travelers ≥9 months old (infants <9 months old exempted) arriving from areas with risk of yellow fever virus transmission (for details, see Sec. 2, Ch. 5, Yellow Fever Vaccine and Malaria Prevention Information, by Country ).

Air Quality

Air pollution is a major public health problem across India, and travelers might encounter high-level exposures to various pollutants in urban, peri-urban, and rural settings. All travelers to India should be aware of local air pollution concerns and any advisories in effect on a day-to-day basis (see Sec. 4, Ch. 3, Air Quality & Ionizing Radiation ). Vulnerable groups (e.g., children, older people) and people with preexisting health conditions (e.g., asthma, chronic lung disease, coronary artery disease) are particularly at risk for adverse outcomes. When air quality is poor or expected to deteriorate, travelers should avoid outdoor activities and follow  local health guidance from the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), Central Pollution Control Board, and the US Embassy and US Consulates in India .

Altitude Illness & Acute Mountain Sickness

Popular tourist destinations in India include the high-elevation Himalayas. Inform travelers visiting these areas about the early symptoms of altitude illness and acute mountain sickness, to not ascend to higher elevations when experiencing symptoms, and to descend if symptoms become worse while resting at the same elevation (see Sec. 4, Ch. 5, High Elevation Travel & Altitude Illness ). Travelers with certain underlying medical problems can be at increased risk for adverse events associated with travel to high elevations and should consult a physician familiar with this topic prior to departure.

Animal Bites & Rabies

India has the highest burden of rabies in the world; rabid dogs are common (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 18, Rabies ). Travelers bitten or scratched by a dog or other mammal in India might have limited or no access to postexposure rabies treatment; rabies immune globulin is generally not available in India. Encourage travelers to consider purchasing a medical evacuation insurance policy that will cover travel to receive recommended rabies postexposure prophylaxis. Discuss preexposure rabies vaccination with travelers who have high exposure risk, including adventure travelers, campers, cave explorers, children, people for whom there is an occupational exposure risk (e.g., veterinarians, wildlife biologists), and people visiting rural areas.

Animal bites and wounds can transmit diseases other than rabies. Cellulitis, fasciitis, and wound infections can result from the scratch or bite of any animal. Potentially fatal to humans, B virus is carried by macaques (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 1, B virus ). These Old World monkeys inhabit many of the temples in India, scatter themselves in many tourist gathering places, and are kept as pets. Macaques can be aggressive and often seek food from people. When visiting temples, travelers should not carry any food in their bags, hands, or pockets. Stress to travelers that they should not approach or attempt to handle monkeys or other animals. If bitten, travelers should seek immediate medical care.

Travelers, particularly those going to rural areas, should be aware of the risk for snake bites, and should take precautions to wear solid shoes or boots and use a flashlight when walking outside at night.

Climate & Sun Exposure

Sun exposure and heat-related illnesses are concerns for travelers in India, particularly during summer months and at high elevations (see Sec. 4, Ch. 1, Sun Exposure , and Sec. 4, Ch. 2, Extremes of Temperature ). Travelers should eat and drink regularly, wear loose and lightweight clothing, and limit physical activity at times when temperatures are high.

Natural Disasters

Natural disasters, including cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, floods, and landslides, are not uncommon in India. Travelers should become aware of the natural disaster risks at their destination. Encourage US citizens and nationals traveling and living in India to enroll in the US Department of State’s Smart Traveler Enrollment Program to receive information from the US embassy on safety conditions, and to help the US embassy in India contact them in an emergency, including during natural disasters.

Crime does occur in India, but rarely is it directed toward foreign travelers; verbal and sometimes physical harassment of female foreign travelers is a concerning exception. Although most victims of harassment are locals, attacks in tourist areas highlight the fact that visitors to India are also at risk and should exercise vigilance and situational awareness. Petty crimes (e.g., pickpocketing, purse snatching) are very common when using public transportation, while out walking, and in heavily populated tourist areas.

Mass Gatherings

Drawing tens of millions of people, Kumbh Mela is the largest mass gathering event / religious pilgrimage in the world. Celebrated according to the Hindu calendar, Kumbh Mela occurs 4 times over an approximately 12-year cycle. During each observance of this normally 4-month long festival, pilgrims ritually bathe in one of 4 sacred rivers in India; in 2021, Kumbh Mela was limited to 30 days due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Mass casualty trauma (e.g., crush injuries, stampedes) and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant organisms and enteric and respiratory pathogens are among the more serious risks to health and safety associated with attendance (see Sec. 9, Ch. 10, Mass Gatherings ).

Political & Religious Unrest

Demonstrations and general strikes ( bandh ) often cause inconvenience. Religious violence occurs occasionally. Travelers should obey curfews and travel restrictions, and avoid demonstrations and rallies because of the potential for violence.

India continues to experience terrorist and insurgent activities that can affect US citizens directly or indirectly. Terror attacks have targeted public places (e.g., cinemas, hotels, markets, mosques, restaurants in large urban areas, trains and train stations), including some places frequented by tourists. Although an attack can occur at any time, they generally take place during the busy evening hours in markets and other crowded places. Travelers should pay attention to US Department of State advisories regarding issues that arise at some borders, religious tensions, or terrorist activities. In times of instability, travelers should seek guidance from the US Embassy or Consulates in India website for appropriate action (see Sec. 4, Ch. 11, Safety & Security Overseas ).

Traffic-Related Injuries

India’s roadways are some of the most hazardous in the world, and have large numbers of traffic- related deaths, including among pedestrians (see Sec. 8, Ch. 5, Road & Traffic Safety ). Animals, bicycles, overcrowded buses, motor scooters, people, rickshaws, and trucks all compete for space on streets and roads, increasing the risk for crashes. Travelers should fasten seat belts when riding in cars, and wear a helmet when riding bicycles or motorbikes. Advise travelers to avoid boarding overcrowded buses and not to travel by bus into the interior of the country or on curving, mountainous roads. Discourage nighttime driving (long-distance travel in particular), even with a hired, paid driver.

While India ranks highly in the international quality standards maintained at its major private hospitals that employ the bulk of the country’s doctors, it lags in postoperative care (e.g., environment, hygiene, infection control) and regulations (e.g., facilitators, hospitals, insurance, medicolegal issues) as compared to regional competitors.

Travelers needing medical care while traveling can contact the US embassy in India for referrals, speak to a hotel concierge, or see links to find medical treatment by category, and a list of hospitals accredited by the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (Constituent Board of the Quality Council of India). Most major hospitals in big cities accept payment by major credit cards; hospitals and doctors in smaller cities might only accept cash.

Medical Tourism

Well-trained English-speaking health care practitioners and low cost for high-quality treatment make India a health care destination for a mix of alternative (ayurveda, homeopathy, yoga), curative (cosmetic, surgical), and wellness medicine.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge substantial contributions to the sections on vectorborne, foodborne, and waterborne diseases from Dr. Kayla Laserson, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, India. We thank the following people for their expert review and contributions across various sections of the chapter: Dr. Syed Asrafuzzaman, Department of Health and Human Services (Availability & Quality of Medical Care); Mr. Yvon Guillaume, US Department of State (Safety & Security); Dr. John Jereb, CDC (Tuberculosis); Dr. Deepika Joshi and Dr. Melissa Nyendak, CDC India (HIV & Sexually Transmitted Infections); Dr. Vikas Kapil, CDC (Air Quality); Dr. Siddhartha Saha, CDC India (Influenza); and Dr. Anoop Velayudhan, Indian Council of Medical Research (Fungal Infections and Superficial Dermatophytosis).

The following authors contributed to the previous version of this chapter: Phyllis E. Kozarsky, Pauline Harvey

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