cdc travel medicine uganda

Travel Vaccines and Advice for Uganda

The east African country of Uganda was called the “Pearl of Africa” by Winston Churchill. That title is unsurprising if one looks at the sheer beauty of the country.

In Uganda is the world’s longest river, the Nile, snowy mountains, and wildlife reserves. The country has a diverse culture, comprised of more than 50 local tribes, each with their own traditions and history. There’s also a lively night life, particularly in Kampala, with tons of parties, bars, and dance floors around.

On This Page: Do I Need Vaccines for Uganda? Other Ways to Stay Healthy in Uganda Do I Need a Visa or Passport for Uganda? What Is the Climate Like in Uganda? Is It Safe to Travel to Uganda? Queen Elizabeth National Park What Should I Take to Uganda? U.S. Embassy in Uganda

Do I Need Vaccines for Uganda?

Yes, some vaccines are recommended or required for Uganda. The CDC and WHO recommend the following vaccinations for Uganda: typhoid , hepatitis A , polio , yellow fever , chikungunya , rabies , hepatitis B , meningitis , influenza , COVID-19 , pneumonia , chickenpox , shingles , Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) .

See the bullets below to learn more about some of these key immunizations:

• Typhoid – Food & Water – Shot lasts 2 years. Oral vaccine lasts 5 years, must be able to swallow pills. Oral doses must be kept in refrigerator.
• Hepatitis A – Food & Water – Recommended for most travelers.
• Polio – Food & Water – Due to an increase in cases globally, an additional adult booster is recommended for most travelers to any destination.
• Yellow Fever – Mosquito – Required for all travelers over 1 year of age.
• Chikungunya – Mosquito – Infection is believed to be widespread in Uganda. Vaccination is recommended.
• Rabies – Saliva of Infected Animals – High risk country. Vaccine recommended for long-term travelers and those who may come in contact with animals.
• Hepatitis B – Blood & Body Fluids – Recommended for travelers to most regions.
• Meningitis – Airborne & Direct Contact – Located in the meningitis belt, vaccination is recommended during the dry season (Dec. – June)
• Influenza – Airborne – Vaccine components change annually.
• COVID-19 – Airborne – Recommended for travel to all regions, both foreign and domestic.
• Pneumonia – Airborne – Two vaccines given separately. All 65+ or immunocompromised should receive both.
• Chickenpox – Direct Contact & Airborne – Given to those unvaccinated that did not have chickenpox.
• Shingles – Direct Contact – Vaccine can still be given if you have had shingles.
• Polio – Food & Water – Considered a routine vaccination for most travel itineraries. Single adult booster recommended.
• TDAP (Tetanus, Diphtheria & Pertussis) – Wounds & Airborne – Only one adult booster of pertussis required.
• Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) – Various Vectors – Given to anyone unvaccinated and/or born after 1957. One time adult booster recommended.

See the table below for more information:

Specific Vaccine Information

• Typhoid – Typhoid, a potentially life-threatening illness caused by Salmonella Typhi, spreads through contaminated food and water in areas with poor sanitation. To prevent it, practice good hygiene and safe food and water precautions.
• Hepatitis A – Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus, typically spreading through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain. The hepatitis A vaccine is an effective prevention method, administered in two shots over six months. The vaccine is recommended for travelers to areas with high hepatitis A rates and certain high-risk groups.
• Yellow Fever – Yellow fever, a virus transmitted by mosquitoes, can cause serious illness. Protection is essential, and the yellow fever vaccine is the key. This highly effective vaccine, administered before travel to at-risk areas, grants long-lasting immunity, helping to halt the virus’s spread and safeguard travelers from infection.
• Rabies – The rabies virus is a deadly threat that spreads through bites and scratches from infected animals. Preventing rabies involves timely vaccination, avoiding contact with wildlife and seeking immediate medical attention if bitten. The rabies vaccine is instrumental in developing immunity and safeguarding against this fatal disease.
• Hepatitis B – Hepatitis B, a liver infection transmitted through infected fluids, can be prevented through safe practices and the hepatitis B vaccine. The vaccine prompts the immune system to produce antibodies, offering robust and long-lasting protection against the virus.
• Meningitis – Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes, often caused by viral or bacterial infections. The meningitis vaccine, administered through injection, protects against various types of meningitis, including bacterial forms. It’s recommended for high-risk groups, including certain age groups, travelers, and those with specific medical conditions.
• Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) – Measles, mumps, and rubella are contagious diseases transmitted via respiratory droplets and touch. Preventing these illnesses is primarily achieved through vaccination, using the MMR vaccine. It’s administered in two doses and provides immunity against all three viruses.

Yellow Fever in Uganda

Proof of yellow fever vaccination is required for entry to Uganda. Travelers are advised to receive the vaccine at least 10 days before arrival in the country. Vaccination is also recommended by the CDC and WHO to protect travelers from the virus.

Malaria in Uganda

Antimalarials are recommended for travelers to all regions of Uganda. Chloroquine resistance is present in the country. Atovaquone, doxycycline, mefloquine and tafenoquine are suggested as antimalarials if traveling to the region. Consult with a travel health specialist on which antimalarial will best fit your needs.

Malaria spreads through infected mosquitoes. Travelers should also take steps to avoid mosquito bites and take antimalarials.

There is a risk of yellow fever in Uganda. All travelers over the age of one year must be vaccinated for entry.

The CDC recommends travelers planning on visiting certain parts of Uganda during the dry season (December – June) receive a meningitis vaccine .

Visit our vaccinations page to learn more. Travel safely with Passport Health and schedule your appointment today by calling or book online now .

Other Ways to Stay Healthy in Uganda

Prevent bug bites in uganda.

Protect yourself from bug bites by wearing long clothing and using CDC-recommended repellents like DEET or picaridin. Avoid bug-prone areas during peak hours to reduce the risk.

Food and Water Safety in Uganda

Safeguard your health while abroad by researching local cuisine, avoiding tap water, and practicing hand hygiene. Choose reputable eateries, be cautious with ice, and drink in moderation.

Altitude Sickness in Uganda

Altitude sickness, characterized by symptoms like headache and nausea stemming from oxygen deprivation at high elevations, can be prevented through gradual ascent, hydration, and medication like acetazolamide. Should AMS symptoms arise, immediate descent to lower altitudes, rest and seek medical attention.

Infections To Be Aware of in Uganda

• African Sleeping Sickness – Protective clothing and insect repellent use, plays a vital role in preventing African Sleeping Sickness, a disease transmitted by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa.
• African Tick-Bite Fever – African Tick-Bite Fever (ATBF) is transmitted through tick bites. Prevention involves proper clothing, tick repellents, and regular tick inspections. If visiting endemic regions, consult healthcare professionals to further safeguard against ATBF.
• Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever – Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, caused by tick bites and person-to-person contact, requires preventive actions like tick protection and strict healthcare precautions.
• Dengue – Dengue fever is a significant global health concern. Symptoms can escalate from mild fever to life-threatening conditions. Preventing mosquito bites is key to avoidance, with recommendations including repellent and netting use.
• Ebola – Ebola, a deadly virus, can be prevented through rigorous hand hygiene and avoiding infected individuals, both are crucial in halting its transmission.
• Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever – As the development of a Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever vaccine progresses, it remains vital to prevent the virus’s spread through vigilant measures. Infections stem from contact with infected animals or people, stressing the importance of protective gear.
• Rift Valley Fever – Rift Valley Fever, transmitted by mosquitoes and infected animal contact, can be prevented through livestock vaccination, mosquito control, and safe animal handling practices.
• Schistosomiasis – Schistosomiasis, caused by parasitic flatworms, is prevalent in areas with contaminated freshwater sources. Prevention involves staying out of potentially infected waters and using protective clothing. Recognizing symptoms such as fever and seeking medical help promptly is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
• Zika – Zika, transmitted by infected mosquitoes and through sexual contact, can lead to birth defects. Preventing Zika involves using insect repellent, safe sexual practices, and eliminating mosquito breeding sites.

Do I Need a Visa or Passport for Uganda?

American travelers to Uganda must have a valid passport and visa for entry. Proof of yellow fever vaccination is also required.

Sources: Embassy of Uganda and U.S. State Department

What Is the Climate Like in Uganda?

Uganda is a country with many popular tourist destinations, each with its own unique weather patterns.

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is in the southwest and is known for mountain gorillas. The weather there is generally cool and wet throughout the year, with temperatures ranging from 45 to 70 degrees. It is wettest from March to May and September to November, and driest from June to August and December to February.

Queen Elizabeth National Park is in the west and has a lot of wildlife like elephants, lions and hippos. The weather is generally warm and dry, with temperatures ranging from 70 to 85. It is wettest from March to May and September to November, and driest from June to August and December to February.

Murchison Falls National Park is in the north and has a waterfall and wildlife like elephants, giraffes, and crocodiles. The weather is generally hot and dry, with temperatures ranging from 80 to 90. It is wettest from March to May and September to November, and driest from June to August and December to February.

Kibale National Park is in the west and is known for chimpanzees and tropical forests. The weather is generally warm and wet, with temperatures ranging from 60 to 80. It is wettest from March to May and September to November, and driest from June to August and December to February.

Uganda has a tropical climate, and it’s a good idea to check the weather forecast before visiting any of these destinations.

Is It Safe to Travel to Uganda?

Before traveling, it is a good idea to research the places you plan to visit to get an idea of the safety situation in those areas. Use reliable tour operators and transportation providers. Be cautious of strangers who approach you.

Keep your valuables such as cash, passport, and electronics in a safe place like a hotel safe or a money belt. Avoid carrying large amounts of cash or expensive jewelry and electronics. Always wear a seatbelt and drive carefully.

These tips can help you stay safe while traveling in Uganda.

Queen Elizabeth National Park

Avoid an embarrassing stop, over 70% of travelers will have diarrhea., get protected with passport health’s travelers’ diarrhea kit .

Queen Elizabeth National Park is a popular tourist destination in Uganda because of its diverse wildlife and beautiful landscapes. Tourists can see many different kinds of animals on a safari, like elephants, lions and chimpanzees.

They can also take a boat cruise on the Kazinga Channel to see hippos, crocodiles, and many types of birds. Birdwatchers will be especially happy in the park, as there are over 600 species of birds. There are cultural tours where tourists can visit local communities and learn about the different tribes that live there.

Tourists can go on hikes and explore the different trails in the park, such as the Kyambura Gorge and Maramagambo Forest.

Queen Elizabeth National Park offers many fun activities for tourists interested in nature, wildlife, and culture, and is a must-visit destination in Uganda.

What Should I Take to Uganda?

If you’re planning a trip to Uganda, you should pack light, comfortable clothes because it’s warm and humid there. Don’t forget to bring a rain jacket or umbrella for occasional rain showers. You should also bring insect repellent to protect against mosquitoes and other biting insects. Sunscreen with a high SPF and sunglasses will protect your skin and eyes from the intense equatorial sun.

It’s also a good idea to pack a small first-aid kit with basic supplies like bandages, antiseptic, and pain relievers. A camera and binoculars will allow you to capture the beauty of Uganda’s wildlife and landscapes. Bring enough cash or a credit card to cover expenses, and a reusable water bottle to stay hydrated.

You’ll need your passport and any necessary visas, as well as proof of yellow fever vaccination. Other recommended vaccinations include hepatitis A and B, typhoid, and rabies. Uganda uses Type G electrical outlets, bring a travel adapter if you plan to bring electronic devices.

U.S. Embassy in Uganda

When traveling it is very helpful to find out exactly where the U.S. embassy or consulates are located. Keep the address written down in case you have a legal problem, you lose your passport, or you want to report a crime. Be sure to keep a copy of your passport with you in case you lose the original.

U.S. Embassy Kampala Plot 1577 Ggaba Road Kampala, Uganda Telephone: +(256)(0) 414-306-001 and +(256)(0)312-306-001 Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(256)(0) 414-306-001 and +(256)(0)312-306-001 Fax: +(256)(0) 414-259-794 Email: [email protected]

If you have any questions about traveling to Uganda or are wondering what shots you may need for your trip, schedule an appointment by calling or book online today .

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Exercise a high degree of caution in Uganda overall due to the threat of terrorism and violent crime, and the risk of civil unrest.

Higher levels apply in some areas.

Uganda (PDF 750.8 KB)

Africa (PDF 1.76 MB)

Local emergency contacts

Fire and rescue services, medical emergencies.

Call 999 or go to the hospital.

Advice levels

Exercise a high degree of caution in Uganda overall.

See  Safety .

Do not travel within 50 kilometres of the border with South Sudan.

Do not travel  within 50 kilometres of the border with South Sudan due to the serious risk of armed bandits and cross-border attacks by rebel groups.

Reconsider your need to travel  within 50 kilometres of the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (excluding the  Eastern shores of Lake Albert). 

Reconsider your need to travel within 50 kilometres of the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo due to the risk of banditry and attacks by armed groups. This includes  areas North and South of Lake Albert. We advise exercise a high degree of caution to the Eastern shores of Lake Albert. 

See Safety .

• Terrorism is a threat in Uganda. There have been recent attacks that caused many deaths and serious injuries. Foreigners may be targeted.  Avoid large gatherings, including large-scale worship, and music and cultural festivals. Terrorists may also target hotels, bars, restaurants and other tourist areas. Uganda has increased security arrangements in public places due to terrorist attacks. Expect body, car and luggage checks when travelling. Take official warnings seriously and follow the advice of authorities.
• Violent political protests can occur quickly, and there's potential for tension or politically motivated incidents across Uganda.
• Security is usually required when gorilla trekking due to the risk of armed attack. For your safety, don't take gorilla trekking tours that cross into the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
• Petty crime and violent crime can happen. Always be alert. Don't walk in isolated areas or along dark streets at night.
• The security situation in the neighbouring DRC is very unstable and volatile. You may be kidnapped or caught up in violence.  Reconsider your need to travel within 50 kilometres of the border with DRC (excluding the Eastern shores of Lake Albert). If you're travelling near the border, seek professional security advice.

Full travel advice:  Safety

• There's currently an outbreak of Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) in parts of Africa. Maintain strict hygiene standards and avoid physical contact with anyone who has Mpox (see ‘Health risks’).
• Many medications are in short supply or not available in Uganda. Take enough legal medicine for your trip.
• Yellow fever and malaria are common. Other insect-borne diseases can occur. Make sure your accommodation is insect proof. Use insect repellent.
• HIV/AIDS is a risk. Take steps to reduce your risk of exposure to the virus.
• Foodborne, waterborne and other infectious diseases in Uganda include cholera, typhoid, hepatitis and mpox. Drink only boiled or bottled water. Avoid raw or undercooked food. Avoid physical contact with anyone who has mpox.
• Medical facilities are very limited outside Kampala. If you become seriously ill or injured, you may need to be evacuated to another country. Make sure your travel insurance covers this.

Full travel advice:  Health

• Uganda adopted a new Anti-Homosexuality Act on 30 May 2023. The Act prohibits same-sex relationships, and convictions may result in severe sentences. Same-sex public displays of affection, like kissing in public places, could lead to arrest and imprisonment. Members of the LGBTQI+ community may face discrimination, potential violence and abuse. LGBTQI+ travellers should carefully consider the risks of travelling to Uganda. 
• There are severe penalties for the possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs. If you're convicted, you'll face a long jail sentence and heavy fines.
• Serious crimes can attract the death penalty or corporal punishment.
• It's illegal to take photos of certain buildings and areas or wear military-style or camouflage clothing.

Full travel advice:  Local laws

• The East African Community's EAC Tourist Visa allows travellers multiple entries to Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda for 90 days. You can also apply for a visa from the Government of Uganda. Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice. Contact the nearest high commission or consulate of Uganda for the latest details.

You need a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate to enter Uganda. Some airlines may want to see a certificate when you leave.

• It may be difficult to access money. Traveller's cheques aren't widely accepted.

Full travel advice:  Travel

Local contacts

• The  Consular Services Charter  details what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.
• The Australian Consulate in Kampala can provide limited consular help.
• You can get full consular help from the  Australian High Commission in Kenya .
• To stay up to date with local information, follow the High Commission’s social media accounts.

Full travel advice:  Local contacts

Full advice

Terrorism is a threat in Uganda. Foreigners may be targeted in attacks.

Uganda has increased security arrangements in public places.

This includes borders and at the international airport.

Recent terrorist attacks have resulted in fatalities and injuries, including:

• 17 October 2023 - terrorist militants killed two foreign tourists and their guide in Queen Elizabeth National Park in western Uganda
• 16 June 2023 - terrorist militants attacked a school in Mpondwe in western Uganda
• 16 November 2021 - two explosions in the central business district and near Parliament in Kampala
• 25 October 2021 - explosion occurred on a passenger bus travelling on the Kampala-Masaka highway
• 23 October 2021 - when an explosion occurred in a restaurant in Kampala

Expect body, car and luggage checks when travelling, especially in Kampala.

Possible targets for terror attacks include:

• large gatherings, including large-scale worship services, and music and cultural festivals
• tourist areas, hotels, resorts restaurants, bars, clubs, marketplaces, markets and shopping centres
• schools, places of worship, outdoor and political events
• airports, bus terminals, public transport and government buildings

To protect yourself from terrorism:

• avoid visiting locations that are possible terrorist targets
• consider the level of security at venues you're visiting
• be alert in crowded places and monitor local media
• pay close attention to your personal security 
• take official warnings seriously and follow instructions

Report any suspicious items or activities to police.

If there's a terrorist attack, leave the affected area immediately if it's safe to do so.

Avoid the affected area afterwards as there may be further attacks.

Terrorism is a threat worldwide.

More information:

To protect yourself if you travel to an area where there's a threat of kidnapping:

• seek professional security advice
• arrange effective security measures for yourself, vehicle and accommodation

The Australian Government's longstanding policy is that it doesn't make payments or concessions to kidnappers.

Civil unrest and political tension

Demonstrations and protests.

Political and other demonstrations can become violent without warning, causing loss of life and injury. Police have used tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition to disperse demonstrators. You should take great care and avoid all demonstrations and rallies where possible.

To protect yourself during periods of unrest:

• avoid large gatherings, political rallies and demonstrations
• monitor the media
• avoid affected areas
• follow advice from local authorities
• Demonstrations and civil unrest

Border violence

It's extremely unstable in the neighbouring DRC. Cross-border attacks by rebel groups can happen without notice, and it's volatile. You may be at risk of attack by armed bandits in border areas North and South of Lake Albert.

Tourist areas, including Rwenzori Mountains and national parks, are near the border.

An attack on 17 October 2023, attributed to the Allied Democratic Forces terrorist group (linked to the Islamic State group), resulted in the death of two foreign tourists and their guide in Queen Elizabeth National Park, close to the border with DRC.

An attack on 16 June 2023, also attributed to the Allied Democratic Forces terrorist group, resulted in the death of more than 40 people, mainly pupils, at a school in Mpondwe in western Uganda, close to the border with DRC.

The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) is no longer active in Uganda but remains active in the DRC and Central African Republic.

Clashes between tribal groups can occur without warning in the Karamoja region of north-eastern Uganda. Hotspots include districts north of Kate Kyoga:

• Nakapiripirit

There's a risk of inter-tribal violence and armed bandits.

Uncleared landmines are still a danger.

Gorilla trekking

Security is usually required when gorilla trekking in:

• Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
• Mgahinga Gorilla Park
• other parts of western Uganda

You're at risk of armed attacks in those regions.

Travellers have been subject to violence. The security situation can change with little warning.

For your safety, don't take gorilla trekking tours that cross into the DRC.

Fly rather than drive if you travel to Bwindi Impenetrable National Park or Mgahinga Gorilla Park.

• Ugandan Wildlife Authority

Pickpocketing, bag snatching and other petty crime happens, especially on public transport.

Theft from vehicles stuck in heavy traffic or stopped at traffic lights is common.

Armed robbery  and carjacking is a risk, especially outside Kampala.

Home burglaries can turn violent.

To protect yourself from crime:

• exercise a high degree of caution throughout Uganda
• keep car windows up and doors locked when moving
• lock doors and windows at your accommodation
• don't walk in isolated areas or along dark streets at night

Financial  scams  exist in Uganda.

If you fall victim to a scam, it could be dangerous to go to Uganda to try to get your money back.

Fake internet friendship, dating and marriage scams operate globally, including from some African countries.

Once an online friendship develops, you'll probably be asked by your 'friend' or planned marriage partner to send money. This is so the 'friend' can travel to Australia or make something else possible.

Sometimes the relationship ends with very little chance of getting your money back.

Other times your 'friend' or planned partner will ask you travel to Africa to meet them. If you do this, you could be kidnapped ,  assaulted  or robbed .

Credit card fraud is also a risk.

To avoid becoming a victim of a scam:

• check all online offers from people in Uganda, or people you don't know
• take legal advice before agreeing to anything
• don't send money to anyone in Uganda until proper checks are made
• get legal advice if you're the victim of a scam
• keep your credit card in sight when making transactions

Don't travel to Uganda to try to get your money back.

Cyber security

You may be at risk of cyber-based threats during overseas travel to any country. Digital identity theft is a growing concern. Your devices and personal data can be compromised, especially if you’re connecting to Wi-Fi, using or connecting to shared or public computers, or to Bluetooth.

Social media can also be risky in destinations where there are social or political tensions, or laws that may seem unreasonable by Australian standards. Travellers have been arrested for things they have said on social media. Don't comment on local or political events on your social media.

Cyber security when travelling overseas

Tours and adventure activities

Transport and tour operators don't always follow safety and maintenance standards. This includes adventure activities, such as white-water rafting.

If you plan to do a tour or  adventure activity :

• check if your travel insurance policy covers it
• only use respected and registered tour operators
• ask about and insist on minimum safety requirements
• always use available safety gear, such as life jackets or seatbelts

If proper safety equipment isn't available, use another provider.

National parks

Some of Uganda's national parks have security risks. Many parks in western Uganda are situated within 50 kilometres of the border with DRC, where you should reconsider your need to travel.

For advice on security risks, park fees and other conditions in national parks, contact the  Uganda Wildlife Authority .

If you plan to visit a national park:

• think about the security risks
• obey all park rules
• follow the advice of local authorities and park wardens
• use a registered tour operator

Swimming safety

Don't swim in lakes and rivers. Hippos and crocodiles inhabit many lakes and rivers and are extremely dangerous.

Climate and natural disasters

Uganda can experience  natural disasters  and  severe weather , including:

• earthquakes

The rainy seasons are from March to May, and October to November.

Flooding can cause landslides, leaving people without homes and blocking roads.

To protect yourself if a natural disaster occurs:

• keep your passport in a safe, waterproof location
• closely monitor local media
• follow the advice of local authorities
• keep in touch with friends and family
• Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System

Travel insurance

Get comprehensive  travel insurance  before you leave.

Your policy needs to cover all overseas medical costs, including medical evacuation. The Australian Government won't pay for these costs.

If you can't afford travel insurance, you can't afford to travel. This applies to everyone, no matter how healthy and fit you are.

If you're not insured, you may have to pay many thousands of dollars up-front for medical care.

• what activities and care your policy covers
• that your insurance covers you for the whole time you'll be away

Physical and mental health

Consider your physical and mental health before you travel, especially if you have an existing medical condition.

See your doctor or travel clinic to:

• have a basic health check-up
• ask if your travel plans may affect your health
• plan any vaccinations you need

Do this at least 8 weeks before you leave.

If you have immediate concerns for your welfare, or the welfare of another Australian, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on +61 2 6261 3305 or contact your nearest Australian Embassy, High Commission or Consulate to discuss counselling hotlines and services available in your location.

• General health advice
• Healthy holiday tips  (Healthdirect Australia)

Medications

Not all medication available over the counter or by prescription in Australia is available in other countries. Some may even be considered illegal or a controlled substance, even if prescribed by an Australian doctor.

If you plan to bring medication, check if it's legal in Uganda. Take enough legal medicine for your trip.

Many pharmaceutical products are in short supply or not available in Uganda.

Carry a copy of your prescription and a dated letter from your doctor stating:

• what the medication is
• your required dosage
• that it's for personal use

Health risks

Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox).

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared the current Mpox outbreak in parts of Africa as a global public health emergency. It has now spread across a number of countries in Africa, including Uganda.

Mpox can be transmitted to humans through physical contact with an infectious person, infected animals or contaminated materials.

Symptoms include:

• sore throat
• muscle aches
• swollen lymph nodes

Seek professional medical advice on Mpox vaccines.

Maintain strict hygiene standards. Avoid physical contact with anyone who has Mpox.

See a doctor if you feel unwell and isolate from others if you develop any Mpox symptoms.

• Mpox (Australian Government)
• Infectious diseases

Ebola virus disease (EVD)

You should monitor guidance issued by the Government of Uganda and local media to ensure you have the latest information.

Further information and updates on Ebola can also be found on the  World Health Organization (WHO) website .

• Uganda WHO Office

Insect-borne diseases

Yellow fever  is widespread in Uganda. Yellow fever is a potentially fatal virus spread by mosquitoes. It's prevented by vaccination. Get vaccinated before you travel. Carry your vaccination card with you.

Malaria  is common throughout the year.

Other insect-borne diseases found in Uganda include:

• chikungunya

To protect yourself from disease:

• make sure your accommodation is insect proof
• use insect repellent
• wear long, loose, light-coloured clothing
• consider taking medication to prevent malaria

Get medical advice if you have a fever, muscle pain, rash or severe headache.

Bird flu (avian influenza)

Avian influenza  is a risk. Avoid contact with dead and living birds.

HIV/AIDS  is a risk. Take precautions if you engage in activities that expose you to the virus.

Other health risks

Waterborne, foodborne and other  infectious diseases  are common. These include:

• tuberculosis
• meningococcal disease
• viral haemorrhagic fevers
• mpox (formerly known as 'monkeypox')

Serious outbreaks sometimes occur.

To protect yourself from illness:

• drink boiled water or bottled water with sealed lids
• avoid ice cubes
• don't eat raw or undercooked food, such as salads
• don't swim in fresh water
• avoid physical contact with anyone who has mpox

Check with your doctor about typhoid vaccinations.

Get medical advice if you have a fever or diarrhoea.

Medical care

Medical facilities.

There are very limited medical facilities outside of Kampala.

If you become seriously ill or injured, you'll need to be evacuated to Nairobi, Kenya, or another place with better facilities. Medical evacuation can be very expensive.

You're subject to all local laws and penalties, including those that may appear harsh by Australian standards. Research local laws before travelling.

If you're arrested or jailed, the Australian Government will do what it can to help you under our  Consular Services Charter . But we can't get you out of trouble or out of jail. 

LGBTQI+ travellers

Homosexual activity is illegal and not tolerated in Uganda's conservative society.

LGBTQI+ travellers should carefully consider the risks of travelling to Uganda.

Uganda adopted a new Anti-Homosexuality Act on 29 May 2023. The Act prohibits same-sex relationships, and convictions under these laws may result in severe sentences, up to the death penalty for certain cases. Same-sex public displays of affection, like kissing in public places, could lead to arrest and imprisonment. Groups, individuals, or legal entities advocating for LGBTQI+ rights or promoting homosexuality could lead to arrest and long-term imprisonment. Members of the LGBTQI+ community may face discrimination, potential violence and abuse. 

• Advice for LGBTQIA+ travellers

There are heavy penalties for possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs.

If you're convicted of a drug offence, you'll face a long jail sentence and heavy fines.

• Carrying or using drugs

Treason and murder carry the death penalty.

Rape and robbery attract corporal punishment.

In Uganda, it's illegal to:

• take photos of military, government and diplomatic buildings and areas
• wear military-style or camouflage civilian clothing

Australian laws

Some Australian criminal laws still apply when you're overseas. If you break these laws, you may face prosecution in Australia.

• Staying within the law and respecting customs

Dual citizenship

Uganda recognises dual nationality.

• Dual nationals

Visas and border measures

Every country or territory decides who can enter or leave through its borders. For specific information about the evidence you'll need to enter a foreign destination, check with the nearest embassy, consulate or immigration department of the destination you're entering. 

You need a visa to visit Uganda.

The East African Community's EAC Tourist Visa allows travellers multiple entries to Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda for 90 days. Another option is to apply for a visa from the Government of Uganda. Apply for the EAC Tourist Visa or a Ugandan visa by using Uganda's  online visa application .

Border measures

Check the entry requirements of the destinations you're travelling to or transiting.

Ensure you review and comply with testing and health screening requirements for any transit and destination countries. Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice.

Yellow fever vaccination

Find out about returning to Australia  after exposure to yellow fever .

Some countries won't let you enter unless your passport is valid for 6 months after you plan to leave that country. This can apply even if you're just transiting or stopping over.

Some foreign governments and airlines apply the rule inconsistently. Travellers can receive conflicting advice from different sources.

You can end up stranded if your passport is not valid for more than 6 months.

The Australian Government does not set these rules. Check your passport's expiry date before you travel. If you're not sure it'll be valid for long enough, consider getting  a new passport .

Lost or stolen passport

Your passport is a valuable document. It's attractive to people who may try to use your identity to commit crimes.

Some people may try to trick you into giving them your passport. Always keep it in a safe place.

If your passport is lost or stolen, tell the Australian Government as soon as possible:

• In Australia, contact the  Australian Passport Information Service .
• If you're overseas, contact the nearest  Australian embassy or consulate .

Passport with ‘X’ gender identifier 

Although Australian passports comply with international standards for sex and gender, we can’t guarantee that a passport showing 'X' in the sex field will be accepted for entry or transit by another country. Contact the nearest  embassy, high commission or consulate of your destination  before you arrive at the border to confirm if authorities will accept passports with 'X' gender markers.

• LGBTQIA+ travellers

The local currency is the Ugandan Shilling (UGX).

You must declare all foreign currency on arrival. This covers all forms of currency, not only cash. If you don't, you may have trouble taking it when you leave.

Only exchange money at commercial banks and exchange bureaus.

US dollars are widely accepted. You may not be able to change US banknotes printed before 2006.

Traveller's cheques, credit cards and debit cards aren't widely accepted in Uganda.

Bring enough cash with you.

Local travel

Local restrictions.

For the latest information on the Ebola outbreak, follow the advice issued by the  Government of Uganda  and monitor the local media. 

When in public, anyone aged 6 or above must wear masks and maintain social distancing.

Driving permit

To drive in Uganda, you need both:

• a valid Australian driver's licence
• an International Driving Permit (IDP)

You must get your IDP before leaving Australia.

Road travel

Traffic accidents are common and there's a high risk at night.

Hazards include:

• poor road and vehicle conditions
• bad driving habits
• high speeds
• poor lighting

The Ugandan Government sometimes closes tourist areas if there's a risk of rebel activity.

If you plan to drive in Uganda:

• check local traffic laws and practices
• be alert to possible hazards, especially at night
• check security risks and road closures before you travel outside major centres
• don't travel between towns after dusk, except between Kampala and Entebbe

The border between Uganda and Rwanda regularly closes for extended periods.

• Driving or riding

Motorcycles

Check with your travel insurer whether your policy covers you when using a motorbike, quad bike or similar vehicle.

Always wear a helmet.

Only use registered taxis and limousines due to the high risk of crime. It's best to arrange this through your hotel.

Don't use unofficial taxis or hail taxis on the street. You could be robbed.

Public transport

Long-distance bus travel can be dangerous. Accidents are common.

Some buses travelling overnight have been robbed. They have been forced to stop by roadblocks or by criminals acting as passengers.

Minibuses ('matatus') and scooter taxis (boda-boda) are usually in poor condition and badly driven.

If you need to take public transport, don't use matatus and boda-bodas. If you do take a boda-boda,  always wear a helmet.

• Transport and getting around safely

Boat travel

There have been a number of passenger ferry accidents because of overcrowding. Use a trusted operator. 

Wear a life jacket at all times, even if others don't.

• Travelling by boat

DFAT doesn't provide information on the safety of individual commercial airlines or flight paths.

Check  Uganda's air safety profile  with the Aviation Safety Network.

Emergencies

Depending on what you need, you should contact your:

• family and friends
• travel agent
• insurance provider

Always get a police report when you report a crime.

Your insurer should have a 24-hour emergency number.

Consular contacts

Read the  Consular Services Charter  for what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.

The Australian Consulate in Kampala provides limited consular help to Australians in Uganda. The consulate doesn't issue passports.

Full consular help is available from the Australian High Commission in Kenya.

Australian Consulate, Kampala

Protea Hotel by Marriott Kampala Skyz 1 Water Lane Naguru Kampala, Uganda

Phone: (+256) 31 2515865 or (+256) 77 2202285 

Email:  [email protected]

By appointment only.

Australian High Commission, Nairobi

Limuru Road, Rosslyn  Nairobi, Kenya  Phone: +254 20 4277 100  Fax: +254 20 4277 139  Website:  kenya.highcommission.gov.au Facebook:  Australian High Commission, Kenya Twitter:  @AusHCKenya

Check the High Commission website for details about opening hours and any temporary closures.

24-hour Consular Emergency Centre

In a consular emergency, if you can't contact an embassy, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on:

• +61 2 6261 3305 from overseas
• 1300 555 135 in Australia

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COVID-19: travel health notice for all travellers

Uganda travel advice

Latest updates: Health – Travel health notice for polio added.

Last updated: August 20, 2024 10:18 ET

On this page

Safety and security, entry and exit requirements, laws and culture, natural disasters and climate, uganda - exercise a high degree of caution.

Exercise a high degree of caution in Uganda due to the threat of terrorism and a high crime rate.

Border with South Sudan - Avoid all travel

Avoid all travel to areas within 50 km of the border with South Sudan due to banditry and cross-border attacks by rebel groups. This advisory excludes visits to national parks when accompanied by a reputable guide and using well-travelled roads.

Border with the Democratic Republic of Congo - Avoid non-essential travel

Avoid non-essential travel to areas within 50 km of the border with the Democratic Republic of Congo due to joint military operations. This advisory excludes visits to national parks when accompanied by a reputable guide and using well-travelled roads.

Karamoja Province - Avoid non-essential travel

Avoid non-essential travel to Karamoja Province due to inter-communal violence and banditry. This advisory excludes visits to national parks when accompanied by a reputable guide and using well-travelled roads.

Back to top

Demonstrations in Kampala

Since July 24, 2024, anti-corruption demonstrations are occurring in Kampala. More protests are likely in the coming days.

Local authorities have warned against “illegal demonstrations and inconsiderate processions.” There are reports of security forces arresting protesters.

Demonstrations can turn violent at any time. Clashes between protesters and security forces could result in arrests and casualties. Demonstrations can also lead to disruption to:

• public transportation
• telecommunications, including Internet access

Authorities may impose curfews and restrict movement without notice.

If you are in Uganda:

• avoid areas around government buildings, especially the parliament and its surroundings
• avoid areas where demonstrations and large gatherings are taking place
• avoid areas where security forces are present
• expect heavy security measures and increased security presence
• follow local media to stay informed on the evolving situation
• follow the instructions of local authorities

Border with the Democratic Republic of Congo

The volatile security situation in the eastern part of neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) could lead to possible incursions into western Uganda by armed rebel groups from the DRC.

At the end of November 2021, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo started a joint military operation against the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) in North Kivu and Ituri provinces of the DRC, near Virunga National Park.

Ugandan military troops are present on both sides of the border. There is also a risk of banditry in this area.

Border with South Sudan

The border with South Sudan is porous and banditry and criminality are a concern. Inter-communal tensions and clashes are common in this area. Given the security situation in South Sudan, we recommend that you avoid travelling to areas within 50 km from the border.

Karamoja Province

Clashes between tribal groups occur, especially in districts north of Kate Kyoga. There is also a risk of banditry.

Western Uganda

Western Uganda has a history of inter-ethnic violence.

Due to political tensions between Uganda and Rwanda, the land border may be closed without notice. Be sure to check that it’s open before trying to cross.

There is a threat of terrorism in Uganda. On October 17, 2023, an attack occurred near the Queen Elizabeth National Park in south-west Uganda and resulted in three casualties. On October 15, 2023, the Ugandan police foiled a bomb attack on churches in the central Butambala district, west of Kampala. The Ugandan police also located and disabled improvised explosive devices (IED) in three locations in Kampala and on its outskirts in September 2023.

Terrorists have previously carried out attacks, including in June 2023 on a school in Mpondwe, near the border with the Democratic Republic of Congo, resulting in several casualties.

Further attacks cannot be ruled out. While the attacks do not appear to have targeted foreigners, exercise increased caution in and around Kampala.

Targets could include:

• public areas such as tourist attractions, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, shopping centres, markets, hotels and other sites frequented by foreigners
• government buildings, including schools
• places of worship
• airports and other transportation hubs and networks

Always be aware of your surroundings when in public places. Expect a heightened presence of security forces in Kampala. They may conduct increased security checks in public areas.

National Parks

There are several national parks in Uganda, including near the border with the Democratic Republic of Congo. Local authorities have enhanced security measures in these areas; however, tourists have been involved in security incidents in the past.

If you are visiting a national park:

• only use reputable and professional guides or tour operators
• don’t take any tours that will bring you into the Democratic Republic of Congo
• closely follow park regulations and rangers’ advice
• stay informed of recent developments in the security situation in the area before travelling as it can change quickly

Uganda’s National Parks and Reserves - Ugandan Wildlife Authority

Armed banditry, car thefts, muggings and kidnappings occur throughout Uganda and foreigners have been targeted.

Petty crime, including pickpocketing, purse and jewellery snatching and theft from hotel rooms and vehicles, occurs regularly.

If attacked, don’t resist, as offering resistance may result in violence.

• Maintain a high level of personal security awareness at all times and in all places
• Take appropriate security measures, particularly on roads linking a city centre to residential areas
• Refrain from travelling at night
• Never leave your bags unsupervised at a ticket office or a registration desk
• Ensure that your personal belongings, including passports and other travel documents, are secure at all times, and that your credit and debit cards, cash and any other financial resources are not all kept in the same place
• Don’t show signs of affluence
• Don’t carry large sums of money
• Travel in groups if possible

Armed robberies

Armed robberies are perpetrated against pedestrians, even during day time.

Armed robberies also occur along roadways, particularly at night.

Keep your vehicle doors locked at all times, windows closed and personal belongings, including handbags, safely stored.

• Don’t leave items such as laptops and briefcases in unattended vehicles
• Don’t display jewellery or electronics when walking
• Remain vigilant when using public transportation or walking along deserted streets
• Avoid walking and driving at night

Taxi and matatu (minibus) operators have robbed their passengers and stranded them far from their destination. Avoid taking taxis or matatus that have only one or two passengers, and ensure that your personal belongings are secure at all times when using public transportation.

Demonstrations

Demonstrations may occur. Even peaceful demonstrations can turn violent at any time. They can also lead to disruptions to traffic and public transportation.

• Avoid areas where demonstrations and large gatherings are taking place
• Follow the instructions of local authorities
• Monitor local media for information on ongoing demonstrations

Mass gatherings (large-scale events)

2SLGBTQI+ persons

2SLGBTQI+ persons have been attacked and harassed based on their identity and sexual orientation. Violent incidents have increased since the Parliament passed an “anti-homosexuality” bill in March 2023.

2SLGBTQI+ travellers should carefully consider the risks of travelling to Uganda.

Travel and your sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics

Women’s safety

Women travelling alone may be subject to some forms of harassment and verbal abuse.

Advice for women travellers

Spiked food and drinks

Never leave food or drinks unattended or in the care of strangers. Be wary of accepting snacks, beverages, gum or cigarettes from new acquaintances. These items may contain drugs that could put you at risk of sexual assault and robbery.

Identification

Carry a photocopy of your passport’s identification page and the page containing your visa, and keep the original in a secure place.

Tourist facilities and infrastructure are adequate in Kampala, Jinja and larger national parks, but limited elsewhere in the country.

Wildlife viewing

Wildlife viewing poses risks, particularly on foot or at close range.

• Only visit game parks and reserves with a reputable tour company
• Always maintain a safe distance when observing wildlife
• Only exit a vehicle when a professional guide or warden says it’s safe to do so
• Only use reputable and professional guides or tour operators
• Closely follow park regulations and wardens’ advice

Park information  - Uganda Wildlife Authority

Road safety

A lack of traffic signs, reckless driving habits, wandering animals, pedestrians and poor road conditions pose risks. Pedestrians should exercise caution when crossing roads. There are many fatal road accidents in Uganda. The Jinja–Kampala and Maska–Kampala roads are of particular concern. Alcohol is often a contributing factor to accidents, particularly at night. Highway travel is dangerous, especially after dark, because of banditry and poor visibility. Avoid driving outside major cities after dark.

If travelling to Uganda by road, you should get information from the appropriate border police station regarding the security situation at your next destination.

Public transportation

Avoid intercity buses (especially overnight long-distance buses) and vans. Fatal accidents caused by reckless driving, excessive speed and poor vehicle maintenance have occurred in the past.

Exercise caution when using other forms of public transportation, such as matatus and boda-bodas (moped taxis), and ensure that the vehicle is in good condition before departure. If you opt to travel by boda-boda, wear a helmet at all times.

Ferry accidents are not uncommon, due to overloading and poor maintenance of some vessels. Do not board vessels that appear overloaded or unseaworthy.

We do not make assessments on the compliance of foreign domestic airlines with international safety standards.

Information about foreign domestic airlines

Every country or territory decides who can enter or exit through its borders. The Government of Canada cannot intervene on your behalf if you do not meet your destination’s entry or exit requirements.

We have obtained the information on this page from the Ugandan authorities. It can, however, change at any time.

Verify this information with the  Foreign Representatives in Canada .

Entry requirements vary depending on the type of passport you use for travel.

Before you travel, check with your transportation company about passport requirements. Its rules on passport validity may be more stringent than the country’s entry rules.

Regular Canadian passport

Your passport must be valid for at least 6 months beyond the date you expect to leave Uganda.

Passport for official travel

Different entry rules may apply.

Official travel

Passport with “X” gender identifier

While the Government of Canada issues passports with an “X” gender identifier, it cannot guarantee your entry or transit through other countries. You might face entry restrictions in countries that do not recognize the “X” gender identifier. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

Other travel documents

Different entry rules may apply when travelling with a temporary passport or an emergency travel document. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

Useful links

• Foreign Representatives in Canada
• Canadian passports

Tourist visa: required Business visa: required Work permit: required Transit visa: required

While you can obtain a visa on arrival, you should first attempt to get a visa online. Apply as far in advance of your trip as possible, as delays could occur. You may need proof that you first attempted to apply online, before being granted a visa on arrival.

Some travellers without an e-visa have been refused entry, even though they technically qualified for visa on arrival.

Canadians intending to work in Uganda should insist that the employer ascertain what type of permit will be required from Uganda’s Directorate of Citizenship and Immigration Control.

Apply for an electronic visa - Uganda’s e-immigration system

• Children and travel

Learn more about travelling with children .

Yellow fever

Learn about potential entry requirements related to yellow fever (vaccines section).

Relevant Travel Health Notices

• Global Measles Notice - 13 March, 2024
• Zika virus: Advice for travellers - 31 August, 2023
• COVID-19 and International Travel - 13 March, 2024
• Polio: Advice for travellers - 20 August, 2024
• Mpox: Advice for travellers - 19 August, 2024

This section contains information on possible health risks and restrictions regularly found or ongoing in the destination. Follow this advice to lower your risk of becoming ill while travelling. Not all risks are listed below.

Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic preferably 6 weeks before you travel to get personalized health advice and recommendations.

Routine vaccines

Be sure that your  routine vaccinations , as per your province or territory , are up-to-date before travelling, regardless of your destination.

Some of these vaccinations include measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, varicella (chickenpox), influenza and others.

Pre-travel vaccines and medications

You may be at risk for preventable diseases while travelling in this destination. Talk to a travel health professional about which medications or vaccines may be right for you, based on your destination and itinerary. 

There is a risk of hepatitis A in this destination. It is a disease of the liver. People can get hepatitis A if they ingest contaminated food or water, eat foods prepared by an infectious person, or if they have close physical contact (such as oral-anal sex) with an infectious person, although casual contact among people does not spread the virus.

Practise  safe food and water precautions and wash your hands often. Vaccination is recommended for all travellers to areas where hepatitis A is present.

Yellow fever   is a disease caused by a flavivirus from the bite of an infected mosquito.

Travellers get vaccinated either because it is required to enter a country or because it is recommended for their protection.

• There is a risk of yellow fever in this country.

Country Entry Requirement*

• Proof of yellow fever vaccination for travellers from all countries.

Recommendation

• Vaccination is recommended.
• Contact a designated  Yellow Fever Vaccination Centre  well in advance of their trip to arrange for vaccination.
• Discuss travel plans, activities, and destinations with a health care professional.
• Protect yourself from mosquito bites .

About Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada * It is important to note that  country entry requirements  may not reflect your risk of yellow fever at your destination. It is recommended that you contact the nearest  diplomatic or consular office  of the destination(s) you will be visiting to verify any additional entry requirements.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. It can spread quickly from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

Anyone who is not protected against measles is at risk of being infected with it when travelling internationally.

Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are fully protected against measles.

This destination is in the African Meningitis Belt, an area which has the highest rates of meningococcal disease in the world. Meningococcal disease is a serious and sometimes fatal infection. 

Travellers who are at higher risk should discuss vaccination with a health care provider. High-risk travellers include those living or working with the local population (e.g., health care workers) or those travelling to crowded areas or taking part in large gatherings.

  Hepatitis B is a risk in every destination. It is a viral liver disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another through exposure to blood and body fluids containing the hepatitis B virus.  Travellers who may be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids (e.g., through sexual contact, medical treatment, sharing needles, tattooing, acupuncture or occupational exposure) are at higher risk of getting hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all travellers. Prevent hepatitis B infection by practicing safe sex, only using new and sterile drug equipment, and only getting tattoos and piercings in settings that follow public health regulations and standards.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease. It can spread from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

It is recommended that all eligible travellers complete a COVID-19 vaccine series along with any additional recommended doses in Canada before travelling. Evidence shows that vaccines are very effective at preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death from COVID-19. While vaccination provides better protection against serious illness, you may still be at risk of infection from the virus that causes COVID-19. Anyone who has not completed a vaccine series is at increased risk of being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 and is at greater risk for severe disease when travelling internationally.

Before travelling, verify your destination’s COVID-19 vaccination entry/exit requirements. Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are adequately protected against COVID-19.

 The best way to protect yourself from seasonal influenza (flu) is to get vaccinated every year. Get the flu shot at least 2 weeks before travelling.  

 The flu occurs worldwide. 

•  In the Northern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs from November to   April.
•  In the Southern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs between April and   October.
•  In the tropics, there is flu activity year round. 

The flu vaccine available in one hemisphere may only offer partial protection against the flu in the other hemisphere.

The flu virus spreads from person to person when they cough or sneeze or by touching objects and surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus. Clean your hands often and wear a mask if you have a fever or respiratory symptoms.

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease that is caused by parasites spread through the bites of mosquitoes.

Malaria is a risk to travellers to this destination.   Antimalarial medication is recommended for most travellers to this destination and should be taken as recommended. Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic before travelling to discuss your options. It is recommended to do this 6 weeks before travel, however, it is still a good idea any time before leaving.    Protect yourself from mosquito bites at all times: 

• Cover your skin and use an approved insect repellent on uncovered skin.
• Exclude mosquitoes from your living area with screening and/or closed, well-sealed doors and windows.
• Use insecticide-treated bed nets if mosquitoes cannot be excluded from your living area.
• Wear permethrin-treated clothing. 

 If you develop symptoms similar to malaria when you are travelling or up to a year after you return home, see a health care professional immediately. Tell them where you have been travelling or living. 

In this destination, rabies is commonly carried by dogs and some wildlife, including bats. Rabies is a deadly disease that spreads to humans primarily through bites or scratches from an infected animal. While travelling, take precautions , including keeping your distance from animals (including free-roaming dogs), and closely supervising children.

If you are bitten or scratched by a dog or other animal while travelling, immediately wash the wound with soap and clean water and see a health care professional. In this destination, rabies treatment may be limited or may not be available, therefore you may need to return to Canada for treatment.  

Before travel, discuss rabies vaccination with a health care professional. It may be recommended for travellers who are at high risk of exposure (e.g., occupational risk such as veterinarians and wildlife workers, children, adventure travellers and spelunkers, and others in close contact with animals). 

Polio (poliomyelitis) is an infectious disease that can be prevented by vaccination. It is caused by poliovirus type 1, 2 or 3. Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus 2 (cVDPV2) is present in this country.

Polio is spread from person to person and through contaminated food and water. Infection with the polio virus can cause paralysis and death in individuals of any age who are not immune.

Recommendations:

• Be sure that your polio vaccinations are up to date before travelling. Polio is part of the routine vaccine schedule for children in Canada.
• One booster dose of the polio vaccine is recommended as an adult .

Safe food and water precautions

Many illnesses can be caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated by bacteria, parasites, toxins, or viruses, or by swimming or bathing in contaminated water.

• Learn more about food and water precautions to take to avoid getting sick by visiting our eat and drink safely abroad page. Remember: Boil it, cook it, peel it, or leave it!
• Avoid getting water into your eyes, mouth or nose when swimming or participating in activities in freshwater (streams, canals, lakes), particularly after flooding or heavy rain. Water may look clean but could still be polluted or contaminated.
• Avoid inhaling or swallowing water while bathing, showering, or swimming in pools or hot tubs. 

Cholera is a risk in parts of this country. Most travellers are at very low risk.

To protect against cholera, all travellers should practise safe food and water precautions .

Travellers at higher risk of getting cholera include those:

• visiting, working or living in areas with limited access to safe food, water and proper sanitation
• visiting areas where outbreaks are occurring

Vaccination may be recommended for high-risk travellers, and should be discussed with a health care professional.

Travellers' diarrhea is the most common illness affecting travellers. It is spread from eating or drinking contaminated food or water.

Risk of developing travellers' diarrhea increases when travelling in regions with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. Practise safe food and water precautions.

The most important treatment for travellers' diarrhea is rehydration (drinking lots of fluids). Carry oral rehydration salts when travelling.

Typhoid   is a bacterial infection spread by contaminated food or water. Risk is higher among children, travellers going to rural areas, travellers visiting friends and relatives or those travelling for a long period of time.

Travellers visiting regions with a risk of typhoid, especially those exposed to places with poor sanitation, should speak to a health care professional about vaccination.  

There is a risk of schistosomiasis in this destination. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by tiny worms (blood flukes) which can be found in freshwater (lakes, rivers, ponds, and wetlands). The worms can break the skin, and their eggs can cause stomach pain, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms, or urinary problems. Schistosomiasis mostly affects underdeveloped and r ural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing communities.

Most travellers are at low risk. Travellers should avoid contact with untreated freshwater such as lakes, rivers, and ponds (e.g., swimming, bathing, wading, ingesting). There is no vaccine or medication available to prevent infection.

Insect bite prevention

Many diseases are spread by the bites of infected insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas or flies. When travelling to areas where infected insects may be present:

• Use insect repellent (bug spray) on exposed skin
• Cover up with light-coloured, loose clothes made of tightly woven materials such as nylon or polyester
• Minimize exposure to insects
• Use mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors or in buildings that are not fully enclosed

To learn more about how you can reduce your risk of infection and disease caused by bites, both at home and abroad, visit our insect bite prevention page.

Find out what types of insects are present where you’re travelling, when they’re most active, and the symptoms of the diseases they spread.

There is a risk of chikungunya in this country. The level of risk may vary by:

The virus that causes chikungunya is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It can cause fever and pain in the joints. In some cases, the joint pain can be severe and last for months or years.

Protect yourself from mosquito bites at all times.

Learn more:

Insect bite and pest prevention Chikungunya

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a viral disease that can cause fever, pain and bleeding under the skin.  In some cases, it can be fatal.  It spreads to humans through contact with infected animal blood or tissues, or from the bite of an infected tick.  Risk is generally low for most travellers. Celebrations which include the slaughtering of animals and contact with their blood and/ or tissues may increase the risk of exposure to the virus.  

Protect yourself from tick bites and wear gloves or other protective clothing if you are in contact with the blood and tissues of  animals, particularly livestock. There is no vaccine available for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever.

• In this country, risk of  dengue  is sporadic. It is a viral disease spread to humans by mosquito bites.
• Dengue can cause flu-like symptoms. In some cases, it can lead to severe dengue, which can be fatal.
• The level of risk of dengue changes seasonally, and varies from year to year. The level of risk also varies between regions in a country and can depend on the elevation in the region.
• Mosquitoes carrying dengue typically bite during the daytime, particularly around sunrise and sunset.
• Protect yourself from mosquito bites . There is no vaccine or medication that protects against dengue fever.

Rift Valley fever is a viral disease that can cause severe flu-like symptoms. In some cases, it can be fatal. It is spread to humans through contact with infected animal blood or tissues, from the bite of an infected mosquito, or eating or drinking unpasteurized dairy. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from insect bites and avoid animals, particularly livestock, and unpasteurized dairy. There is no vaccine available for Rift Valley fever.

Onchocerciasis (river blindness)   is an eye and skin disease caused by a parasite spread through the bite of an infected female blackfly.  Onchocerciasis often leads to blindness if left untreated. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from blackfly bites, which are most common close to fast-flowing rivers and streams. There is no vaccine available for onchocerciasis although drug treatments exist.

Zika virus is a risk in this country. 

Zika virus is primarily spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It can also be sexually transmitted. Zika virus can cause serious birth defects.

During your trip:

• Prevent mosquito bites at all times.
• Use condoms correctly or avoid sexual contact, particularly if you are pregnant.

If you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, you should discuss the potential risks of travelling to this destination with your health care provider. You may choose to avoid or postpone travel. 

For more information, see Zika virus: Pregnant or planning a pregnancy.

African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)  is caused by a parasite spread through the bite of a tsetse fly. Tsetse flies usually bite during the day and the bites are usually painful. If untreated, the disease is eventually fatal. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from bites especially in game parks and rural areas. Avoid wearing bright or dark-coloured clothing as these colours attract tsetse flies. There is no vaccine available for this disease.

Animal precautions

Some infections, such as rabies and influenza, can be shared between humans and animals. Certain types of activities may increase your chance of contact with animals, such as travelling in rural or forested areas, camping, hiking, and visiting wet markets (places where live animals are slaughtered and sold) or caves.

Travellers are cautioned to avoid contact with animals, including dogs, livestock (pigs, cows), monkeys, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats, and to avoid eating undercooked wild game.

Closely supervise children, as they are more likely to come in contact with animals.

There is a risk of   plague   in this country. Plague is a bacterial disease that can cause serious illness, and if left untreated, death.

The occurrence of cases in areas where the plague bacteria are known to circulate can be influenced by weather and environmental conditions. In some countries, this results in seasonal outbreaks. Travellers to areas where plague routinely occurs may be at risk if they are camping, hunting, or in contact with rodents.

Plague is spread by:

• bites from fleas infected with the plague
• direct contact with body fluids or tissues from an animal or person who is sick with or has died from plague

Overall risk to travellers is low.   Protect yourself   by   reducing contact with fleas  and potentially infected rodents and other wildlife.

Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by bacteria. People can get sick with anthrax if they come into contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Anthrax can cause severe illness in both humans and animals. Travellers to areas where anthrax is common or where an outbreak is occurring in animals can get sick with anthrax if:

• they have contact with infected animal carcasses or eat meat from animals that were sick when slaughtered
• they handle animal parts, such as hides, wool or hair, or products made from those animal parts, such as animal hide drums.

If you are visiting these areas, do not eat raw or undercooked meat and avoid contact with livestock, wildlife, animal products, and animal carcasses.

Person-to-person infections

Stay home if you’re sick and practise proper cough and sneeze etiquette , which includes coughing or sneezing into a tissue or the bend of your arm, not your hand. Reduce your risk of colds, the flu and other illnesses by:

•   washing your hands often
• avoiding or limiting the amount of time spent in closed spaces, crowded places, or at large-scale events (concerts, sporting events, rallies)
• avoiding close physical contact with people who may be showing symptoms of illness 

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , HIV , and mpox are spread through blood and bodily fluids; use condoms, practise safe sex, and limit your number of sexual partners. Check with your local public health authority pre-travel to determine your eligibility for mpox vaccine.  

Tuberculosis is an infection caused by bacteria and usually affects the lungs.

For most travellers the risk of tuberculosis is low.

Travellers who may be at high risk while travelling in regions with risk of tuberculosis should discuss pre- and post-travel options with a health care professional.

High-risk travellers include those visiting or working in prisons, refugee camps, homeless shelters, or hospitals, or travellers visiting friends and relatives.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)   is a virus that attacks and impairs the immune system, resulting in a chronic, progressive illness known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). 

High risk activities include anything which puts you in contact with blood or body fluids, such as unprotected sex and exposure to unsterilized needles for medications or other substances (for example, steroids and drugs), tattooing, body-piercing or acupuncture.

Sporadic outbreaks of Ebola disease occur in this country.

Ebola disease can be caused by 6 different viruses, including Sudan virus and Ebola virus, which spread through contact with infected bodily fluids (from people or animals). It is very serious and often fatal.

Practise good hygiene (frequent and proper hand washing) and avoid contact with the body fluids of people with Ebola disease or unknown illnesses. Avoid contact with wild animals.

Of the different viruses that cause Ebola disease, there is only a vaccine to prevent disease caused by Ebola virus. It is available under certain circumstances; however, it is not authorized for sale in Canada. There are currently no approved vaccines or effective treatments for Ebola disease caused by the other viruses, including Sudan virus.

Medical services and facilities

Medical facilities are extremely limited outside Kampala. Serious illness or emergencies may require evacuation by air ambulance at the patient’s expense. 

Make sure you get travel insurance that includes coverage for medical evacuation and hospital stays.

Health and safety outside Canada

Medications

Ensure you have sufficient prescription medicine and medical supplies for the duration of your trip.

Keep in Mind...

The decision to travel is the sole responsibility of the traveller. The traveller is also responsible for his or her own personal safety.

Be prepared. Do not expect medical services to be the same as in Canada. Pack a   travel health kit , especially if you will be travelling away from major city centres.

You must abide by local laws.

Learn about what you should do and how we can help if you are arrested or detained abroad .

Penalties for possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs are strict. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and heavy fines.

Drugs, alcohol and travel

Photography

Photography of security forces, diplomatic sites, government installations, airports and the Owen Falls Dam (at the source of the Nile River, near Jinja) is prohibited. Always ask for permission before photographing individuals.

Camouflage clothing

Wearing military-style or camouflage clothing is prohibited and may result in a jail sentence.

The laws of Uganda prohibit sexual acts between individuals of the same sex. In May 2023, the President of Uganda approved the 2023 Anti-Homosexuality Bill. If enforced, it would increase penalties for convicted offenders up to the death penalty for certain cases. It would also impose:

• up to 20 years’ imprisonment for recruitment, promotion and funding of same-sex activities
• 14 years’ imprisonment for those convicted of “attempted aggravated homosexuality”

Societal discrimination based on identity and sexual orientation is widespread. 2SLGBTQI+ persons are routinely harassed by the police. Incidences of blackmail and extortion directed against 2SLGBTQI+ persons and their families are common.

2SLGBTQI+ persons should carefully consider the risks of travelling to Uganda.

Dual citizenship

Dual citizenship is legally recognized in Uganda.

If you are a Canadian citizen, but also a citizen of Uganda, our ability to offer you consular services may be limited while you're there. You may also be subject to different entry/exit requirements .

Dual citizens

International Child Abduction

The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is an international treaty. It can help parents with the return of children who have been removed to or retained in certain countries in violation of custody rights. It does not apply between Canada and Uganda.

If your child was wrongfully taken to, or is being held in Uganda by an abducting parent:

• act as quickly as you can
• consult a lawyer in Canada and in Uganda to explore all the legal options for the return of your child
• report the situation to the nearest Canadian government office abroad or to the Vulnerable Children's Consular Unit at Global Affairs Canada by calling the Emergency Watch and Response Centre

If your child was removed from a country other than Canada, consult a lawyer to determine if The Hague Convention applies.

Be aware that Canadian consular officials cannot interfere in private legal matters or in another country's judicial affairs.

• International Child Abductions: A guide for affected parents
• Canadian embassies and consulates by destination
• Request emergency assistance

Traffic drives on the left.

An International Driving Permit is recommended.

Drivers must always carry:

• a valid driver’s license in English or with a certified translation
• vehicle registration documents
• proof of valid insurance
• a valid vehicle inspection certificate

These documents must be produced on demand by a police officer.

You must be at least 18 years old to drive a private motor vehicle in Uganda.

If you are over 18, you may drive using a Canadian driver’s licence for up to 90 days from the date of entry into Uganda.

In the event of an accident, Ugandan law requires drivers to stop and exchange information and assistance. There is a possibility of mob anger if the accident has caused serious injury. In such cases, remain in your vehicle and drive to the nearest police station to report the accident.

Penalties for driving under the influence of alcohol include immediate imprisonment.

International Driving Permit

Traffic violations

If you are stopped for a traffic violation, the police officer may ask you to pay an on-the spot fine. Police, however, are not permitted to accept cash on the spot without issuing an official receipt. If you disagree with the traffic ticket, you have the right to ask for due process. The officer should provide you with information on when and where you can go to be properly charged, and then you may pursue that process.

The currency is the Uganda shilling (UGX).

Credit cards are accepted only by major hotels, airlines and some car rental agencies. You will find a foreign exchange (forex) bureau at most border posts and in all major cities. Most shops, banks and forex bureaus do not accept or exchange U.S. dollars printed before 2007.

Seismic activity

Uganda is located in a seismic zone.

Monsoon seasons

The rainy (or monsoon) seasons extend from March to May and from October to November. Weather-related events such as floods and landslides occur throughout the country during these months. Stay informed of regional weather forecasts and pay careful attention to all warnings issued.

Local services

Dial 999 for emergency assistance.

Consular assistance

Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda

For emergency consular assistance, call the High Commission of Canada in Kenya, in Nairobi, and follow the instructions. At any time, you may also contact the Emergency Watch and Response Centre in Ottawa.

The decision to travel is your choice and you are responsible for your personal safety abroad. We take the safety and security of Canadians abroad very seriously and provide credible and timely information in our Travel Advice to enable you to make well-informed decisions regarding your travel abroad.

The content on this page is provided for information only. While we make every effort to give you correct information, it is provided on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. The Government of Canada does not assume responsibility and will not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided.

If you need consular assistance while abroad, we will make every effort to help you. However, there may be constraints that will limit the ability of the Government of Canada to provide services.

Learn more about consular services .

Risk Levels

  take normal security precautions.

Take similar precautions to those you would take in Canada.

  Exercise a high degree of caution

There are certain safety and security concerns or the situation could change quickly. Be very cautious at all times, monitor local media and follow the instructions of local authorities.

IMPORTANT: The two levels below are official Government of Canada Travel Advisories and are issued when the safety and security of Canadians travelling or living in the country or region may be at risk.

  Avoid non-essential travel

Your safety and security could be at risk. You should think about your need to travel to this country, territory or region based on family or business requirements, knowledge of or familiarity with the region, and other factors. If you are already there, think about whether you really need to be there. If you do not need to be there, you should think about leaving.

  Avoid all travel

You should not travel to this country, territory or region. Your personal safety and security are at great risk. If you are already there, you should think about leaving if it is safe to do so.

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Uganda Improves Emergency Medical Services

With U.S. CDC's technical expertise and support, Uganda's Ministry of Health (MOH) and partners developed systems to vastly improve how patients were admitted to hospitals and clinics during COVID-19. Health workers were trained to quickly triage and prioritize treatment for patients. With CDC support, ambulances were equipped with supplies and fuel so more patients could be brought to health facilities.

The challenge

Long before COVID-19 spread around the globe, emergency care services in many low-and middle-income countries, including Uganda, were very limited. Most hospitals in Uganda only had basic emergency services.

If someone needed emergency medical care, it was not easy to contact an ambulance service due to availability. If an ambulance was available, the driver usually didn't have any medical training. The patient would often be taken to the hospital in a vehicle without any supplies or a paramedic. When the ambulance arrived at a hospital, most hospital staff were not trained to manage emergency conditions. In the few facilities that said they did triage patients, the process for doing so wasn't always the same.

Delayed arrival combined with a lack of a triage system to identify and treat critical patients often resulted in patients' deaths.

Gaps in emergency care

COVID-19 added more pressure on Uganda's emergency care system. Many healthcare facilities lacked medical equipment like blood pressure cuffs or pulse oximeters to read a patient's oxygen levels. Without these basic tools, seriously ill patients – who look healthy even as their bodies were starved of oxygen – were easily overlooked. With these challenges, there was an urgent need to train health workers to quickly triage and prioritize treatment for patients.

Improving emergency care triage

To address gaps and improve emergency medical services (EMS), the MOH and EMS team collaborated with Ugandan government facilities and universities, CDC, and other health organizations.

As a trusted partner, CDC sprang into action to improve triage for emergency care. With minimal resources, members from the MOH, CDC, and partners began supporting multiple levels of health facilities to improve emergency care.

"We were able to use our technical expertise, existing in-country programs, and emergency funding to support Uganda's MOH," says Boore.

CDC, Uganda's MOH and partners collaborated to create the Uganda Triage and Treatment Algorithm (UTAT). UTAT is an EMS training curriculum, with both adult and child options. CDC supported the development of the UTAT during a 3-day meeting with educators and emergency services partners led by the MOH. The final UTAT triage process was printed on posters that could be easily displayed at health facilities.

The new triage guidelines divide patients into three categories for treatment:

• "Red" patients are treated within 10 minutes of arrival.
• "Yellow" patients are treated within one hour.
• "Green" patients are treated after critical patients.

Working with the MOH and partners, CDC supported Uganda's first health worker training on how to use UTAT. CDC developed instructions for triaging and transferring patients and provided funding to six regional referral hospitals (RRH) in Uganda. This allowed each RRH to have a dedicated regional coordinator to manage the transfer of patients between facilities.

With CDC support, 18 phones, SIM cards, and minutes were bought for regional hospitals' EMS departments for successful communication between facilities. This allowed lower-level facilities to contact larger RRHs to confirm if they were able to treat a seriously ill patient.

Upgrading services

A well-coordinated emergency medical system needs ambulances and health facilities that provide appropriate care during and after the transfer of patients. Uganda needed more ambulances filled with life-saving supplies so patients could get adequate care when they needed it.

In Uganda, lack of fuel, limited ambulance drivers, and emergency medical technicians were some of the barriers to proper emergency care. CDC's support helped buy emergency fuel to ensure ambulances were operating where the need was greatest.

Building on successes

Uganda's improved EMS system is a testament to CDC, MOH and other partners working so well together to address common needs.

With CDC's technical and financial support, the MOH and partners continue to build on these EMS successes. Work continues to expand training sessions and triage implementation across the country. Partnerships are also on-going to improve life-saving medical care for all Ugandans during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

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Uganda Travel Advisory

Travel advisory december 28, 2023, uganda - level 3: reconsider travel.

Uganda Level 3 – Reconsider Travel C T O

Reissued with updates to terrorism information.

Reconsider travel to Uganda due to  crime, terrorism , and  anti-LGBTQI+ legislation . Some areas have increased risk. Read the entire Travel Advisory.

Country summary:  There remains a threat of  terrorist attacks  in Uganda and throughout the region. Numerous terrorist attacks have occurred in Uganda, to include religious venues, schools, and areas frequented by tourists, resulting in the deaths of Ugandans as well as foreign visitors.  U.S. citizens should remain alert and avoid large public gatherings. In October 2023, ISIS-Central Africa claimed responsibility for killing two international tourists and a Ugandan driver within Queen Elizabeth National Park.

Violent crime , such as armed robbery, home invasion, and sexual assault, presents a serious threat to those visiting and residing in Uganda and can occur at any time, especially in larger cities, including Kampala, Jinja and Entebbe, in the Karamoja region, and along Uganda’s western and northern borders. Local police may lack appropriate resources to respond effectively to serious crime in most areas.

The May 2023 Anti-Homosexuality Act raises the  risk that LGBTQI+ persons, and those perceived to be LGBTQI+, could be prosecuted and subjected to life imprisonment or death based on provisions in the law , and may be subject to mandatory reporting to the police if they are suspected of committing or intending to commit acts in violation of the law, and could face harassment or attacks by vigilantes. Those perceived to support the dignity and human rights of LGBTQI+ persons (including those of youth under the age of 18) could be prosecuted and imprisoned for multi-year sentences.   Even an unsubstantiated accusation of supporting the LGBTQI+ community can create risks from police and vigilantes.  Read the country information page for additional information on travel to Uganda.

If you decide to travel to Uganda:

• Remain alert and avoid large public gatherings.
• Keep a low profile.
• Be aware of your surroundings.
• Do not display signs of wealth, such as expensive watches or jewelry.
• Use caution when walking or driving at night.
• Remain with a group of friends in public.
• Do not physically resist any robbery attempt.
• Do not open your door for people at your hotel/residence unless you know who it is.
• Do not leave food and drinks unattended in public, especially in local clubs.
• Stay alert in locations frequented by foreign tourists.
• Be extra vigilant when visiting banks or ATMs.
• Carry a copy of your passport and visa (if applicable) and secure originals in your hotel safe.
• Provide your itinerary to a family member or friend.
• Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program  (STEP)  to receive Alerts and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Be mindful that any public identification with the LGBTQI+ community, as either a member or supporter, could be grounds for prosecution, and that even private consensual same-sex relations are illegal.
• Follow the Department of State on  Facebook  and  Twitter .
• Review the  Country Security Report  for Uganda.
• Prepare a contingency plan for emergency situations.  Review the Traveler’s Checklist.
• Visit the  CDC page  for the latest Travel Health Information related to your travel.

Travel Advisory Levels

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Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Dial 999 and ask for an ambulance.

Medical help at the scene of an accident is likely to be limited, particularly outside Kampala.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest recommended vaccines for Uganda
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

Health risks

Go to TravelHealthPro to see  what health risks you’ll face in Uganda  including:

• yellow fever

There are occasional outbreaks of Ebola in Uganda. The authorities and the World Health Organisation declared the last one was over in January 2023. See more information on Ebola and similar diseases .  

Some countries have heightened health screening for travellers from Uganda. Check the entry requirements of the country you are travelling to or transiting.

Public Health England has guidance for humanitarian or healthcare workers travelling to countries at risk of Ebola.

Drinking water

Only use boiled or bottled water, and avoid ice in drinks. Avoid eating food prepared by unlicensed vendors or where you have concerns about kitchen hygiene .

If you are staying in Uganda for a long time, store basic provisions (drinking water and non-perishable foods) at your accommodation, in case of supply problems.

HIV and AIDS

UNAIDS estimate that around 1,400,000 adults aged 15 or over in Uganda are living with HIV. Read more about precautions and how to avoid exposure to HIV or AIDS .

Laws and rules about medicines you can buy or get on prescription in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro .

Healthcare in Uganda

Medical facilities in Uganda are limited, especially outside Kampala. Many popular tourist attractions have poor medical facilities. If you are seriously ill or have an accident, you may need an air ambulance. Make sure you have accessible funds to cover the cost of any medical treatment abroad and repatriation.

FCDO has a list of medical providers in Uganda where some staff will speak English. 

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health . There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro .

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Article Contents

Introduction, acknowledgements, data availability.

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On alert for Ebola: public health risk assessment of travellers from Uganda to the USA during the 2022 outbreak

Jennifer J. Fowler and Leigh Ellyn Preston contributed equally to this work

• Article contents
• Figures & tables
• Supplementary Data

Jennifer J Fowler, Leigh Ellyn Preston, Shannon L Gearhart, Argelia Figueroa, Deborah L Christensen, Colby Mitchell, Estephania Hernandez, Ardath W Grills, Stephanie M Morrison, Melanie Wilkinson, Tahab Talib, Kayla Marie Lavilla, Tureka Watson, Dionne Mitcham, Ronnae Nash, Maria A Colón Veguilla, Sabrina Hansen, Nicole J Cohen, Seseni A Nu Clarke, Ar'reil Smithson, Emma Shearer, Danielle Gilliard Pella, Joseph D Morris, Sarah Meehan, Mahmoud Aboukheir, Kara Adams, Zenia Sunavala, Jake Conley, Maeva Abouattier, Matthew Palo, Linda Capewell Pimentel, Andre Berro, Hugh Mainzer, Ramona Byrkit, Daniel Kim, Volha Katebi, Francisco Alvarado-Ramy, Shahrokh Roohi, Abbey E Wojno, Viral Special Pathogens Group, Clive M Brown, Alida M Gertz, On alert for Ebola: public health risk assessment of travellers from Uganda to the USA during the 2022 outbreak, Journal of Travel Medicine , Volume 31, Issue 5, July 2024, taae079, https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taae079

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On 20 September 2022, the Ugandan Ministry of Health declared an outbreak of Ebola disease caused by Sudan ebolavirus.

From 6 October 2022 to 10 January 2023, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) staff conducted public health assessments at five US ports of entry for travellers identified as having been in Uganda in the past 21 days. CDC also recommended that state, local and territorial health departments (‘health departments’) conduct post-arrival monitoring of these travellers. CDC provided traveller contact information, daily to 58 health departments, and collected health department data regarding monitoring outcomes.

Among 11 583 travellers screened, 132 (1%) required additional assessment due to potential exposures or symptoms of concern. Fifty-three (91%) health departments reported receiving traveller data from CDC for 10 114 (87%) travellers, of whom 8499 (84%) were contacted for monitoring, 1547 (15%) could not be contacted and 68 (1%) had no reported outcomes. No travellers with high-risk exposures or Ebola disease were identified.

Entry risk assessment and post-arrival monitoring of travellers are resource-intensive activities that had low demonstrated yield during this and previous outbreaks. The efficiency of future responses could be improved by incorporating an assessment of risk of importation of disease, accounting for individual travellers’ potential for exposure, and expanded use of methods that reduce burden to federal agencies, health departments, and travellers.

On 20 September 2022, the Ugandan Ministry of Health declared an outbreak of Ebola disease caused by ‘Sudan ebolavirus’. 1 The domestic focus of the US response to the outbreak was to quickly identify any imported cases and minimize US exposures and spread. From 6 October 2022 to 10 January 2023, all US-bound air passengers identified as having been in Uganda in the past 21 days were redirected to enter the US through one of five ports of entry: John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR), Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD), Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD), and Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL). 2 Exit screening in Uganda occurred to various degrees during the outbreak. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted public health screening of these arriving travellers and recommended that state, local and territorial health departments (SLTHDs) conduct post-arrival monitoring. CDC provided traveller contact information, as well as symptom and exposure information collected during entry screening, daily to 58 SLTHDs, and collected survey data from SLTHDs regarding traveller monitoring outcomes. The Ugandan Ministry of Health declared the outbreak over on 11 January 2023, and CDC recommended discontinuing travel-related measures. 3 The outbreak totalled 164 cases (87 recovered and 77 deaths) and was limited to Uganda, affecting 9 of 146 districts. 4 This report describes the outcome of the US domestic public health response involving assessment and monitoring of travellers arriving from Uganda in the US during the outbreak from October 2022 to January 2023.

Beginning 6 October 2022, all US-bound air passengers identified as having been in Uganda in the past 21 days were redirected to enter the US through one of five ports of entry, where they were screened by CDC staff. Screening included visual inspection, temperature measurement and a brief interview. The interview included questions about potential ebolavirus exposures 5 and signs or symptoms of Ebola disease (diarrhoea, vomiting, measured or subjective fever, or unexplained bleeding or bruising). 6 , 7 CDC staff also asked travellers to confirm their contact information, which had been collected prior to travel by airlines under an existing CDC Order, 8 transmitted electronically to US Customs and Border Protection, then provided to CDC. (The CDC Order, ``Requirement for Airlines and Operators to Collect Contact Information for All Passengers Arriving into the US,'' requires airlines to collect passenger contact information, retain it for 30 days, and provide it to CDC within 24 hours of a request.) Travellers’ presence in designated outbreak areas 9 , 10 was documented. Designated outbreak areas were determined by surveillance conducted by national health authorities, non-governmental organizations and the World Health Organization; this information was reviewed, updated and provided daily by CDC to port health stations (previously called quarantine stations). Finally, CDC staff entered all data collected into CDC’s database of public health activities performed at CDC port health stations, the Port Health Activity Reporting System (PHARS). Travellers reporting symptoms of illness or potential exposures to ebolavirus underwent an additional in-depth public health risk assessment that included further questions about potential exposures. Protocols included immediate notification by CDC to the health department of the jurisdiction based on the US address provided by the traveller, for any suspected Ebola disease 9 or reported high-risk exposures 6 (e.g. direct contact with a person with Ebola disease without adequate personal protective equipment). Once a day, each SLTHD was sent a list of all newly screened travellers who had indicated a destination in their jurisdiction. Information was transmitted via CDC’s Secure Access Management Service/Secure Data eXchange platform for 58 US jurisdictions: all 50 states, the District of Columbia, New York City, Philadelphia, and five US territories. Traveller information was provided to these 58 jurisdictions, and to their constituent local health departments at the discretion of the recipient jurisdiction. CDC recommended that when travellers arrived in their jurisdictions, SLTHDs conduct a confirmatory exposure risk assessment, provide health education, and conduct follow-up symptom assessments until 21 days after travellers departed Uganda. During the 2022 Ebola outbreak, monitoring until 21 days after departure from Uganda was recommended twice weekly for travellers from Uganda who had been in a designated outbreak area 9 , 10 during the past 21 days, and once weekly for all other travellers from Uganda, assuming no high-risk exposures. If risk factors were later identified, post screening, in a traveller previously identified as not high risk, the recommendation for monitoring that traveller increased to twice weekly. (This guidance has been revised since the 2022 Ebola outbreak in Uganda.) CDC also sent health information via text messaging directly to travellers, 11 with instructions for self-monitoring, what to do if symptoms developed, and how to access additional information online. 5 , 12 Travellers were scheduled to receive messages on Days 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 and 21 after US arrival.

For analysis of screening activity data, the PHARS database was queried for the number of arriving flights, the number of travellers screened who reported having been in a designated Ebola outbreak area during the past 21 days, the number who needed a more in-depth additional risk assessment, and reasons for requiring the additional risk assessment (e.g. visibly ill, measured temperature ≥ 100.4°F, reported symptoms, or reported exposures on initial screening). To assess outcomes of SLTHD traveller monitoring, CDC distributed an optional REDCap 13 , 14 survey to all 58 jurisdictions weekly from 30 October 2022 to 14 January 2023. The REDCap survey was an online reporting tool, in an anonymous environment, accessed via a unique link distributed to all jurisdictions weekly. Variables collected included the numbers of travellers who: were received by each jurisdiction, initiated monitoring, were being monitored, had completed monitoring, had prematurely discontinued monitoring, or could not be contacted. A final survey sent 20 January 2023 requested cumulative counts of the same variables for the entire response period and the time spent conducting these activities; additional questions requested numbers of travellers whose residence was initially attributed to an incorrect jurisdiction or moved to a different jurisdiction during monitoring, non-CDC data sources used for locating and monitoring travellers, and an option for open-ended feedback.

Descriptive analyses were used to evaluate completeness of traveller contact information, examine outcomes of screening and SLTHD efforts, and outline challenges and lessons learned. This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy. (45 C.F.R. part 46.102(l)(2), 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.)

From 6 October 2022 to 10 January 10, 2023, 11 583 travellers were screened at US ports of entry. The largest proportion arrived at JFK ( n  = 3214, 28%) and ATL ( n  = 2780, 24%); 6409 (55%) reported having been in a designated outbreak area. 9 , 10 Only 132 (1%) travellers required an additional in-depth public health risk assessment due to reports of potential exposures ( n  = 87, 66%), signs or symptoms of concern ( n  = 42, 32%), or both ( n  = 3, 2%). Among the 90 travellers reporting potential exposures, the most frequently reported potential exposure was attending a funeral (see Table 1 ) ( n  = 64, 71%). Among the 45 travellers who reported symptoms, the most frequently reported symptom was diarrhoea ( n  = 28, 62%) ( Table 1 ). For the 45 travellers who reported symptoms on entry screening, additional assessment determined none of these 45 travellers had exposures that warranted immediate isolation and testing. Health departments of jurisdiction at the travellers’ final destination were immediately notified for these symptomatic travellers, so that appropriate monitoring could continue for the recommended period. Some symptomatic travellers were advised to seek more immediate medical attention to be evaluated for conditions other than Ebola. CDC sent 54 188 text messages to 4649 unique traveller phone numbers post arrival. 11

Results of public health entry risk assessment of air passengers from Uganda during an Ebola disease outbreak—US, October 2022–January 2023

Travellers screened through airports other than the five designated ports of entry represent travellers with indirect itineraries from Uganda to the US.

Designated outbreak areas were determined by surveillance conducted by national health authorities, non-governmental organizations, and the World Health Organization; this information was reviewed, updated and provided daily by CDC to port health stations

Fifty-three (91%) of 58 jurisdictions reported receiving traveller data, three jurisdictions (5%) received no data during the response, and two jurisdictions (3%) received traveller data but did not respond to any surveys. Jurisdictions reported receiving information from CDC for 10 114 travellers, representing 87% of those screened at ports of entry. Information for an additional 513 (4.4%) travellers was transmitted to the two jurisdictions that did not respond to the surveys. Information was not transmitted for 8.3% of travellers for reasons that included travellers’ not having been in Uganda in the past 21 days or having no end US destination. Ten jurisdictions (California, Massachusetts, Texas, Maryland, Georgia, New York City, Florida, Virginia, Illinois and North Carolina) accounted for 57% of all traveller contact information that US jurisdictions reported receiving ( Figure 1 ).

Final US destinations of travellers from Uganda reported at entry screening during the Sudan ebolavirus outbreak, October 2022–January 2023 (American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam had no travelers)

Among the 10 114 travellers for whom jurisdictions reported receiving information, 8216 (81%) initiated monitoring, 1547 (15%) could not be contacted and 205 (2%) were contacted but their residence was initially attributed to an incorrect jurisdiction; 6632 (81%) either completed monitoring or started monitoring but stopped before the end of the 21 days due to the end of the outbreak ( Table 2 ). Among the 1329 travellers who started monitoring but stopped for reasons other than the end of the outbreak, 573 (43%) left the jurisdiction before the monitoring period concluded, 459 (35%) were lost to follow-up for other reasons and 297 (22%) had undescribed reasons. Among travellers that could not be contacted, 375 (24%) were reported to have incorrect contact information, 844 (55%) did not respond to attempted contact, and 341 (21%) were unable to be contacted for other reasons (e.g. contact information identified a business instead of a person, or was for an international phone). SLTHDs reported using data sources other than CDC (e.g. LexisNexis) to obtain correct contact information. SLTHDs consulted CDC about ebolavirus testing for 39 travellers, 37 of whom were under monitoring (internal CDC communication). No travellers with high-risk exposures 6 or cases of Ebola disease 9 were identified.

In the final survey, 31 (58%) of 53 jurisdictions reporting traveler data reported spending a median of 136 hours (interquartile range 38 to 435 hours) on traveller management over the course of the response. Eight of the 31 jurisdictions reported spending >500 hours; and five of the 31 reported spending >900 hours. Several jurisdictions provided additional feedback on the final survey indicating a large time burden associated with the response.

Monitoring outcome data provided by US jurisdictions during the response to the Ebola Disease outbreak in Uganda, October 2022–January 2023

NA, not applicable.

This % is calculated by dividing # travellers unable to be contacted by # travellers for whom data were received.

Includes both travellers who completed 21-day monitoring and travellers who completed monitoring due to discontinuation of the program on 11 January 2023 (at the end of the outbreak).

Management of travellers arriving from Uganda during the 2022 Ebola disease outbreak included (i) redirecting travellers to designated US ports of entry, (ii) screening travellers for potential exposures to ebolavirus and illnesses compatible with Ebola disease and (iii) traveller monitoring by SLTHDs. These activities required substantial public health resources and posed a burden to the airline industry and to travellers. No high-risk exposures 6 or cases of Ebola disease 9 were identified. Entry screening during the 2014–2016 epidemic in West Africa, which began after the first imported case, did not identify the second imported case as the traveller was asymptomatic upon entry. This case was identified via self-monitoring and reporting to the local health department. 15 , 16 For the 2022 outbreak, the World Health Organization assessed risk at the global level to be low and advised against any restrictions on travel to Uganda 1 ; many countries, such as those in the European Union, 17 did not conduct traveller screening or monitoring, and no imported cases were identified there. 18

Most travellers were monitored successfully, but feedback from SLTHDs indicated that their failed attempts to contact travellers and efforts to obtain contact information from sources other than CDC led to inefficiencies in their response. Despite CDC’s and collaborating federal agencies’ efforts to improve the quality and completeness of traveller contact information by asking travellers to confirm their contact information during the screening process, there was no feasible mechanism to verify the accuracy of traveller information and some data remained unusable. If travellers provided incorrect information to airlines, then stated during the confirmation process that the information was correct, incorrect information may have been provided to SLTHDs. Examples include cities not matched to the correct state (e.g. Boston, Delaware), addresses for travel agencies, and incorrect phone numbers. Additionally, some travellers may have failed to respond to SLTHD attempts to establish contact. As CDC recommended SLTHDs to establish contact with travellers within 24 hours of receiving their information, communication of accurate information to SLTHDs was of paramount importance. The rule recently proposed by US Customs and Border Protection that includes a requirement for airlines to collect and transmit passenger contact information 19 may enhance accuracy and completeness of traveller information.

Although no travellers tested positive for ebolavirus, some travellers did develop symptoms consistent with early stages of Ebola disease. 9 Giving SLTHDs a mechanism to intervene early if a traveller developed symptoms facilitated rapid public health assessment, implementation of infection control precautions and coordinated medical transport and evaluation, if indicated. This may have expedited medical evaluation and testing of travellers with suspected Ebola disease and averted delays in travellers’ receiving medical care for other infections (including some considered medical emergencies, such as malaria) because of healthcare facilities’ concerns about potential exposures to ebolavirus. Establishing reliable connectivity between travellers and health departments and providing health education to travellers are important components of domestic response to an outbreak of a high-consequence pathogen overseas with risk of disease importation. However, screening travellers at ports of entry and efforts by SLTHDs at end destinations to locate, establish contact with, assess, educate and monitor travellers for Ebola disease may have diverted resources from other public health priorities, and a more targeted risk-based strategy may be warranted for future responses. Using available contact information to send text messages to travellers was accomplished electronically at relatively low cost. Expanding on this technology or exploring other digital solutions to establish reliable and interoperable bidirectional communication with travellers, combined with additional methods to improve accuracy of traveller contact information, could accomplish these objectives while limiting burden on CDC and SLTHD staff.

Further evaluation is needed to characterize costs and public health benefits of enhanced post-arrival screening and monitoring, and identify a more targeted risk-based strategy to optimize use of public health resources during future outbreaks of Ebola disease or other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Mechanisms, other than those described in this report, exist through regulation and routine port-of-entry operations to detect and respond to ill travellers arriving in the US. Additionally, CDC has established contact with organizations sending US-based healthcare or emergency response personnel to outbreak areas, and provided guidance 5 that fulfils screening and monitoring objectives for this subset of travellers that could serve as a model for other US-based organizations sending personnel to outbreak areas. Future responses would benefit from strategies to limit post-arrival management of travellers to those at highest risk, and technological solutions to reduce burden, which continue to build on lessons learned during this and previous Ebola disease outbreaks 15 , 16 and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 20 , 21

The findings of our analysis are subject to at least three limitations. First, some travellers may have denied symptoms or potential exposures or taken medications to suppress signs of illness (e.g. by using fever-reducing medication). Second, SLTHD responses to surveys were voluntary. The number of jurisdictions who responded during a given week ranged from 48 (83%) to 56 (97%) of the 58 jurisdictions; cumulative data covering the full duration of the response were accounted for by 56 (97%) jurisdictions in the final survey. Third, data were not collected in real time regarding outcomes for travellers who had left a jurisdiction before the end of their monitoring period; for those who relocated domestically, jurisdictions had the option to continue monitoring or transfer traveller management to the traveller’s new destination; those who left the US were not monitored.

To maximize efficient use of public health resources and maintain trust in the application of public health travel measures, systems to identify and focus screening and post-arrival monitoring of travellers should be based on possible exposures, assessed risk of global spread, epidemiology of the outbreak, public health measures in place in the outbreak country and evidence of exported cases. Real-time communication and data enhancements, as well as matching the response to the level of importation threat, are important to minimize unnecessary burdens of public health response and travel disruptions while protecting travellers and destination communities.

This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and funded by Inter Agency Agreement Number 23FED2300130CKC.

This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program administered by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Cooperative Agreement Number 1NU38OT000297-03-00.

We would like to thank Olubunmi Akinkugbe, Tai-Ho Chen, Michelle Decenteceo, Candice Boatwright Gilliland, Andrew Klevos, Karin Pivaral, Joanna Prasher, Paisley Rearden, Erin Rothney, Lisa Rotz, Meghan Schlosser, Erica Sison, Neha Jaggi Sood, Kaytna Thaker and the many other contractors, deployers and CDC Division of Global Migration Health staff who supported the activities of the Global Migration Task Force for the response. Finally, we would like to especially thank all state, local and territorial health departments for their work monitoring travellers and providing outcomes data to CDC.

Conflict of interest: All authors state they have no conflict of interest to disclose.

The data underlying this article cannot be shared publicly without permission of the jurisdictions who responded to voluntary surveys. The data may be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

World Health Organization . Disease Outbreak News: Ebola Disease Caused by Sudan Virus – Uganda . 2022 . https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON410 (1 February 2023, date last accessed) .

U.S. Customs and Border Protection . Arrival Restrictions Applicable to Flights Carrying Persons who have Recently Traveled From or Were Otherwise Present Within Uganda . 2022 . https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/10/12/2022-22264/arrival-restrictions-applicable-to-flights-carrying-persons-who-have-recently-traveled-from-or-were (2 May 2023, date last accessed) .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Atlanta, GA. Ebola Outbreak Over in Uganda . 2023 . https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2023/s0111-ebola-outbreak.html (11 January 2023, date last accessed) .

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Atlanta, GA . Recommendations for Organizations Sending U.S.-Based Healthcare or Emergency Response Personnel to Areas with Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) Outbreaks . 2024 . https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/php/partners/recommendations-for-vhf-outbreaks.html (23 May 2024, date last accessed) .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Atlanta, GA . Public Health Management of People with Suspected or Confirmed VHF or High-Risk Exposures – High-Risk Exposures Definition . 2024 . https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/php/public-health-strategy/people-with-suspected-or-confirmed-vhf-or-high-risk.html (23 May 2024, date last accessed) .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Atlanta, GA . Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs – Suspect Case Definition . 2024 . https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html (23 May 2024, date last accessed) .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Order: Requirement for Airlines and Operators to Collect Contact Information for All Passengers Arriving into the United States . Atlanta, GA , 2024 . https://www.cdc.gov/port-health/legal-authorities/order-collect-contact-info.html (23 May 2024, date last accessed) .

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The covid-19 situation update and adjustments on travel restrictions in uganda april, 2022.

To date the country has registered 164,118 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 3,596 deaths. Furthermore, there is a massive drop in the number of admissions at the health facilities. Currently there are two severely ill COVID-19 patients on admission at Mulago National referral Hospital and St Mary's Hospital Lacor. The country has sustained  low transmission of COVID-19 with a positivity rate of less than 2% since February, 2022. This is attributed to the early decisive and sustained measures put in place to curb the spread of COVID-19 and the cooperations of all Ugandans to adhere to these measures, including taking up COVID-19 vaccination.

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Related documents, weekly epidemiological surveillance brief, week 18, 1 -7 may, 2022, grievance redress mechanism for uganda covid-19 response and emergency preparedness project -additional financing april 2022, environmental and social management framework for additional financing to uganda covid-19 response and emergency preparedness project (p177273), march, 2022, development partners.

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What is oropouche virus? CDC warns of cases linked to South America travel

by Dennis Thompson

An insect-borne virus that can cause birth defects and deaths has prompted warnings from the United States for travelers headed to locales in South America and the Caribbean.

Oropouche virus has caused two deaths and five cases of fetal death or birth defects among more than 8,000 cases this year, in an outbreak stretching from the Amazon basin to Cuba, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a recent health advisory .

The CDC is warning pregnant women to reconsider travel to any countries in which Oropouche is circulating.

"If travel is unavoidable, pregnant travelers should strictly follow Oropouche virus prevention recommendations, to prevent insect bites during travel," the CDC said.

The U.S. has had 11 travel-related cases of Oropouche this year, the CDC said. However, there's no evidence the virus has started to circulate in North America.

Oropouche is spread by biting midges and some mosquitos, the CDC says.

About 60% of people infected with Oropouche develop symptoms, the CDC says. Common symptoms include fever, severe headache, muscle aches, chills and joint pain.

The illness typically subsides after a few days, but about 7 in 10 people experience recurrent symptoms days or weeks after their initial infection , the CDC says—essentially, long Oropouche.

Fewer than 5% of patients infected with Oropouche will develop more serious conditions like meningitis or bleeding.

Brazil also has reported five cases in which infected pregnant women lost their babies or had children born with birth defects. The defects included microcephaly, in which a baby is born with a small, underdeveloped head.

There are no vaccines or medicines to prevent or treat Oropouche, the CDC says. Avoiding bug bites is the best way to protect against infection.

Countries reporting cases of Oropouche include Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia and Cuba, the CDC said. U.S. and European cases of Oropouche occurred in travelers returning from Cuba and Brazil.

Oropouche was first detected in 1955 in Trinidad and Tobago, and is endemic in the Amazon basin, the CDC said. Previous outbreaks have occurred in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama and Peru.

The CDC is recommending that travelers to nations affected by Oropouche avoid biting midges and mosquitos both during travel and up to three weeks after returning home, to prevent the spread of the virus into the United States.

"All travelers can protect themselves from Oropouche, dengue, Zika and other viruses transmitted by insects by preventing insect bites, including using an Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]-registered insect repellent ; wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants; and staying in places with air conditioning or that use window and door screens," the CDC said in its advisory.

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A Travel Medicine Primer for the Pharmacist

Amber B. Giles, PharmD, BCPS, MPH, AAHIVP Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy Clinton, South Carolina

USPharm. 2018;43(4):19-26.

ABSTRACT: With international travel increasing in past decades, pharmacists should be informed and stay up-to-date on the most pertinent travel-health information available. Preventive measures including prescriptions and other nonpharmacologic therapies are available to reduce the risk of acquiring an infectious disease while traveling internationally. Pharmacists in the community may be the last line of medication information and counseling available to the patient before travel, and they may be asked for recommendations about medications and OTC products to prevent travel-related illnesses such as traveler’s diarrhea, cholera, typhoid fever, malaria, and Zika.

International travel has dramatically increased in past decades, with over 80 million trips booked by Americans in 2016—8% more than in 2015. 1 Travelers should consult a medical professional weeks to months prior to international travel, especially when traveling to a tropical, subtropical, or developing country, in order to receive proper counseling and any prophylactic medications or vaccinations that may be recommended. 2 This article will focus on information pertinent to pharmacists in the United States in order to field questions about causes, preventive measures, and available treatment options for the most common travel-related illnesses that patients may experience abroad.

Important information to obtain from a patient seeking medical travel advice includes the travel destination, reason for travel (e.g., medical mission trip, work, or leisure), duration of travel, itinerary, and patient-specific health concerns. 2 Pharmacists can consult the CDC Travelers’ Health website for specific recommendations. 3 Pharmacists may also be instrumental in helping patients locate a travel-medicine clinic. The International Society of Travel Medicine has an online directory of available travel-medicine clinics, which can be searched by state in order to locate the nearest clinics. 4

Travel Vaccinations

Many diseases that travelers may be at higher risk for can be prevented with vaccinations. 5 Common routine vaccinations given at pretravel appointments include influenza, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. Specific travel-related vaccines should be administered based on risk of infection, patient-specific factors, and travel itinerary; further details about available travel vaccines may be found in Table 1 . 6-14 Many insurance companies do not cover the cost of travel vaccinations, so patients should contact a local travel-medicine clinic for specific information on pricing.

Prevention of Food and Waterborne Disease

Precautionary safety measures during travel are of utmost importance in preventing infectious diseases. Paying close attention to hygiene practices in international restaurants and avoiding places with poor hygiene practices are important. Travelers should avoid eating raw or undercooked foods, including meats, seafood, and raw fruits and vegetables, unless cooked or peeled by the traveler personally. Travelers should avoid purchasing foods and beverages from street vendors, drinking tap water and unpasteurized milk, and consuming ice and dairy products. Any water used for drinking or brushing teeth should either come from an unopened bottle or be boiled prior to use. Hand washing with soap and water should be practiced routinely while traveling abroad. Alcohol-based sanitizers may be used if soap and water are unavailable. 15

Traveler’s Diarrhea

Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) is the most common travel-related illness and is caused by consuming fecally contaminated food or water. TD is defined as three or more unformed stools within 24 hours plus one of the following symptoms: abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, or fecal urgency. More than 80% of TD cases are caused by bacterial organisms, such as Escherichia coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Shigella spp . , or Salmonella spp . , but may also be caused by viral or protozoal infections. Norovirus is often associated with outbreaks in patients traveling on cruise ships. A higher incidence of TD is seen in patients traveling to countries in Central and South America, Asia, Africa, Mexico, and the Middle East. 16

Symptoms of TD can be mild, with some cramping and loose stools, or severe, with fever, bloody stools, vomiting, and intense abdominal pain. The food and water safety measures previously discussed should be practiced to prevent TD. Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) has been studied, with success shown in reducing the risk of TD by approximately 50%. In patients wishing to use BSS for prophylaxis, proper counseling about the potential of BSS to blacken the tongue and stool is important. BSS prophylaxis should not be used in pregnant patients or children aged less than 3 years. Additionally, those who have an aspirin allergy, renal dysfunction, or a prescription for an anticoagulant should avoid BSS. Importantly, prophylactic antibiotic therapy is not indicated to prevent TD in most travelers because this practice may lead to further antibiotic resistance. 16

Counseling should be provided to patients about increasing oral fluid intake in the event of a TD episode during travel. Antimotility medications such as loperamide (maximum 8 mg per day) or BSS may be used to reduce the number of stools per day and allow patients to continue with travel plans. Antidiarrheals should be used only in patients who do not have concomitant fever or blood in the stool and who are not pregnant. 16 Antibiotics may be used to reduce the duration of moderate-to-severe TD. Azithromycin or fluoroquinolone antibiotics are recommended empiric therapy for infectious diarrhea. 17 Importantly, fluoroquinolones should not be used in cases of bloody diarrhea. 16 Additionally, fluoroquinolone resistance is increasing throughout the world, so these agents are no longer the preferred treatment options in some locations, as outlined on the CDC website. 3 Azithromycin is preferred in patients who are pregnant. 18  Single doses of antibiotics have been shown to be as efficacious as multidoses and are also more convenient for patients traveling abroad ( Table 2 ). 19

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever, also known as enteric fever , are bacterial infections caused by Salmonella enterica . Southern and Southeast Asia, as well as Africa, are the highest-risk regions for enteric fever. The Caribbean, East Asia, and South America are areas with a lower risk. Typhoid typically presents as a low fever in the morning followed by higher fever in the evening. Typhoid symptoms may last up to 1 month if left untreated, and complications associated with typhoid, such as intestinal perforation and hemorrhage, may present after several weeks of untreated illness. 13

Two vaccines are available for typhoid in the U.S. 13 Destination-specific vaccine recommendations may be found on the CDC Travelers’ Health website. 3 The traditional therapy of choice for enteric fever has been fluoroquinolone antibiotics; however, increasing resistance has been seen across the globe, especially in Southern and Southeast Asia. Third-generation cephalosporins and azithromycin are often used instead of fluoroquinolones owing to this resistance. After antibiotic initiation, patients could continue to spike fevers for several days, with an initial worsening of symptoms. 13  

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium, toxigenic Vibrio cholerae . The highest incidence of cholera is found in regions of Africa and Southern and Southeast Asia. Cholera outbreaks have also been reported in parts of the Caribbean. Cholera typically presents as mild, watery diarrhea without fever and may also be asymptomatic. However, some patients may experience severe, profuse, watery diarrhea that appears like “rice-water stools.” This form of cholera may lead to very severe dehydration, shock, or even death if left untreated. 7

Owing to high quantities of fluid loss, aggressive rehydration is the key to treating patients with active cholera infections. Oral rehydration therapy may be used to treat moderate dehydration; however, IV fluids are needed in severe cases. Doxycycline is the agent of choice for adult patients in the majority of the world, and azithromycin is the treatment option preferred in pregnant women and children. 7 Other options for treatment include ceftriaxone or fluoroquinolone antibiotics, with increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones in many parts of the world. 7,17 In addition to safety precautions, an oral vaccine is now available in the U.S. for adults (ages 18-64) traveling to areas of active transmission of cholera. Currently, there are no safety or efficacy data for booster doses of the cholera vaccine. 20

Prevention of Insect-Borne Disease

Prophylactic medications and vaccinations are available in the U.S. to prevent vectorborne diseases. Lightweight long-sleeved shirts, long pants, closed-toe shoes, and hats should be worn when possible to minimize the amount of exposed skin. Permethrin may be used to treat clothing or gear but should not be applied directly to the skin. Any exposed skin should be treated with a mosquito repellent. Many commercially available insect repellents are EPA-registered, including DEET, picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus, and para-menthane-3,8-diol. Repellents containing less than 10% of the active ingredient are only minimally protective (providing coverage for 1-2 hours). Repellents should not be sprayed directly to the face, under clothing, or on cuts or irritated skin. Combination sunscreen and repellent products are not recommended by the CDC. In addition to wearing proper clothing and using insect repellents, travelers should sleep in screened-in and/or air-conditioned rooms as well as under an insecticide-pretreated bed net. 21

Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients traveling internationally. 2 Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito in areas of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Different species of Plasmodium are seen throughout the world, and each species and region have unique susceptibility to antimalarial agents. The CDC separates geographical regions into chloroquine-sensitive or chloroquine-resistant malaria, which helps physicians in choosing appropriate prophylaxis or treatment. 22

Malaria prophylaxis should be prescribed for patients traveling to high-risk areas and should be taken before, during, and after travel. The travel itinerary, remaining time before travel, age, weight, allergies, concomitant drug interactions, and pregnancy status are important factors to consider in order to choose the most appropriate prophylactic therapy for a patient. Several options for prophylaxis should be started 1 to 2 days prior to travel, while others must be started 1 to 2 weeks prior. In addition, the duration that prophylaxis must be continued post-travel is unique to each agent ( Table 3 ). Patients who believe that they may  have been infected with malaria while traveling should seek appropriate medical treatment as soon as possible. Treatment options depend on the severity of infection, area of travel, potential drug resistance, and patient-specific characteristics. 22 The CDC provides guidelines for the treatment of malaria in the U.S. 23

Zika is a viral infection that is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. Zika virus was discovered in 1947 in Uganda; however, much attention has been focused on Zika in recent years owing to its association with severe effects on the fetuses of mothers infected with the virus. There are currently no available vaccinations or prophylactic therapies to prevent infection with Zika. Proper mosquito precautions are important for preventing the illness. The majority of patients infected with Zika remain asymptomatic, and any symptomatic infections are often mild and flulike. Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy in patients with symptomatic Zika infections. 24

An increased risk of microcephaly and other brain abnormalities in the fetus has been associated with Zika infection in pregnant women; therefore, the CDC recommends that pregnant women or those trying to become pregnant should not travel to areas of active local transmission. 24 Other potential birth defects linked to Zika are neural tube defects such as anencephaly, congenital cataracts, spina bifida, and hearing loss. 25 If travel to these areas cannot be avoided, the woman should speak with her healthcare provider and take very strict precautions to avoid mosquito bites. A male who has traveled to an area of local transmission should use condoms or abstain from sex with his partner, if the partner is pregnant, for the duration of the pregnancy. Couples wishing to conceive and who have recently traveled to an endemic area should first speak with a medical provider and wait until risks for transmission are minimized. 24

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever (YF) is caused by a virus and is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and the tropics of Central and South America. YF is transmitted via the bite of Aedes or Haemagogus spp . mosquitoes. During the rainy season, there is an increased risk of infection; however, transmission may still occur outside of these months. The majority of patients infected with YF remain asymptomatic or may have mild flulike symptoms. Approximately 15% of patients infected with YF will progress to severe disease with liver dysfunction, hemorrhage, shock, and ultimately multiorgan failure. Supportive care with fluids, analgesics, and antipyretics is the standard of care. Because of the increased risk of bleeding, aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should not be used in patients with suspected or confirmed YF. 14

YF prevention includes mosquito protection as well as the YF vaccine, which is a live attenuated vaccine. Some countries require proof of vaccination with the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, or “Yellow Card.”  In 2014, the World Health Organization determined that a single dose of the YF vaccine provides lifelong immunity, so a 10-year booster is no longer needed for most patients. 14 The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices does recommend a one-time booster in patients who received their first vaccine while pregnant or who received a stem-cell transplant after the vaccination. Patients who are living with HIV should be given a booster every 10 years. 26 Owing to potential serious adverse effects of the YF vaccine, only certain healthcare providers are certified to administer the vaccine. 14 Information about providers who can administer the vaccine may be found via the CDC’s search engine. 27

Preventive measures including prescriptions, vaccinations, and other nonpharmacologic therapies are available to reduce the risk of acquiring an infectious disease while traveling internationally. Pharmacists in the community may be the last line of medication information and counseling available to the patient before travel, and they may be asked for recommendations about medications and OTC products to prevent travel-related illnesses such as traveler’s diarrhea, cholera, typhoid fever, malaria, and Zika (sidebar ). Pharmacists should be informed and stay up-to-date on the most pertinent travel health information.

1. National Travel and Tourism Office. 2016 outbound analysis. December 4, 2017. https://travel.trade.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/2016_Outbound_Analysis.pdf. Accessed January 29, 2018. 2. Chen LH, Hochberg NS, Magill AJ. The pretravel consultation. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Boo k. Chapter 2. The pretravel consultation. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/the-pre-travel-consultation/the-pre-travel-consultation. Accessed January 25, 2018. 3. CDC. Travelers’ health. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel. Accessed January 26, 2018. 4. International Society of Travel Medicine. Online clinic directory. www.istm.org/AF_CstmClinicDirectory.asp. Accessed January 26, 2018. 5. Boggild AK, Castelli F, Gautret P, et al. Vaccine preventable diseases in returned international travelers: results from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Vaccine . 2010;28(46):7389-7395. 6. Kroger AT, Strikas RA. General recommendations for vaccination & immunoprophylaxis. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 2. The pretravel consultation. Updated June 13, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/the-pre-travel-consultation/general-recommendations-for-vaccination-immunoprophylaxis. Accessed January 25, 2018. 7. Wong KK, Burdette E, Mintz ED. Cholera. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/cholera. Accessed January 25, 2018. 8. Nelson NP. Hepatitis A. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated June 12, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/hepatitis-a. Accessed January 25, 2018. 9. Averhoff F. Hepatitis B. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated June 13, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/hepatitis-b. Accessed January 25, 2018. 10. Hills SL, Rabe IB, Fischer M. Japanese encephalitis. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/japanese-encephalitis. Accessed January 25, 2018. 11. MacNeil JR, Meyer SA. Meningococcal disease. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/meningococcal-disease. Accessed January 25, 2018. 12. Petersen BW, Wallace RM, Shlim DR. Rabies. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/rabies. Accessed January 25, 2018. 13. Judd MC, Mintz ED. Typhoid & paratyphoid fever. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-paratyphoid-fever. Accessed January 25, 2018. 14. Gershman MD, Staples JE. Yellow fever. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/yellow-fever. Accessed January 25, 2018. 15. Connor BA. Food & water precautions. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 2. The pretravel consultation. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/the-pre-travel-consultation/food-water-precautions. Accessed January 25, 2018. 16. Connor BA. Travelers’ diarrhea. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 2. The pretravel consultation. Updated June 13, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/the-pre-travel-consultation/travelers-diarrhea. Accessed January 25, 2018. 17. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis . 2017;65:e45-e80. 18. Morof DF, Carroll D. Pregnant travelers. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 8. Advising travelers with specific needs. Updated June 13, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/advising-travelers-with-specific-needs/pregnant-travelers. Accessed January 25, 2018. 19. Steffen R, Hill DR, Dupont HL. Traveler’s diarrhea: a clinical review. JAMA . 2015;313(1):71-80. 20. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Summary report, February 24, 2016. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; 2016. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/min-archive/min-2016-02.pdf. Accessed January 31, 2018. 21. Mutebi J, Hawley WA, Brogdon WG. Protection against mosquitoes, ticks, & other arthropods. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 2. The pretravel consultation. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/the-pre-travel-consultation/protection-against-mosquitoes-ticks-other-arthropods. Accessed January 25, 2018. 22. Arguin PM, Tan KR. Malaria. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated June 12, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/malaria. Accessed January 25, 2018. 23. CDC. Malaria diagnosis and treatment in the United States. Updated February 23, 2017. www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/treatment.html. Accessed January 25, 2018. 24. Chen T, Staples JE, Fischer M. Zika. In: CDC. Travelers’ Health—Yellow Book . Chapter 3. Infectious diseases related to travel. Updated May 31, 2017. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/zika. Accessed January 25, 2018. 25. Fitzgerald B, Boyle C, Honein MA. Birth defects potentially related to Zika virus infection during pregnancy in the United States. JAMA . January 25, 2018. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2671017. Epub ahead of print. Accessed January 25, 2018. 26. CDC. Yellow fever vaccine booster doses: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2015. MMWR . June 19, 2015. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6423a5.htm. Accessed January 30, 2018. 27. CDC. Search for yellow fever vaccination clinics. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellow-fever-vaccination- clinics/search. Accessed January 30, 2018.

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August 2024

Respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and young children, related content, viral meningitis: an overview, zika alerts increasing abortion requests, early-childhood vaccination trends, who declares zika virus a global health emergency.

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Kenya Traveler View

Due to heavy rainfall, Kenya is experiencing significant flooding in most counties; the Maasai Mara and Great Rift Valley regions are most affected. Travel by land may be dangerous in flood zones, and the healthcare infrastructure has been damaged in many of these areas. There may be an increased risk of waterborne and vector-borne diseases, including cholera, other diarrheal diseases, and malaria.

Avoid contact with floodwater , as it may contain harmful germs, other contaminants, or sharp objects; it may also conduct electricity from downed power lines. For your safety, follow all instructions from local authorities. Check the U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Kenya  website for alerts. Consider enrolling in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) to receive security updates and information about emergency assistance.

Travel Health Notices

Vaccines and medicines, non-vaccine-preventable diseases, stay healthy and safe.

• Packing List

After Your Trip

Be aware of current health issues in Kenya. Learn how to protect yourself.

Level 2 Practice Enhanced Precautions

• Updated   Global Polio August 20, 2024 Some international destinations have circulating poliovirus. Before any international travel, make sure you are up to date on your polio vaccines. Destination List: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, Indonesia, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Republic of South Sudan, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, including Zanzibar, The Gambia, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

⇧ Top

Check the vaccines and medicines list and visit your doctor at least a month before your trip to get vaccines or medicines you may need. If you or your doctor need help finding a location that provides certain vaccines or medicines, visit the Find a Clinic page.

• Avoid contaminated water

Leptospirosis

How most people get sick (most common modes of transmission)

• Touching urine or other body fluids from an animal infected with leptospirosis
• Swimming or wading in urine-contaminated fresh water, or contact with urine-contaminated mud
• Drinking water or eating food contaminated with animal urine
• Avoid contaminated water and soil
• Avoid floodwater

Clinical Guidance

Schistosomiasis

• Wading, swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated freshwater streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, or untreated pools.

Avoid bug bites

African tick-bite fever.

• Avoid Bug Bites

African Tick-bite fever

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever

• Tick bite 
• Touching the body fluids of a person or animal infected with CCHF
• Mosquito bite

Leishmaniasis

• Sand fly bite
• Avoid animals

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever

• Touching infected animals (including bats and primates) or their body fluids
• Touching body fluids (blood or sweat) from an infected person
• Touching objects contaminated with the body fluids of a person infected with Ebola or Marburg virus
• Avoid sick people
• Avoid animals and areas where they live

Marburg virus

Rift Valley Fever

• Touching blood, body fluids, or tissue of infected livestock

Rift Valley fever

Airborne & droplet

• Breathing in air or accidentally eating food contaminated with the urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents
• Bite from an infected rodent
• Less commonly, being around someone sick with hantavirus (only occurs with Andes virus)
• Avoid rodents and areas where they live

Tuberculosis (TB)

• Breathe in TB bacteria that is in the air from an infected and contagious person coughing, speaking, or singing.

Learn actions you can take to stay healthy and safe on your trip. Vaccines cannot protect you from many diseases in Kenya, so your behaviors are important.

Eat and drink safely

Food and water standards around the world vary based on the destination. Standards may also differ within a country and risk may change depending on activity type (e.g., hiking versus business trip). You can learn more about safe food and drink choices when traveling by accessing the resources below.

• Choose Safe Food and Drinks When Traveling
• Water Treatment Options When Hiking, Camping or Traveling
• Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
• Avoid Contaminated Water During Travel

You can also visit the Department of State Country Information Pages for additional information about food and water safety.

Prevent bug bites

Bugs (like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas) can spread a number of diseases in Kenya. Many of these diseases cannot be prevented with a vaccine or medicine. You can reduce your risk by taking steps to prevent bug bites.

What can I do to prevent bug bites?

• Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats.
• Use an appropriate insect repellent (see below).
• Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents). Do not use permethrin directly on skin.
• Stay and sleep in air-conditioned or screened rooms.
• Use a bed net if the area where you are sleeping is exposed to the outdoors.

What type of insect repellent should I use?

• FOR PROTECTION AGAINST TICKS AND MOSQUITOES: Use a repellent that contains 20% or more DEET for protection that lasts up to several hours.
• Picaridin (also known as KBR 3023, Bayrepel, and icaridin)
• Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD)
• 2-undecanone
• Always use insect repellent as directed.

What should I do if I am bitten by bugs?

• Avoid scratching bug bites, and apply hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion to reduce the itching.
• Check your entire body for ticks after outdoor activity. Be sure to remove ticks properly.

What can I do to avoid bed bugs?

Although bed bugs do not carry disease, they are an annoyance. See our information page about avoiding bug bites for some easy tips to avoid them. For more information on bed bugs, see Bed Bugs .

For more detailed information on avoiding bug bites, see Avoid Bug Bites .

Stay safe outdoors

If your travel plans in Kenya include outdoor activities, take these steps to stay safe and healthy during your trip.

• Stay alert to changing weather conditions and adjust your plans if conditions become unsafe.
• Prepare for activities by wearing the right clothes and packing protective items, such as bug spray, sunscreen, and a basic first aid kit.
• Consider learning basic first aid and CPR before travel. Bring a travel health kit with items appropriate for your activities.
• If you are outside for many hours in heat, eat salty snacks and drink water to stay hydrated and replace salt lost through sweating.
• Protect yourself from UV radiation : use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15, wear protective clothing, and seek shade during the hottest time of day (10 a.m.–4 p.m.).
• Be especially careful during summer months and at high elevation. Because sunlight reflects off snow, sand, and water, sun exposure may be increased during activities like skiing, swimming, and sailing.
• Very cold temperatures can be dangerous. Dress in layers and cover heads, hands, and feet properly if you are visiting a cold location.

Stay safe around water

• Swim only in designated swimming areas. Obey lifeguards and warning flags on beaches.
• Practice safe boating—follow all boating safety laws, do not drink alcohol if driving a boat, and always wear a life jacket.
• Do not dive into shallow water.
• Do not swim in freshwater in developing areas or where sanitation is poor.
• Avoid swallowing water when swimming. Untreated water can carry germs that make you sick.
• To prevent infections, wear shoes on beaches where there may be animal waste.

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection that can be spread in fresh water, is found in Kenya. Avoid swimming in fresh, unchlorinated water, such as lakes, ponds, or rivers.

Keep away from animals

Most animals avoid people, but they may attack if they feel threatened, are protecting their young or territory, or if they are injured or ill. Animal bites and scratches can lead to serious diseases such as rabies.

Follow these tips to protect yourself:

• Do not touch or feed any animals you do not know.
• Do not allow animals to lick open wounds, and do not get animal saliva in your eyes or mouth.
• Avoid rodents and their urine and feces.
• Traveling pets should be supervised closely and not allowed to come in contact with local animals.
• If you wake in a room with a bat, seek medical care immediately. Bat bites may be hard to see.

All animals can pose a threat, but be extra careful around dogs, bats, monkeys, sea animals such as jellyfish, and snakes. If you are bitten or scratched by an animal, immediately:

• Wash the wound with soap and clean water.
• Go to a doctor right away.
• Tell your doctor about your injury when you get back to the United States.

Consider buying medical evacuation insurance. Rabies is a deadly disease that must be treated quickly, and treatment may not be available in some countries.

Reduce your exposure to germs

Follow these tips to avoid getting sick or spreading illness to others while traveling:

• Wash your hands often, especially before eating.
• If soap and water aren’t available, clean hands with hand sanitizer (containing at least 60% alcohol).
• Don’t touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you need to touch your face, make sure your hands are clean.
• Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when coughing or sneezing.
• Try to avoid contact with people who are sick.
• If you are sick, stay home or in your hotel room, unless you need medical care.

Avoid sharing body fluids

Diseases can be spread through body fluids, such as saliva, blood, vomit, and semen.

Protect yourself:

• Use latex condoms correctly.
• Do not inject drugs.
• Limit alcohol consumption. People take more risks when intoxicated.
• Do not share needles or any devices that can break the skin. That includes needles for tattoos, piercings, and acupuncture.
• If you receive medical or dental care, make sure the equipment is disinfected or sanitized.

Know how to get medical care while traveling

Plan for how you will get health care during your trip, should the need arise:

• Carry a list of local doctors and hospitals at your destination.
• Review your health insurance plan to determine what medical services it would cover during your trip. Consider purchasing travel health and medical evacuation insurance.
• Carry a card that identifies, in the local language, your blood type, chronic conditions or serious allergies, and the generic names of any medications you take.
• Some prescription drugs may be illegal in other countries. Call Kenya’s embassy to verify that all of your prescription(s) are legal to bring with you.
• Bring all the medicines (including over-the-counter medicines) you think you might need during your trip, including extra in case of travel delays. Ask your doctor to help you get prescriptions filled early if you need to.

Many foreign hospitals and clinics are accredited by the Joint Commission International. A list of accredited facilities is available at their website ( www.jointcommissioninternational.org ).

In some countries, medicine (prescription and over-the-counter) may be substandard or counterfeit. Bring the medicines you will need from the United States to avoid having to buy them at your destination.

Malaria is a risk in some parts of Kenya. If you are going to a risk area, fill your malaria prescription before you leave, and take enough with you for the entire length of your trip. Follow your doctor’s instructions for taking the pills; some need to be started before you leave.

Select safe transportation

Motor vehicle crashes are the #1 killer of healthy US citizens in foreign countries.

In many places cars, buses, large trucks, rickshaws, bikes, people on foot, and even animals share the same lanes of traffic, increasing the risk for crashes.

Be smart when you are traveling on foot.

• Use sidewalks and marked crosswalks.
• Pay attention to the traffic around you, especially in crowded areas.
• Remember, people on foot do not always have the right of way in other countries.

Riding/Driving

Choose a safe vehicle.

• Choose official taxis or public transportation, such as trains and buses.
• Ride only in cars that have seatbelts.
• Avoid overcrowded, overloaded, top-heavy buses and minivans.
• Avoid riding on motorcycles or motorbikes, especially motorbike taxis. (Many crashes are caused by inexperienced motorbike drivers.)
• Choose newer vehicles—they may have more safety features, such as airbags, and be more reliable.
• Choose larger vehicles, which may provide more protection in crashes.

Think about the driver.

• Do not drive after drinking alcohol or ride with someone who has been drinking.
• Consider hiring a licensed, trained driver familiar with the area.
• Arrange payment before departing.

Follow basic safety tips.

• Wear a seatbelt at all times.
• Sit in the back seat of cars and taxis.
• When on motorbikes or bicycles, always wear a helmet. (Bring a helmet from home, if needed.)
• Avoid driving at night; street lighting in certain parts of Kenya may be poor.
• Do not use a cell phone or text while driving (illegal in many countries).
• Travel during daylight hours only, especially in rural areas.
• If you choose to drive a vehicle in Kenya, learn the local traffic laws and have the proper paperwork.
• Get any driving permits and insurance you may need. Get an International Driving Permit (IDP). Carry the IDP and a US-issued driver's license at all times.
• Check with your auto insurance policy's international coverage, and get more coverage if needed. Make sure you have liability insurance.
• Avoid using local, unscheduled aircraft.
• If possible, fly on larger planes (more than 30 seats); larger airplanes are more likely to have regular safety inspections.
• Try to schedule flights during daylight hours and in good weather.

Medical Evacuation Insurance

If you are seriously injured, emergency care may not be available or may not meet US standards. Trauma care centers are uncommon outside urban areas. Having medical evacuation insurance can be helpful for these reasons.

Helpful Resources

Road Safety Overseas (Information from the US Department of State): Includes tips on driving in other countries, International Driving Permits, auto insurance, and other resources.

The Association for International Road Travel has country-specific Road Travel Reports available for most countries for a minimal fee.

Traffic flows on the left side of the road in Kenya.

• Always pay close attention to the flow of traffic, especially when crossing the street.
• LOOK RIGHT for approaching traffic.

For information traffic safety and road conditions in Kenya, see Travel and Transportation on US Department of State's country-specific information for Kenya .

Maintain personal security

Use the same common sense traveling overseas that you would at home, and always stay alert and aware of your surroundings.

Before you leave

• Research your destination(s), including local laws, customs, and culture.
• Monitor travel advisories and alerts and read travel tips from the US Department of State.
• Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) .
• Leave a copy of your itinerary, contact information, credit cards, and passport with someone at home.
• Pack as light as possible, and leave at home any item you could not replace.

While at your destination(s)

• Carry contact information for the nearest US embassy or consulate .
• Carry a photocopy of your passport and entry stamp; leave the actual passport securely in your hotel.
• Follow all local laws and social customs.
• Do not wear expensive clothing or jewelry.
• Always keep hotel doors locked, and store valuables in secure areas.
• If possible, choose hotel rooms between the 2nd and 6th floors.

Healthy Travel Packing List

Use the Healthy Travel Packing List for Kenya for a list of health-related items to consider packing for your trip. Talk to your doctor about which items are most important for you.

Why does CDC recommend packing these health-related items?

It’s best to be prepared to prevent and treat common illnesses and injuries. Some supplies and medicines may be difficult to find at your destination, may have different names, or may have different ingredients than what you normally use.

If you are not feeling well after your trip, you may need to see a doctor. If you need help finding a travel medicine specialist, see Find a Clinic . Be sure to tell your doctor about your travel, including where you went and what you did on your trip. Also tell your doctor if you were bitten or scratched by an animal while traveling.

If your doctor prescribed antimalarial medicine for your trip, keep taking the rest of your pills after you return home. If you stop taking your medicine too soon, you could still get sick.

Malaria is always a serious disease and may be a deadly illness. If you become ill with a fever either while traveling in a malaria-risk area or after you return home (for up to 1 year), you should seek immediate medical attention and should tell the doctor about your travel history.

For more information on what to do if you are sick after your trip, see Getting Sick after Travel .

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