open tab group safari

How to use Safari Tab Groups

If you’re a safari user, tab groups can help you keep your life organized and your desktop clean..

By Monica Chin , a senior reviewer covering laptops and other gadgets. Monica was a writer for Tom's Guide and Business Insider before joining The Verge in 2020.

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If you’re using Safari but you’re not using Tab Groups, well, it’s time to change that.

Tab Groups, as the name implies, allows you to group a selection of tabs together and essentially set them aside for future use. For example, if you have a bunch of tabs you use for work and a bunch of tabs you use after work, you can cordon these tabs off into batches so that they don’t get in each other’s way. You can use your work tabs at work and, when you’re finished, swap them for your “after work” tabs with just one click.

• How to use Microsoft Edge’s new tab groups feature

You might also have different Tab Groups for different assignments at work or different school projects. Folks who share a computer might have different Tab Groups for each user. The possibilities are endless.

Here’s how to create a tab group in Safari.

How to create Safari Tab Groups on macOS

There are a couple of ways to do this. The easiest method is to make a group out of whatever tabs you currently have open. If you’re about to close Safari but think you might need to pick up where you left off when you open it later, throwing your tabs into a group can give you some peace of mind.

You can also create a tab group from scratch if there is a batch of tabs you think you might want to use later. This is a bit more time-consuming but will allow you to be more selective about which tabs to include.

To create a tab group from existing tabs

• In Safari, click the down arrow in the toolbar. (It’s on the left side, next to the button that opens the sidebar.)
• Pick New Tab Group With [X] Tabs .
• In the left column, look for the Tab Group subhead. Name your tab group, then press Enter.

To create a tab group from scratch

• Click the down arrow in the toolbar. (It’s next to the button that opens the sidebar.)
• Pick New Empty Tab Group .
• Name your tab group, then press enter.
• Right-click a tab you want to add to the group, click Move to Tab Group , and select the tab group you want. Alternatively, you can click and drag the tab to your group on the left side.

To open your new tab group

• Click on that down arrow again.
• Click on the tab group you want.

Once you’ve got a group up and running, it’s not set in stone. You can adjust the makeup of a given tab group by clicking the arrow to its right in the sidebar’s tab group list. Right-click any tab that comes up, and you’ll have the option to remove it from the group, remove all tabs that aren’t it from the group, or move it to a different group,

You can also click the three dots just next to the arrow if you want to rename, delete, or share the group, along with other options.

How to create Safari Tab Groups on iOS

Tab Groups can sync between iOS and macOS devices, so if you create one on your Mac computer, you can still access it on your iPhone. Nevertheless, if it’s more convenient for you to create these from the Safari app on iOS, you can certainly do so.

• In the Safari app, click the tabs button on the bottom right. (It’s the one with two squares.)
• Press and hold a tab you want to add, then pick Move to Tab Group .
• Select New Tab Group .
• Name your new group.

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How to use Safari Tab Groups to take control of your browser tabs

By Ed Hardy • 11:00 am, February 24, 2022

Keeping large numbers of browser tabs open is such a common habit that Apple created a system to organize them. Safari Tab Groups let you put open tabs into logical collections so you can more easily work with them. And the same groups are available across all your Apple devices.

The system gets a little complicated. But here’s how to get started with Safari Tab Groups.

Organize your web browsing with Safari Tab Groups

I currently have 33 tabs open. And that’s a small number compared to some people. Many of these I’ve recently opened and will close soon, but others I access so frequently there’s no point in ever closing them. For years, I just kept a bunch of browser windows open. Then Apple invented Safari Tab Groups in macOS Catalina, iPadOS 15 and iOS 15, giving me — all of us — a better way to organize them.

Some of the browser tabs I have open are for work, others are for my personal life. That’s an obvious way to organize them. An advantage of Tab Groups is that you can name the groups, making them easier to keep track of.

To be clear, when you switch away from a group, every window in it doesn’t close — they remain open but hidden in the background. You can safely navigate between groups without being concerned that you’ll have to keep reloading pages.

How to create Tab Groups

If you haven’t used Tab Groups before, all your open tabs are in a single unnamed group. This is the default space for new tabs to open from outside Safari.

You can create a new group by hitting the Add Tab Group button. It looks like a plus + sign inside of a couple of squares. You’ll find this at the top of the screen after you’ve opened the left sidebar.

Pressing the button gives you two options. You can create a New Empty Tab Group or create a New Tab Group from X Tabs . The second option puts all the tabs you currently have open into the new group.

Once you make your choice, you’ll be asked to name the new group. Do yourself a favor and pick a logical name — the whole point here is to get organized.

When you are in the group, you’ll see its name at the top of the screen. You can tap on it to create additional tab groups, or move between the ones you have open.

Create a Tab Group on your Mac and it’ll automatically appear on your iPad and iPhone, as long as they all use the same Apple ID. That’s one of the big advantages of this system — you can easily switch devices and pick up where you left off.

How to work with Tab Groups

As I mentioned before, Safari in macOS Catalina and iPadOS 15 has a sidebar on the left primarily to display and organize Tab Groups. With the sidebar open, click/tap on the name of the Tab Group you want to view.

Alternatively, click/tap on the name of the group you’re currently using where it’s displayed in the toolbar. Apple calls it the Tabs button . That will open a drop-down window with a list of all the open groups. Click/Tap on the one you want to open.

If you’re on a Mac or an iPad with a keyboard attached, you can quickly switch between Tab Groups with CMD-SHIFT-UP and CMD-SHIFT-DOWN.

Moving a single open tab between groups is easy. Tap and hold or click and hold on the name of the tab you want to move in the tab bar. That will open a pop-up menu with Move to Tab Group as one of the options. Hit that and a second pop-up window will show a list of your Tab Groups. Select one and the tab will disappear — it’s moved to the new group, leaving you still looking at the current group.

What about iPhone?

Safari Tab Groups are also available on iPhone. But the handset’s small screen compared to Mac and iPad requires some design changes. For example, there’s no left sidebar.

All the features of Tab Groups are available via the Tabs button in the toolbar. Hit it to display all open tabs as tiny windows. On the bottom of the screen is the Tab Groups button labeled with the number of tabs you have open. Tap on it.

That opens a pop-up window showing all your tab groups. Tap on one to go to it. This is also where you’ll find the option to create a New Empty Tab Group or create a New Tab Group from X Tabs .

Choose whichever Safari organization system works best for you

Safari on iPad and Mac still allows you to open multiple windows . And don’t confuse Safari windows and Tab Groups. They’re distinctly different. You can switch between Tab Groups in a single window. Or have the same Tab Group open in multiple windows.

It can be a bit confusing. But all that’s happening is Apple is giving you multiple options for organizing your browser tabs. You could ignore Tab Groups and put your tabs into separate windows. Choose the system that works best for you.

If you need more advice, check Apple’s support webpage for using Safari Tab Groups on Mac .

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How to Use Safari Tab Groups in macOS

In macOS Monterey, Tab Groups are a new Safari feature that aim to make organizing and preserving your open browser tabs more manageable without having to have those tabs active and taking up space.

If you're planning a trip, for example, you can save all of your tabs into a "Vacation" group, accessing them when needed and leaving your device free for other content when you're not doing active planning. Or if you have a set of websites you always open up for work, you can save these in a dedicated Tab Group.

How to Create a Tab Group in Safari

Any Tab Groups you create are listed in the sidebar for easy switching. You can also select groups by clicking the down arrow next to the Show Sidebar icon. Any tabs that are opened when a Tab Group is selected will automatically be included in that group.

How to Get a Tabs Group Overview in Safari

You can get an overview of all the tabs in a group by following these steps.

How to Rearrange Tab Groups in Safari

How to Copy Links in a Tabs Group in Safari

You can copy a list of links for all the websites in a Tab Group to the clipboard for sharing with someone or pasting elsewhere.

• Paste the links in the clipboard to wherever you like.

How to Delete a Tabs Group in Safari

When you no longer need a Tab Group, it's easy to delete it.

All of your Tab Groups sync across your devices, so you can access them on iPhones and iPads running iOS 15 and iPadOS 15, as well as any other Macs you own running macOS Monterey.

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How to Use Tab Groups in Safari on iPhone and Mac

Always have a bazillion of tabs open? Learn how to create a Tab Group in Safari to manage tabs efficiently and declutter your research work.

It’s just the beginning of WWDC 2021, and Apple has already dropped massive updates to almost all its products. The new iOS 15, macOS Monterey, WatchOS 8, and so on.

Though Apple likes to bring its ‘A’ game to every opportunity offered, Safari wasn’t getting all the love it deserved from the designing team lately. That being said, we are glad Safari is back with a bang this year!

Safari has been completely revamped, period. Apple has definitely achieved to provide more webpage real estate than before by adopting a new design language.

Fortunately, Apple didn’t stop there, Safari has just rolled into the shop with a host of new features which we will be definitely telling you about. However, for now, let’s know more about the Safari Tab Group feature.

Have you ever felt the need to save your tabs and want to visit them later? Or you wished, you had some way to manage the tabs better? Well, its all now possible on the new Safari rolling out on macOS, iOS, and iPadOS.

Excited to know more about it? Well, scroll down already!

Note:  This is a beta feature and won’t be available generally until the public release of iOS 15 or macOS 12 later in fall 2021.

Using Tab Groups in Safari on Mac

If you use Safari for your research other web browsing needs, you know how cluttered it is to manage tabs in multiple Safari windows. Thankfully, with Tab Groups in Safari on macOS 12, you can organize your open Tabs of all types in different groups so accessing them over and over is easier and faster.

Create a Tab Group on Mac

To create a Tab Group in Safari on Mac, Open ‘Safari’ on your Mac and click on the ‘Sidebar’ icon at the top-left corner of the Safari window.

If you’ve got a few open tabs (say 4 tabs) in Safari, you’ll see a ‘4 Tabs’ option in the Sidebar panel. You can create a Tab Group of the tabs currently open in the browser by right-clicking the ‘Tabs’ option in the Sidebar and selecting ‘New Tab Group with 4 Tabs’ from the expanded menu.

Right after after you create a group, you’ll get the option to give a name to the Tab Group. Give it a relevant name and press enter.

That’s it. Your new Tab Group of the open tabs in the browser is now created.

You can also create a New Empty Tab Group by simply clicking on the ‘+’ icon on the top-right of the Sidebar panel and selecting the ‘New Empty Tab Group’ option from the expanded menu.

Give your new empty Tab Group a name and then any tabs you open while this new Tab Group is selected will be automatically added to the group.

View all Tabs in a Tab Group in Grid View

To see an overview of all tabs open in a Tab Group, simply click on the ‘Grid’ icon next to the name of the tab group in the sidebar panel.

Alternatively, right-click on the Tab Group and select ‘Show Tab Overview’ from the available options.

Move Tabs from One Group to Another

You can also move tabs from one tab group to another. To do so, right-click on the tab you wish to move from the Tabs bar, then hover the cursor over the ‘Move to Tab Group’ option, and then select the Tab Group you wish to move the tab to. You can also select ‘Start Page’ to move the tab to ungrouped tabs in Safari.

Delete a Tab Group on Mac

From the Sidebar panel in Safari, right-click on the tab group you wish to remove and select ‘Delete’ from the available options.

Note: Deleting a Tab Group in Safari closes all open tabs from the deleted group. So, be cautious of that. It’s not like the open tabs would transfer to the Start page (where ungrouped tabs live).

Using Tab Groups in Safari on iPhone

The Tab Groups feature in Safari is universally available on both macOS and iOS devices. You can create and use Tab Groups on iPhone just as well as you do on Mac, and it’s extremely helpful in many ways on both platforms.

Create a Tab Group on iPhone

Well, the first and foremost requirement to create Tab Group on Safari is to get iOS 15 on your iPhone.

Once you’re on iOS 15, open Safari on your iPhone from the home screen.

The new Safari has an address bar at the bottom of the screen. This makes accessing open tabs easier. Tap on the ‘Tabs’ icon from the bottom right corner of the screen to view all open tabs in Safari in a Grid view.

Now, at the bottom-center of the screen, tap on the ‘Tab Group’ selector option to open the Tab Groups menu in Safari.

If you want to create a new Tab Group, click on the ‘New Empty Tab Group’ to create a new tab group comprising a single blank tab.

If you wish to create a Tab Group of all open tabs, then click on the ‘New Tab Group from ## Tabs’ option to create a tab group comprising of all currently opened tabs.

Next, give an appropriate name for the tab group and tap on ‘OK’ button.

A tab group will be created and you’ll see its name on the Tab Groups selector option. Tapping on the selector will open the Tab Groups menu where you can switch between all tab groups you create or exit a tab group.

To open a New Tab outside the Tab Group currently active in Safari, tap on the ‘Start Page’ option from the Tab Groups menu. Or, click on ‘New Empty Tab Group’ to create another tab group (if required).

Rename a Tab Group in Safari on iPhone

There can be instances where you would need to rename a Tab Group. Though, you can always head to your Mac and do it easily from there. It is still essential to know how to do it from your phone should you ever want to.

Open the Tab Groups menu by tapping on the bottom-center of the bottom bar on the open tabs grid view screen.

Then, tap on the ‘Edit’ button from the top left corner of the Tab Groups menu.

Next, tap on the ‘More options’ button (three-dots in a circle) and select the ‘Rename’ option.

Alternatively, you can also swipe left on the Tab Group and tap on the ‘Edit’ icon to rename the group.

Finally, type your desired name for the Tab Group and click ‘OK’ button to apply the changes.

Delete a Tab Group in Safari on iPhone

Well, you learned how to create a Tab Group in Safari. Now, it is equally important how to delete one.

Now, tap on the ‘Edit’ button from the top-left corner of the Tab Group pane.

Next, tap on the ‘More’ button (three-dots in a circle) and select the ‘Delete’.

Alternatively, you can also swipe left on the Tab Group and tap on the ‘Delete’ icon to delete the group.

Finally, click on the ‘Delete’ button from the alert to apply the changes.

Move a Tab to Another Tab Group

First, go to the Tab Group in Safari you want to move your page from. Then, simply press and hold the webpage you would like to move.

From the pop-up menu that appears, tap on the ‘Move to Tab Group’ option from the list.

Then, tap on the ‘Tab Group’ you want to move the page to. Alternatively, you can also press the ‘Copy’ icon to copy the page to different Tab Group.

Re-arranging Tabs in a Group

Safari also lets you rearrange tabs inside a Tab Group. It might come in handy when you have a lot of tabs present in a group.

Simply press and hold any tab in the group, and select the ‘Arrange Tabs By Title’ option if you want to arrange them by alphabetical order. Otherwise, tap on ‘Arrange Tabs by Website’ to arrange them according to your most visited websites.

Close All Tabs in a Tab Group

With tab groups, you’re probably gonna end up with many open tabs in different groups. It sounds exhausting even thinking about closing every single of them manually.

Well, to our rescue, Safari has a way to close every tab in the group except the one you have selected.

First, open the Tab Group you want to close open tabs from and then tap and hold on one of the open tabs from the Grid View of tabs. A pop-up menu will show, tap on ‘Close Other Tabs’ option from the pop-up.

This will delete all open tabs in the group except the one that you pushed. Just close it manually if you wish, but then what’s the point of having an empty Tab Group (just delete it).

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How to Use Safari Tab Groups on Your Mac

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The macOS Monterey update gave Safari a significant redesign that users had been requesting for years. Not only does it sport a refreshed look, but it also brings a load of functional improvements that may potentially change how you browse the web and manage your tabs.

Most of us switch between several tabs during an average browsing session, and keeping them organized is far from easy. But Safari's new Tab Groups feature allows you to bundle relevant tabs together and jump between them whenever necessary. Here, we'll look at how you can use Safari Tab Groups to improve your workflow on a Mac.

What Are Safari Tab Groups?

As the name suggests, Tab Groups are nothing but groups of tabs. In Safari, you can consider each Tab Group as a folder that stores several browsing tabs. So, what exactly do you do with them, you ask?

Well, you can sort your browser tabs into multiple Tab Groups. Let's say, one for work, one for personal use, and so on. You can label Tab Groups with custom names to quickly identify what you're using them for. Thanks to this feature, you no longer have to worry about cluttering your tab bar with tabs that you use for different reasons.

Related: The Top Safari Features Announced at WWDC21

Tab Groups isn't exactly a feature that's previously unheard of. In fact, most browsers have it already, and Safari is one of the last web browsers to get it. One important thing to note about Tab Groups is that they will sync across all your Apple devices over iCloud, meaning you can switch from your Mac to your iPhone without losing your browsing session.

How to Use Safari Tab Groups on a Mac

Conveniently, macOS gives you more than just one way to create a new Tab Group in Safari. As long as your Mac is running macOS Monterey or later, you can follow these simple instructions to learn how to use Tab Groups:

• Launch Safari on your Mac.
• Click on the down arrow next to the sidebar button to reveal the Tab Groups dropdown.
• You've successfully created a new Untitled Tab Group, but now you need to name this particular group to better suit your activity. Once the Safari Sidebar opens up, just type in whatever name you like.
• If you want to switch between multiple Tab Groups, simply click on the down arrow or the current Tab Group's name to reveal the dropdown.
• If you want to delete a Tab Group, click on the Sidebar button and then Control-click on the Tab Group to bring up the context menu.

More importantly, if you ever want to move a single tab to another Tab Group, all you have to do is open the Sidebar and then drag and drop the tab into a different group.

That's everything you need to learn about using Safari Tab Groups. The next time your browsing session is loaded with tabs, you know exactly what you need to do to organize them.

Related: Safari Settings You Should Tweak for Better Browsing on Mac

Tab Groups Help You Keep Safari Clutter-Free

As you can see, the new Safari has the potential to change the way you browse the web and manage your tabs. Of course, you'll need some time to get used to all the new changes in Safari, and Tab Groups is just one of them.

Don't forget that Apple also introduced Tab Groups in the mobile version of Safari with iOS 15 and iPadOS 15 software updates. So, make sure you update your iPhone and iPad to keep your Tab Groups in sync with one another.

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How to use tab groups in Safari

With MacOS Monterey , Apple has updated Safari’s tab management system with a new look, more customization options, and the ability to form tab groups for managing especially busy online sessions.

How to create tab groups on iOS

We’re big fans of these changes, as they make work and research easier to manage over the long term, but the extra features will take some practice to get comfortable using. Here’s how to get started with tab groups so you can make the most of them.

What You Need

Mac computer, Safari browser

First, make sure everything is updated and you are using the latest version of Safari.

Step 1: Collect the sites you want to save.

Open Safari and start opening new tabs to visit the websites you want to collect in a group. If you are doing research on Einstein, for example, you would want to collect a number of tabs including biographies, common Einstein myths, a list of his major theories and works, and so on.

Don’t leave any blank tabs when you are finished. There doesn’t appear to be a limit to how many tabs you can put in a group, but at a certain point, too many browser tabs can become cumbersome — you may want to keep it under 20 or so.

Step 2: Turn your tabs into a tab group.

When ready, select File from Safari’s upper-left menu, then look for the option that says New Tab Group With X Tabs , where X is the number of tabs you currently have open. Select it.

Now you can name your tab — something like “Einstein,” for example — and it will automatically be saved. Any work you do in this Safari window will still count as the tab group, and the group will be updated accordingly. Close your Safari window to save your tab group for later.

When you want to access the tab group again, pop open Safari and select the Sidebar icon, just to the left of the Favorites menu. This drop-down menu will include all the groups you have created under Tab Groups. When you select the group you want, Safari will open all tabs in a single window for you to use and change Favorites to the name of your tab group.

Note the Small Grid icon to the right when you hover over a tab group — this opens up all tabs in a grid view that makes it easier to scan for the webpage you had in mind.

Alternative: Create a new tab group from scratch

You don’t have to collect your tabs first before turning them into a tab group. If you prefer to set up and name your tab group ahead of time, this is easy to do as well.

Open Safari, select File in the upper-left corner, and select New Empty Tab Group . Now, any tabs that you create while you work will be automatically added to the tab group you have made.

Step 3: Rename or delete your tabs.

Don’t let your tab groups get cluttered over time! Instead, reuse them by renaming them, or delete them when you are finished with that particular project or plan. Open Safari, then select the Sidebar icon right next to the Favorites menu.

Hover over the Tab Group , then right-click to open a menu with several choices. Here, you will see an option to Rename the group or to Delete it entirely when you are finished. Keep these options handy when your tab groups start to pile up.

Step 4: Share tab groups as needed.

In the Sidebar menu, when you right-click on a Tab Group , you’ll notice another option that says Copy Links . Choose this, and it will allow you to paste an outline-like section with the tab group as the title and a bulleted list of the web links. This makes it easy to share or email the tab group as needed.

We’ve been talking about the MacOS version of tab groups, but there’s good news: With iOS 15 updates, iPhones and iPads have very similar capabilities. Safari’s syncing capabilities will also stay in place, allowing you to access tabs you created on your Mac on other devices.

If you want to create tab groups on iOS, long-press the Tab button on Safari and select the arrow for Move to Tab Group to open the option for Tab Groups.

Don’t forget to keep updated on the latest Mac news for more information.

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How to use Tab Groups in Safari on macOS Monterey

Once you've tried Tab Groups, you're never going back

Last updated 2 years ago

It may be the most visible difference when you start macOS Monterey — Safari has changed. Opinions differ over the new design for tabs, but enough people on the beta didn't like it that Apple walked back those changes before the official release.

But only tabs were unpopular. Not Tab Groups.

What's been more undeniably popular right through the beta with testers and now onto the final release, is this new Tab Groups feature. It lets you open all the websites that you need for one particular job, then immediately switch to all the different sites you want for something else.

So you could have a Tab Group called Work that has all of your office intranet sites, your company's official pages, and perhaps a job search site. It's handy enough that you can click to have all your regular pages open, but there is more.

It's lunchtime, it's Friday afternoon, it's whenever you need a moment. Choose a different Tab Group and all your work sites appear to have gone. In their place, you've got Facebook, TV Guide, ESPN, or anything else you just enjoy.

Relax with those for a minute, then with a click, they appear to have gone and you're back in work, exactly where you left off.

It is as if you have different copies of Safari open are swapping between them. It's similar to how Spaces on macOS give you different desktops that you switch between as you need.

Using the Tab Group controls

The steps for using Tab Groups will become automatic and you will rapidly abhor going back to the prehistoric days before they existed. However, describing the steps is complicated by how Safari changes its appearance.

Tab Groups live in Safari's Bookmarks sidebar, which you open and close by clicking on a Bookmarks icon next to the traffic lights at top left. That icon also has a small arrow to the right, showing that there's a dropdown menu.

If you just click on the icon and open the Bookmarks sidebar, any groups are shown in a list. And you also get a new button for creating a new group.

Then once you have created any Tab Groups and then closed this Bookmarks sidebar, you get one extra tool. Next to that Bookmarks icon, you get the name of the current Tab Group, and you'll be able to click on it to switch quickly between different groups.

The small down arrow that was next to the Bookmarks icon, now moves to being next to the name of the current Tab Group.

Note that even if you've created a hundred Tab Groups, if you're not currently in any of them, no name appears next to the Bookmarks icon. And that small down arrow moves back to it.

How to set up a Tab Group in Safari from scratch

• In Safari, click on the small dropdown arrow next to the Bookmarks icon
• Choose New Empty Tab Group
• Type a name for your new group
• Navigate to any site

To change between different Tab Groups, you can click on a name in the list, or click on the dropdown next to the group name and bookmarks sidebar icon.

How to set up a Tab Group in Safari from all your current tabs

If you didn't regularly have the same tabs open to do your work, you wouldn't have any use for Tab Groups. So the odds are that you've already got open the ones you want.

Close any you don't want to add into a group, or move them to a new window. To move them, press Command-N, drag the new window to one side. Then drag the unwanted tab over to that window.

Click back on the window with the tabs you want to save. Now click on the Bookmarks icon to open the sidebar.

At the very top, there will be a line saying something like 3 Tabs , or however many tabs you have open. Right click on that, and you'll see New Tab Group with 3 Tabs .

When you click on that, those tabs are put into a group and you'll be prompted to name it.

Many ways to set up Tab Groups in Safari

This is one feature where there are a lot of different ways to achieve things, and you'll use all of them. But the first time you use it, the simplest straight line through is to do those steps above.

Then when you've navigated to a site, that site is now in your new Tab Group. Open another tab, navigate somewhere else, and now you've added a second site to the group.

You can keep on navigating, and it will keep on adding. If you open a new tab, and go to a new site, that site will be added to the group — until you close it.

So you don't have to keep thinking about what you're adding, you just need to think about whether to close a tab or not. It's slightly frustrating to realise you've automatically closed a tab because you're being organized, and that's removed it from the group.

Of course, the entire point of all of this is help you be organized and get to what you want faster. So that would be destroyed if you just added every single web page to your group, and it stayed there.

It helps to be a little disciplined, though. Certainly, when you first try this, plan what tabs you're going to include in groups.

How to add just the sites you want to a Tab Group in safari, and not everything

• The first time you create a group, add all the sites you want in it
• Navigate to each one in a new tab, and it's added
• Click on the bookmarks sidebar icon, not the name of the group
• Choose the very top item, which may be called Start Page

If the very top item is not called Start Page , it will be something like 1 Tab , 3 Tabs , or so on. Really it's that Safari has created a group of all the tabs not in a group, and named it after how many there are.

Regardless of what it's called, though, this is still the correct one to click when you know you're done adding to a Tab Group.

How to add one site to a Tab Group in Safari

• Choose a Tab Group from the list, or dropdown menu
• Open a new tab
• Navigate to the site you want

That's now added. You're going to forget which group you've got open, and you're going to add tabs to the wrong one.

But Safari's Tab Groups also come with ways of fixing that, and of managing your Tab Groups.

How to move a site to another Tab Group in Safari

• If you've made a mistake and want a tab in a different group, open that tab
• Then right-click or control-click on its name
• Choose Move to Tab Group
• Select the name of the group you want to move it to

That tab is now in the group you want. There is more you can do here, you can right click on a tab, choose Move to Tab Group , and then instead pick New Tab Group .

This same option is now available in any tab, whether it's already in a group or not. So you have another way to start making groups.

How to see all the tabs in a group at once

The newly redesigned Tabs button is a square icon with four boxes. Clicking on it does exactly what the old Tabs button did, but there is one new thing.

Now that same Tabs button is also present in Tab Groups. Click on the Bookmarks icon to open the sidebar, and then click to select any Tab Group.

As soon as you do, you'll see the new Tabs icon next to that group's name. Click on it, and Safari shows you a large thumbnail of all the tabs in that Tab Group.

From there, you can:

• Click to go into any tab
• Click on the + sign to add a new tab
• Search for a tab

To search, click on the magnifying glass to the top right of all the tab thumbnails. Type a search term, and as you type, Safari will show just those tabs that contain what you're looking for.

Tab Groups are here to stay

They're just bookmarks, but they're fast to open many sites at once. And they are even faster to switch between sets of tabs.

It does take getting used to, but the complexity comes from how many different way there are to add, rearrange, remove and use Tab Groups.

Maybe you do need to think ahead and plan what you'll put in a particular group. But once you've got two groups and you're flying back and forth between them, you know this is how browsing on the Mac is supposed to be done.

Then you'll turn to your iPhone , or iPad , and find that your Tab Groups are automatically there too .

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How to use Tab Groups in iOS 15 Safari

Tab Groups are a big change introduced in iOS 15 Safari

iOS 15 Safari sees some big changes, though the biggest change of all — the tab bar has moved to the bottom of the browser — can be reset if you prefer. (We can show you how to move the tab back to the top of Safari .) But another change in Safari is here to stay — Tab Groups.

Tab Groups allow you to collect several tabs into a set. For example, if you're researching buying a new TV, you might create a set called "TV research" that contains reviews, product pages, online retail listings, and so on.

• Here's how to use the new tab bar in iOS 15 Safari
• iOS 15 review : A better iPhone experience

Tab Groups don't just live on your iPhone. They're synced between any device running iOS 15 , iPadOS 15 or macOS 12 Monterey . Make a change on one device, and it's reflected across all those other places.

It figures to be a powerful organizational tool that takes the limited screen space of iPhones into account. Here's how to get started using Tab Groups in iOS 15 Safari.

How to create a Tab Group in iOS 15 Safari

1. Tap the tab button in the right corner of the location bar. 

2. Tap the middle of the bar , where it lists the number of open tabs. 

3. Tap New Empty Tab Group to create a new blank tab group or, if you want to group all the tabs you currently have open, tap New Tab Group from X Tabs (where X is the number of tabs you currently have open). In this instance, we'll create a new tab group. 

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4. Alternatively, when you're viewing the tab bar, tap and hold on the number of open tabs and choose New Empty Tab Group or New Tab Group from X Tabs from the pop-up menu that appears. 

5. Enter the name you'd like to use for the Tab Group and tap OK. 

How to add a tab to a Tab Group in iOS 15 Safari

2. Tap and hold the tab you'd like to add. 

3. Tap Move to Tab Group. 

4. Tap the name of the tab group you'd like to add it to. 

5. Alternatively, while viewing the tab, tap and hold the location bar, then tap Move to Tab Group from the pop-up menu. From there tap the name of the tab group you'd like to add to. 

How to switch Tab Groups in iOS 15 Safari

2. Tap the middle of the bar, where it lists the name of the current Tab Group or the number of open tabs. 

3. Tap the name of the Tab Group you'd like to switch to. 

4. Alternatively, when you're viewing the tab bar, tap and hold on the name of the Tab Group/number of open tabs and choose the name of the tab group you'd like to switch to.

How to reorder your Tab Groups in iOS 15 Safari

1. Tap the tab button in the right corner of the location bar.  

2. Tap the middle of the bar, where it lists the current Tab Group. 

3. Tap the Edit button in the top right corner of the pop-up. 

4. Tap and hold on the drag handles to the far right of the Tab Group , and drag it into the position you'd like it in.

5. Tap Done. 

How to rename a Tab Group in iOS 15 Safari

3. Tap the Edit button in the top left corner of the pop-up. 

4. Tap the More button (the three dots in a circle) next to the Tab Group you want to rename.

5. Tap Rename.

6. Enter the new name you'd like to use and tap Save. Then tap Done. 

7. Alternatively, instead of tapping the Edit button, simply swipe left on the tab group you'd like to rename, then tap the gray rename button where you can enter your new name.

How to delete a tab group in iOS 15 Safari

2. Tap the middle of the bar, where it lists the number of open tabs or the name of the Tab Group. 

4. Tap the More button (the three dots in a circle) next to the Tab Group you want to delete.

5. Tap Delete and confirm.

6. Alternatively, instead of tapping the Edit button, simply swipe left on the Tab Group you'd like to delete, then tap the red delete button. 

More iOS 15 How-tos

• How to use Focus mode in iOS 15
• How to schedule FaceTime calls in iOS 15
• How to set an Apple ID account recovery contact in iOS 15

Dan Moren is the author of multiple sci-fi books including The Caledonian Gamibt and The Aleph Extraction. He's also a long-time Mac writer, having worked for Macworld and contributed to the Six Colors blog, where he writes about all things Apple. His work has also appeared in Popular Science, Fast Company, and more

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Safari User Guide

• Get started
• Go to a website
• Bookmark web pages to revisit
• See your favourite websites
• Use tabs for webpages
• Import bookmarks and passwords
• Pay with Apple Pay
• Autofill credit card info
• View links from friends
• Keep a Reading List
• Hide ads when reading
• Translate a web page
• Download items from the web
• Add passes to Wallet
• Save part or all of a webpage
• Print or create a PDF of a webpage
• Interact with text in a picture
• Change your homepage
• Customise a start page
• Create a profile
• Block pop-ups
• Make Safari your default web browser
• Hide your email address
• Manage cookies
• Clear your browsing history
• Browse privately
• Prevent cross-site tracking
• See who tried to track you
• Change Safari settings
• Keyboard and other shortcuts

Group tabs in Safari on Mac

You can organise tabs into groups that make it easy to quickly switch between groups of related websites.

Open Safari for me

Create a Tab Group from the tabs in the current window

Choose New Tab Group with [ number ] Tabs.

Enter a name for the Tab Group, then press Return.

Create a Tab Group by selecting tabs

Choose New Empty Tab Group.

Control-click a tab in the tab bar, choose Move to Tab Group, then choose the Tab Group.

You can also drag tabs from the tab bar into a Tab Group.

Open a Tab Group

Choose a Tab Group.

If the sidebar is open, click a Tab Group in the sidebar.

To preview thumbnails of the websites in a Tab Group, Control-click the Tab Group in the sidebar, then choose Show Tab Overview.

Tip: To quickly email the links in a Tab Group to others, drag the Tab Group from the Safari sidebar to an email message.

How-To Geek

How to use tab groups in safari on iphone and ipad.

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Are you overwhelming yourself with the number of tabs you have open in Safari? Using the "Tab Groups" that arrived with  iOS 15 and iPadOS 15 , you can organize them so your browser stays nice and tidy.

Similar to how tab groups work in Google Chrome  and Microsoft Edge , you can group several tabs together and give them a label. This allows you to easily find and pull up your tabs again when you need them without cluttering up your view.

Related: How to Enable and Use Tab Groups in Google Chrome

First, you'll need to open a few tabs in Safari to use the tabs group feature. After that, tap the "Tabs" button in the bottom-left corner.

The tab count of open tabs will appear on the bottom bar. Tap on the tab count to open the "Tab Groups" menu.

In the "Tabs Group" menu, you'll get two options. The "New Empty Tab Group" means you'll get to make a tab group first and then add the tabs to it. If you want to create a group from the open tabs, you'll need to choose the "New Tab Group from X Tabs" (X is a number) option.

Add a name for your new tab group and hit the "Save" button.

Safari will switch you to a new tab group and show you the grid of open tabs. The name of the tab group will appear on the bottom bar. Tap "Done" to save the changes.

After creating a tab group in Safari, there are a few things you can do.

Tap the "+" (plus) button to add a new tab to a tab group.

Hit the "x" cross sign in the top-right of the tab preview card to remove it from the group.

Tap on an open tab and drag it around to reorder it.

Hard-press on a tab, select "Arrange Tabs By" from the long-press menu and choose "Arrange Tabs By Title" or "Arrange Tabs By Websites."

You can always copy the links from the open tabs in a tab group to save them before closing all the tabs at once .

Related: How to Copy URLs of All Open Tabs in Safari

• Web Browsers

How to use Safari's Tab Groups in macOS Ventura

Organise your browser tabs into groups to improve your workflow and productivity

Tools and Requirements

Step by step guide, final thoughts.

Back in 2003, it was almost unthinkable that Apple would bring out its own web browser, as it was a time when Internet Explorer on Mac was the best choice. However, twenty years on and Safari has become the web browser to go to when you load up macOS.

Features such as iCloud tabs enable you to open one window on your iPhone for example and load it up on your Mac. Apple is constantly bringing out new features involving tabs, such as Tab Groups in macOS Monterey.

These enable you to group up a bunch of sites in tabs, and you can also share them with friends and family. With macOS Ventura , there are even more options available that will help to boost your browsing management - with this in mind, here are a few steps on how best to use tab groups in Safari.

• macOS Ventura

1. Create a tab group from current tabs

You can create tab groups using tabs you already have open, or create an empty group and add tabs as required; we'll look at the first option first. Open the Safari sidebar and click the New Tab Group button -- this features two squares and a + symbol.

Select the New Tab Group With x Tabs option ( x will be replaced with the number of tabs you have open. Type a name for your tab group and press Enter .

2. Create a tab group with a selection of tabs

Of course, you may not want to add all of your open tabs to a group, preferring instead to create a group from just a few of them. Make sure that you not only have the Safari sidebar open, but also that the list of open tabs is visible -- just click the > button to expand the list.

Select the tabs you want to transform into a tab group by clicking then while holding Command . Click the ... button next to the first tab you selected, and click Move to Tab Group > New Tab Group before typing a name and pressing Enter .

3. Adding tabs to existing groups

When you have created groups, it is easy to open new tabs within that group and those sites will automatically be part of that group. But you may also want to move a tab that isn't in a group into an existing group or even move a tab from one group to another.

Hold Control while clicking a tab in the Safari sidebar -- or tap with two fingers -- and select Move to Tab Group before clicking the name of the tab group you want to move it to.

4. Sharing tab groups

If you are using a tab group to research potential hotels to use for your next trip, to check out different holiday destinations, or even for a work project, you may want to share a collection of tabs with someone else.

Hover over the title of a tab group in the sidebar, and click the ... button. From the menu that pops into view, select Share Tab Group and then choose the Messages option before searching for a contact and sending them an invitation.

5. Pinning within tab groups

You are very likely familiar with the idea of pinning tabs in Safari so that you can not only easily access your most frequently used sites, but also reduce the size of the tabs in question.

It's also possible to pin tabs within tab groups, helping to keep things neatly organized. It works in the same way as normal pinning. Within a tab group, Command -click a tab or tab with two fingers and select the Pin Tab option. When pinned, you cannot move a tab to another group until you unpin it.

6. Moving tabs between tab groups

If you have two or more tab groups on the go at the same time, it is all too easy to open a new tab within the wrong group. Thankfully, it is very easy to move tabs between groups. You simply need to Command -click / tap with two fingers on a tab beneath the address bar, or in entry for a tab in the sidebar. Form the menu that appears, select the Move to Tab Group option followed by the name of the group you want to move it to.

7. Using Tabs Groups with a Focus

If you have different tab groups configured for work and home projects, you can use them in conjunction with macOS Ventura's Focus feature. Click the Apple menu, select System Settings and move to the Focus section.

Select or create a focus and then click the Add Filter button in the Focus Filter section. Click the Safari / Set Tab Group option, click Choose then select the tab group you want to link to the chosen Focus. Click Add , and you're done.

8. Customizing Tab Groups

You can easily change the order in which tabs appear in a group by dragging and dropping them into your preferred positions. It is also possible to customize the start page of a tab group by selecting an appropriate background image.

Select a tab group in the sidebar in Safari, click the Bookmarks menu and select Show Start Page . Click the Options button on the lower-right of the screen and you can then choose between one of the built-in images, or select one of our own.

There is a lot to love about Tab Groups in Safari, but the feature is not the only way you can keep on top of tabs in Apple's desktop web browser. You could consider switching to a different browser, of course -- the likes of Firefox and Chrome offer their own individual methods of tab management. But if you would prefer to stick with Safari, there are some extensions that can help you out.

The first extension that's worth taking a look at is Tab Space . Although not free, it is incredibly cheap and gives you great options such as the ability to tag tab sessions, and then open them in the future with a single click. Also noteworthy is OneTab , a free Safari extension that lets you convert a number of tabs into a list which can then be re-opened individually or as a group.

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Sofia is a tech journalist who's been writing about software, hardware and the web for nearly 25 years – but still looks as youthful as ever! After years writing for magazines, her life moved online and remains fueled by technology, music and nature.

Having written for websites and magazines since 2000, producing a wide range of reviews, guides, tutorials, brochures, newsletters and more, she continues to write for diverse audiences, from computing newbies to advanced users and business clients. Always willing to try something new, she loves sharing new discoveries with others.

Sofia lives and breathes Windows, Android, iOS, macOS and just about anything with a power button, but her particular areas of interest include security, tweaking and privacy. Her other loves include walking, music, her two Malamutes and, of course, her wife and daughter.

You can find her on Twitter and Mastodon .

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How to use tab groups in Safari on iPhone and iPad

How to create a new tab group in Safari

• How to rename a tab group in Safari
• How to reorder tab groups in Safari
• How to view all tabs in a tab group in Safari
• How to delete a tab group in Safari

When you're browsing the web on your current iPhone, do you end up with hundreds of tabs open? I mean, did you even know that the limit of tabs you can open is actually capped at 500? I've come about halfway to that, but I know others have reached that outrageous limit thanks to social media. But an iOS 15 feature can help you organize that chaos into something a little more manageable, at least, if you're disciplined enough to keep up with it.

Apple added Safari tab groups in iOS 15 , iPadOS 15, and macOS Monterey . With tab groups, you can sort and group together your open tabs, such as websites for work, shopping, entertainment, and more.

Here's how to use tab groups in Safari on the best iPhone and iPad, like the iPhone 13 Pro . And if you're wondering about it for your Mac, here's how to use tab groups in Safari in macOS Monterey .

The moment you launch Safari on iPhone and iPad, you've already created a new tab group by default. Any tabs that you open will go into this default tab group. However, you can create a new group at any time if you so choose.

• Launch Safari on your iPhone or iPad.
• Tap the tab button on the bottom toolbar . It looks like two cascading squares.
• Tap where it says X Tabs ("X" being the number of tabs open in this group), with an arrow pointing down . This will bring up the Tab Groups menu .

• Tap New Empty Tab Group .
• Give your new tab group a name .

Now, any new tab that you open will be in this new tab group until you switch groups. And tab groups are synced across all of your devices via iCloud, so you can pick up easily where you left off across your iPhone, iPad , and Mac.

How to rename a tab group in Safari on iOS and iPadOS 15

If you have multiple tab groups, you'll want to make sure that they are named so you can easily recognize what they are for at a glance. Thankfully, you can rename a tab group at any time.

• Make sure you are in the Tab Groups menu by following steps 1-3 above .

• Long press on a tab group that you have already given a name .
• Select Rename in the contextual popup menu.
• Type in the new name .

How to reorder tab groups in Safari on iOS and iPadOS 15

• Make sure you are in the Tab Groups menu .

• Touch and drag one of your groups into your desired spot on the list.

You should make sure that you are quick to drag it because if you long-press the tab group, it will just bring up the menu to rename or delete it.

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How to view all tabs in a tab group in Safari on iOS and iPadOS 15

When you can't remember all of the tabs that are open in a tab group, you can view everything that is in a certain tab group just by viewing that group.

• While you're on a webpage , tap the tab button on the toolbar .
• To see what other tabs are open in other tab groups, select the tab group you want to view tabs for.
• You'll get to see a thumbnail of each tab in a tab group once it's selected.

How to delete a tab group in Safari on iOS and iPadOS 15

• Select Delete in the contextual popup menu.
• Confirm that you want to delete by tapping Delete .

Deleting a tab group will close out all tabs that are in the tab group. You cannot undo this action.

Tab groups are useful, but for the disciplined

As you can see, tab groups can definitely be helpful if you tend to end up with hundreds of open tabs in Safari over time, thought the feature can be a little hidden for most people. But as useful as the feature is, it's definitely for those who are disicplined enough to keep up with it. As you can tell from the screenshots, I'm a little lazy to maintain the upkeep. iOS 15 and iPadOS 15 brought many changes to Safari, and despite some early controversies, it seems to have quieted down a bit.

Updated May 2022: Added screenshots. These are still the current steps for tab groups in Safari in the latest version of iOS.

Christine Romero-Chan was formerly a Senior Editor for iMore. She has been writing about technology, specifically Apple, for over a decade at a variety of websites. She is currently part of the Digital Trends team, and has been using Apple’s smartphone since the original iPhone back in 2007. While her main speciality is the iPhone, she also covers Apple Watch, iPad, and Mac when needed. When she isn’t writing about Apple, Christine can often be found at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, as she is a passholder and obsessed with all things Disney, especially Star Wars. Christine also enjoys coffee, food, photography, mechanical keyboards, and spending as much time with her new daughter as possible.

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Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg [lower-alpha 1] is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District , Russia. The city is located on the Iset River between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia , with a population of roughly 1.5   million residents, [14] up to 2.2   million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, the largest city in the Ural Federal District, and one of Russia's main cultural and industrial centres. Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the "Third capital of Russia", as it is ranked third by the size of its economy, culture, transportation and tourism. [15] [16] [17] [18]

Imperial era

Contemporary era, demographics, administrative districts, administration, living costs and the labor market, finance and business, retail and services, transportation, public transit, media and telecommunications, life and culture, architecture, international relations, bric summit, twin towns – sister cities, notable people, bibliography, external links.

Yekaterinburg was founded on 18 November 1723 and named after the Orthodox name of Catherine I (born Marta Helena Skowrońska), the Polish wife of Russian Emperor Peter the Great . The city served as the mining capital of the Russian Empire as well as a strategic connection between Europe and Asia. In 1781, Catherine the Great gave Yekaterinburg the status of a district town of Perm Province , and built the historical Siberian Route through the city. [3] Yekaterinburg became a key city to Siberia, which had rich resources. In the late 19th century, Yekaterinburg became one of the centres of revolutionary movements in the Urals. In 1924, after the Russian SFSR founded the Soviet Union , the city was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov . During the Soviet era, Sverdlovsk was turned into an industrial and administrative powerhouse. On 23 September 1991 the city returned to its historical name.

Yekaterinburg is one of Russia's most important economic centres and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The city is currently experiencing an economic and population boom, which resulted in some of the tallest skyscrapers of Russia being located in the city. Yekaterinburg is home to the headquarters of the Central Military District of the Russian Armed Forces , as well as the presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences .

Yekaterinburg is famous for its constructivist architecture [19] [20] [21] and is also considered the "Russian capital of street art ". [22] [23] [24]

The area was settled in prehistory. The earliest settlements date to 8000–7000   BC, in the Mesolithic period . The Isetskoe Pravoberezhnoye I archaeological site contains a Neolithic settlement dated to 6000–5000   BC. It includes stone processing workshops with artefacts such as grinding plates, anvils, clumps of rock, tools, and finished products. Over 50 different types of rock and minerals were used in tool making, indicating extensive knowledge of the region's natural resources. The Gamayun peninsula (left bank of the Verkh-Isetsky Pond) has archaeological findings from the Chalcolithic Period : workshops for producing stone tools (upper area) and two dwellings of the Ayat culture (lower area). There are also traces of the Koptyak culture from 2000   BC: dishes decorated with bird images and evidence of metallurgical production. The Tent I site contains the only Koptyak culture burials discovered in the Ural Mountains . In the Bronze Age , the people of Gamayun culture lived in the area. They left fragments of ceramics, weapons, and ornaments. [25] [26] [27]

Archaeological artifacts in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg were first discovered during railway construction, at the end of the 19th century. Excavation and research began in the 20th century. Artifacts are held at the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore , at the Hermitage , at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences, and at other museums. [26]

The first Russian settlements within the boundaries of modern Yekaterinburg appeared in the second half of the 17th century — in 1672, an Old Believers village arose in the area of Shartash lake [28] (this fact is disputed by historians, since no evidence of the founding of the village at that time was found in the sources), [29] and in 1680 – 1682, the villages of Nizhny and Verkhny Uktus appeared on the banks of Uktus River (now the territory of the Chkalovsky district of the city). [30] In 1702, by the initiative of the head of Sibirskiy prikaz Andrew Vinius , the Uktus state ironwork plant was founded near Nizhny Uktus — the first ironworks within the boundaries of modern Yekaterinburg. [31] In 1704, the Shuvakish ironworks was built (now the territory of the Zheleznodorozhny district of the city). [28] With the beginning of active construction of factories in the Urals in the 18th century, relations with their southern neighbors, the Bashkirs , became strained. As a result of the Bashkir raid in 1709, the village of Verkhny Uktus was devastated, all buildings, including the wooden church and chapel, were burned, the residents fled to the protection of the Uktus plant fortifications. [30] On the night of 5 April 1718, a fire destroyed all the factory buildings of the Uktus plant, except for the dam, and the plant was restored only by 1720 under the supervision of Timofey Burtsev. [32] However, the plant did not receive further development due to the lack of water in Uktus river.

In 1720, by decree of Peter I , a delegation led by mining specialist Johann Blüher and statesman Vasily Tatishchev was sent to the Urals . [33] They were entrusted with managing the mining industry, identifying the causes of the collapse and reduction of production at state-owned factories. [33] On 29 December 1720, [33] Tatishchev and Blüher arrive at the Uktus plant, which became their main residence in the Urals. As a result of familiarizing himself with the state of nearby state-owned factories, Tatishchev came to the conclusion that on the basis of these factories, even if they were reconstructed and expanded, it would not be possible to quickly increase the production of iron, and it would be more profitable to build a new large plant. After inspecting the immediate area, together with the commissary of the Uktus plant, Timofey Burtsev, a place rich in ore and forest was chosen on the banks of the more full-flowing Iset River , 7 versts from Uktus. [33] On 6 February 1721, Tatishchev sent a message to the Collegium of Mining , in which he asked permission to begin construction of the plant, with detailed explanations and justification for this project. [33] On 1 March 1721, without waiting for a response from the Collegium, Tatishchev began construction of the new plant, [28] but he failed to convince Collegium, and by the Collegium decree of 10 December 1721, he was removed from the leadership of mining affairs in the Urals. [28] In 1722, by decree of Peter the Great, a mining engineer, Major General Georg Wilhelm de Gennin , was sent to the Urals in place of Tatishchev. Having studied all the circumstances, de Gennin fully supported Tatishchev’s project, and on 12 March 1723, construction of the plant on Iset resumed. [28]

Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev and Russian engineer Georg Wilhelm de Gennin founded Yekaterinburg with the construction of a massive iron-making plant under the decree of Russian emperor Peter the Great in 1723. [34] They named the city after the emperor's wife, Yekaterina, who later became empress regnant Catherine   I . [2] Officially, the city's founding date is 18 November 1723, when the shops carried out a test run of the bloomery for trip hammers. [2] The plant was commissioned 6 days later, on 24 November. [35] 1723 also saw the establishment of Yekaterinburg fortress , which would encompass many of the settlement's earliest buildings. Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak very vividly described the beginning of the construction of a mining plant and a fortress: "Imagine completely deserted banks of the Iset river, covered with forest. In the spring of 1723, soldiers from Tobolsk, peasants of the assigned settlements, hired craftsmen appeared, and everything around came to life, as if by the dictates of a fairy tale. They dropped the forest, prepared a place for the dam, laid blast furnaces, raised the rampart, set up barracks and houses for the authorities... ". [36]

In 1722–1726 the Verkhne-Uktussky mining plant was built, [37] which was officially called the plant of the princess Elizabeth (the future village of Elizabeth, or Elizavetinskoe) and became a part of modern Yekaterinburg in 1934. [38] In 1726, Wilhelm de Gennin founded an auxiliary Verkh-Isetsky plant with a working settlement 2 versts from Yekaterinburg upstream ('verkh' in Russian) the Iset River. [39] The plant's dam formed the Verkh-Isetsky pond. Colloquially called by the Russian acronym VIZ, it was a satellite town until in 1926, with a population of over 20,000 people by this time, it was incorporated into Yekaterinburg as the core of the Verkh-Isetsky district. [39]

Yekaterinburg was one of the industrial cities of Russia prompted at the beginning of the 18th century by decrees of Tsar Peter the Great which demanded the development of the metalworking industry. With extensive use of iron, the city was built to a regular square plan with ironworks and residential buildings at the centre. These were surrounded by fortified walls so that Yekaterinburg was at the same time both a manufacturing centre and a fortress at the frontier between Europe and Asia. It, therefore, found itself at the heart of Russia's strategy for further development of the entire Ural region. The so-called Siberian Route became operational in 1763 and placed the city on an increasingly important transit route, which led to its development as a focus of trade and commerce between east and west, and gave rise to the description of the city as the "window to Asia". With the growth in trade and the city's administrative importance, the ironworks became less critical, and the more important buildings were increasingly built using expensive stone. Small manufacturing and trading businesses proliferated. In 1781 Russia's empress, Catherine the Great, granted Yekaterinburg town status and nominated it as the administrative centre for the wider region within Perm Governorate . [3] In 1807, the role of the capital of the mining and smelting region was confirmed by assigning it the status of the only "mountain city" in Russia. Until 1863, Yekaterinburg remained subordinate to the head of the mining plants of the Ural ridge , the minister of finance and personally to the emperor, and enjoyed considerable freedom from the governor's power. Since the 1830s, mountainous Yekaterinburg has become the center of mechanical engineering. [36]

In 1820–1845, 45% of the world's gold was mined in Yekaterinburg. This is the first ever "Gold Rush". [40] Until 1876, 80% of the coins in circulation in the Russian Empire were produced at the Yekaterinburg mint. [41]

Following the October Revolution , the family of deposed Tsar Nicholas II was sent to internal exile in Yekaterinburg where they were imprisoned in the Ipatiev House in the city. In July 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions were closing on Yekaterinburg. In the early hours of the morning of 17 July, the deposed Tsar, his wife Alexandra , and their children Grand Duchesses Olga , Tatiana , Maria , Anastasia , and Tsarevich Alexei were murdered by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk later the same day. The Legions arrived less than a week later and captured the city. [42] [43] The city remained under the control of the White movement in which a provisional government was established. The Red Army took back the city and restored Soviet authority on 14 July 1919. [44] [45]

In the years following the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War , political authority of the Urals was transferred from Perm to Yekaterinburg. On 19 October 1920, Yekaterinburg established its first university, the Ural State University , as well as polytechnic, pedagogical, and medical institutions under the decree of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin . Enterprises in the city ravaged by the war were nationalised, including: the Metalist (formerly Yates) Plant, the Verkh-Isetsky (formerly Yakovleva) Plant, and the Lenin flax-spinning factory (formerly Makarov). In 1924, the city of Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov . [46] [28] [44]

By the 1934, following a series of administrative reforms carried by the early Soviet government, the earliest Russian settlements which predated Yekaterinburg and laid the basis of its founding, were incorporated into the city proper. [38] [47]

During the reign of Stalin, Sverdlovsk was one of several places developed by the Soviet government as a centre of heavy industry. Old factories were reconstructed and new large factories were built, especially those specialised in machine-building and metalworking. These plants included Magnitogorsk and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in Chelyabinsk oblast , and Uralmash in Sverdlovsk. During this time, the population of Sverdlovsk tripled in size, and it became one of the fastest-growing cities of the Soviet Union. At that time, very large powers were given to the regional authorities. By the end of the 1930s, there were 140 industrial enterprises, 25 research institutes, and 12 higher education institutions in Sverdlovsk. [48] [49]

During World War II, the city became the headquarters of the Ural Military District on the basis of which more than 500 different military units and formations were formed, including the 22nd Army and the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps. Uralmash became the main production site for armoured vehicles. Many state technical institutions and whole factories were relocated to Sverdlovsk away from cities affected by war (mostly Moscow), with many of them staying in Sverdlovsk after the victory. The Hermitage Museum collections were also partly evacuated from Leningrad to Sverdlovsk in July 1941 and remained there until October 1945. [50] In the postwar years, new industrial and agricultural enterprises were put into operation and massive housing construction began. [51] [44] The lookalike five-story apartment blocks that remain today in Kirovsky, Chkalovsky, and other residential areas of Sverdlovsk sprang up in the 1960s, under the direction of Nikita Khrushchev 's government. [52] In 1977, Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin in accordance to a resolution from the Politburo in order to prevent it from being used as a rallying location for monarchists . Yeltsin later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the former Tsar in 1998. [53] There was an anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk in April and May 1979, which was attributed to a release from the Sverdlovsk-19 military facility . [54]

During the 1991 coup d'état attempt , Sverdlovsk, the home city of President Boris Yeltsin, was selected by him as a temporary reserve capital for the Russian Federation, in case Moscow became too dangerous for the Russian government. A reserve cabinet headed by Oleg Lobov was sent to the city, where Yeltsin enjoyed strong popular support at that time. [55] Shortly after the failure of the coup and subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city regained its historical name of Yekaterinburg on 23 September 1991. However, Sverdlovsk Oblast, of which Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre, kept its name. [56] [57]

In the 2000s, an intensive growth of trade, business, and tourism began in Yekaterinburg. In 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder negotiated in Yekaterinburg. On 15–17 June 2009, the SCO and BRIC summits were held in Yekaterinburg, which greatly improved the economic, cultural, and tourist situation in the city. On 13–16 July 2010, a meeting between Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and German Chancellor Angela Merkel took place in the city. [58]

In 2018, Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup and hosted the inaugural University International Sports Festival in 2023. [59]

Geographically, Yekaterinburg is in North Asia, close to the Ural Mountains (which divide Europe from Asia), 1,667   km (1,036   mi) east of the nation's capital Moscow.

The city has a total area of 1,111   km 2 (429   sq   mi) .

Yekaterinburg is on the eastern side of the Urals. The city is surrounded by wooded hills, partially cultivated for agricultural purposes. Yekaterinburg is located on a natural watershed, so there would be many bodies of water close and in the city. The city is bisected by the Iset River , which flows from the Urals into the Tobol River . There are two lakes in the city, Lake Shuvakish and Lake Shartash. The city borders Verkh-Isetskiy Pond, through which the Iset River flows. Lake Isetskoye and Lake Baltym are both near the city, with Lake Isetskoye located near Sredneuralsk , and Lake Baltym located near the towns of Sanatornyy and Baltym.

Yekaterinburg uses the Yekaterinburg Time, which is five hours ahead of UTC (UTC+5), and two hours ahead of Moscow Time . [60]

The city possesses a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) under the Köppen climate classification . [61] It is characterised by sharp variability in weather conditions, with well-marked seasons. The Ural Mountains, despite their insignificant height, block air from the west, from the European part of Russia. As a result, the Central Urals are open to the invasion of cold arctic air and continental air from the West Siberian Plain. Equally, warm air masses from the Caspian Sea and the deserts of Central Asia can freely penetrate from the south. Therefore, the weather in Yekaterinburg is characterised by sharp temperature fluctuations and weather anomalies: in winter, from frost at −40   °C to thaw and rain; in summer, from frosts to temperatures above 35   °C (95   °F) . [61]

The distribution of precipitation is determined by the circulation of air masses, relief, and air temperatures. The main part of the precipitation is brought by cyclones with a western air mass transfer, that is, from the European part of Russia, while their average annual amount is 601   mm. The maximum falls on a warm season, during which about 60–70% of the annual amount falls. For the winter period is characterized by snow cover with an average capacity of 40–50   cm. The coefficient of moistening(the ratio of yearly precipitation and potential evaporation ) – 1. [61]

• The average temperature in January is −12.6   °C (9.3   °F) . The record minimum temperature is −44.6   °C (−48.3   °F) (6 January 1915);
• The average July temperature is 18.9   °C (66.0   °F) . The record maximum temperature is 40.0   °C (104.0   °F) (11 July 2023);
• The average annual temperature is 2.1   °C (35.8   °F) ;
• The average annual wind speed is 2.9   m/s (10   km/h; 6.5   mph) ;
• The average annual humidity is 75%;
• The average annual precipitation is 534   mm (21.0   in) ;

According to the results of the 2021 Census , the population of Yekaterinburg was 1,544,376 ; [64] up from 1,349,772 recorded in the 2010 Census . [7]

As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Yekaterinburg was: [65]

Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which most are adherents to the Russian Orthodox Church. The Yekaterinburg and Verkhotursky diocese is located in the Holy Trinity Cathedral in the city. Other religions practised in Yekaterinburg include Islam , Old Believers , Catholicism , Protestantism , and Judaism .

Yekaterinburg has a significant Muslim community, but it suffers from a lack of worship space: there are only two small mosques . Another mosque was built in the nearby city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma . On 24 November 2007, the first stone was laid in the construction of a large Cathedral Mosque with four minarets , and space for 2,500 parishioners in the immediate vicinity of the cathedral and a synagogue , thus forming the "area of the three religions". [66] The mosque was planned to be built for the SCO summit, but due to funding problems, construction did not move from zero and is now frozen.

Construction of a Methodist church started in 1992, and with the help of American donations, finished in 2001. [67] A synagogue was opened in 2005, on the same place a 19th-century synagogue was demolished in 1962.

Most of the city's religious buildings were destroyed during the Soviet era, in addition to the synagogue, the three largest Orthodox churches in Yekaterinburg were demolished – the Epiphany Cathedral, the Ekaterininsky Cathedral, and the Great Zlatoust Church . Other Christian churches such as the Lutheran Church of Yekaterinburg and the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anne (a new Catholic St. Anne's Church was built in 2000) were demolished as well. Other churches were used as warehouses and industrial sites. The only religious building in Yekaterinburg in the Soviet era was the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. Recently, some churches are being rebuilt. Since 2006, according to the surviving drawings, the Great Zlatoust Church was restored in 2012. On 17 April 2010, the city was visited by Patriarch Kirill . [68]

Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast . [1] Within the framework of the administrative divisions , it is, together with twenty-nine rural localities , incorporated as the City of Yekaterinburg, [9] an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division, the City of Yekaterinburg is incorporated as Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug. [10]

Each district is not a municipal formation, and the historical centre of the city is divided into five inner-city districts (except Chkalovsky and Ordzhonikidzevsky).

A district named Akademicheskiy was formed from the parts of Leninsky and Verkh-Isetsky districts on 3 January 2020. [70] On 1 October 2021, more settlements were transferred from Verkh-Isetsky to Akademicheskiy district. [71]

The Charter of Yekaterinburg establishes a four-link system for the organisation of local authorities, which includes: the Head of Yekaterinburg, who serves as the chairman of the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, and the Chamber of Accounts. [74]

According to the charter of Yekaterinburg, the highest official of the municipal formation is the mayor of Yekaterinburg. The mayor is elected by universal suffrage, but since 3 April 2018, the procedure for direct elections of the mayor of the City of Yekaterinburg was abolished. The mayor of the city is endowed with representative powers and powers to organize activities and guide the activities of the City Duma. In addition, the mayor of the city exercises other powers such as concluding a contract with the head of the city administration and ensuring compliance with the Russian Constitution, Russian legislation, the city charter, and other normative acts. [75] [76]

In the event of a temporary absence of the mayor of Yekaterinburg, his authority under his written order is exercised by the deputy mayor of Yekaterinburg. [77]

The representative body of the municipal formation is the Yekaterinburg City Duma, which represents the city's entire population. The membership of the Duma is 36 deputies (18 deputies were elected in single-mandate constituencies and 18 in a single electoral district). Residents of the city elect deputies on the basis of universal suffrage for a period of 5 years. [74]

The executive and administrative body of the municipal formation is the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, led by the head of the Administration, currently held by Aleksandr Yacob. The administration is endowed with its own powers to resolve issues of local importance, but it is under the control and accountable to the Yekaterinburg City Duma. The building of the Administration of Yekaterinburg is located on 1905 Square . [76]

The Chamber of Accounts is a permanently operating body of external municipal financial control. The Chamber is formed by the apparatus of the City Duma and is accountable to it. The Chamber consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, auditors and staff. The structure and number of staff of the chamber, including the number of auditors, is determined by the decision of the City Duma. The term of office of the Chamber staff is 5 years. The Chamber of Accounts is a legal entity. [77]

In accordance with the regional charter, Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of the Sverdlovsk Oblast. [1] The executive power is exercised by the governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast, the legislative power by the legislative assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the judicial power by the Sverdlovsk Regional Court, located in the building of the Palace of Justice. [78] The building serving the regional government is the White House and the building serving the legislative assembly is located next to it on October Square. The ministries of the Sverdlovsk Region are located in the building of the regional government, as well as in other separate buildings of the city. [79]

Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Ural Federal District. As a result, it serves as the residence of the presidential envoy , the highest official of the district and part of the administration of the President of Russia. The residence is located the building of the regional government on October Square near the Iset River embankment.

In addition, Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Central Military District and more than 30 territorial branches of the federal executive bodies, whose jurisdiction extends not only to Sverdlovsk Oblast, but also to other regions in the Ural Mountains, Siberia, and the Volga Region.

According to the results of the September 2013 elections, the mayor of the city was Yevgeny Roizman , nominated by the Civil Platform party. Out of the 36 seats in the City Duma, 21 belong to United Russia , 7 to A Just Russia , 3 to the Civil Platform, 2 to the Communist Party and 1 seat to the LDPR . The turnout in the mayoral elections was 33.57%. [80]

It was the last popular vote in Yekaterinburg. Since 2018, there have been no elections, but a vote in the Municipal Duma. On 25 September 2018 the majority of the representatives in the Duma voted in favour of the Vice-Governor of Sverdlovsk oblast, Alexander Vysokinskiy.

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest economic centres in Russia. It is included in the City-600 list (it unites the 600 largest cities in the world that produce 60% of global GDP), compiled by the McKinsey Global Institute, a research organisation. In 2010, the consulting company estimated the gross product of Yekaterinburg to be about $19   billion (according to the calculations of the company, it should grow to $40   billion by 2025). [82] [83]

By volume of the economy, Yekaterinburg ranks third in the country, after Moscow and St. Petersburg. According to a research of the Institute for Urban Economics, in the ranking of the largest cities and regional capital cities according to economic standards for 2015, Yekaterinburg ranked third. The city's gross urban product (GVP) was 898   billion rubles. Per capita GDP was 621.0 thousand rubles (18th place). [84] In 2015, the gross urban product of the Yekaterinburg metropolitan area amounted to 50.7   billion international dollars (the fourth place in the country) or 25.4 thousand international dollars in terms of per inhabitant of the metropolitan area. [85]

In the Soviet era, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) was a purely industrial city, with a share of industry in the economy of 90% (of which 90% were in defense production). With Chelyabinsk and Perm, the three cities formed what to be the Urals industrial hub. [86]

The former head of Yekaterinburg, Arkady Chernetsky, has set the goal of diversifying the city's economy, which has resulted in the development of sectors such as warehousing, transportation, logistics, telecommunications, financial sector, wholesale and retail trade, etc. in Yekaterinburg. [86] Economist-geographer Natalia Zubarevich points out that at the present stage, Yekaterinburg has practically lost its industrial specialisation. [87]

The standard of living in Yekaterinburg exceeds the average standard across Russia. According to the Department of Sociology of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, it is among the top ten cities with the highest standard of living. Compared to other Russian cities with a population of around or over one million, in 2015, Yekaterinburg held a leading position in terms of average monthly wages and retail turnover, in terms of the total volume of investments in fourth place of fixed assets, and second place in housing placement. [88] [89]

The average monthly wage in Yekaterinburg following the results of 2019 was 54,976 rubles. This is the first place among the millionth municipalities of the Russian Federation. [90] There are on average 440,300 people employed by large and middle-sized organisations and companies. The unemployment rate at the end of 2015 was 0.83% of the total economically active population. Locals labelled the main problems of the city such the current state of the healthcare system, housing system, and transportation system. [89] [91]

The budget of Yekaterinburg in 2015 was executed on income in the amount of 32,063.6   million rubles, for expenses in the amount of 32,745.8   million rubles. Among the budget expenditures: 17 billion rubles were spent on education, over 1 billion rubles on culture, and about 900 million rubles on health. The main part of the revenue of the city treasury was its own tax and non-tax revenues (more than 18 billion rubles). The revenues from the regional and federal budgets were at the lowest level in 10 years. Specialists noted a decrease in tax revenues and an increase in tax debt (exceeded 2 billion rubles). [89] [92]

The main budget expenditures are the development of the economy (which accounts for 19% of expenditures) and the social security of the townspeople (11% of expenditures go). Cities such as Perm, Kazan and Ufa, spend for these purposes in a smaller percentage of costs (from 2 to 6%). Also, a fairly strict budgetary discipline is noted—the budget deficit is kept at the level of 2% of its volume. [93]

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest financial and business centres in Russia, with offices of multinational corporations, representative offices of foreign companies, and a large number of federal and regional financial and credit organisations. The financial market of Yekaterinburg is characterised by stability and independence, based both on the broad presence of large foreign and Moscow credit organisations and on the availability of large and stable local financial holdings. [94]

The financial sector of Yekaterinburg has more than 100 banks, including 11 foreign banks. The list of the largest Russian banks for assets for 2016 included 10 banks registered in Yekaterinburg, including but not all: Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development, SKB-Bank, Uraltransbank, and UM Bank. [95] [96]

IT "SKB Kontur" from Yekaterinburg – the largest software manufacturer in Russia – first place according to the RAEX rating [97]

Also in Yekaterinburg is the Ural headquarters of the Central Bank of Russia. Since 7 August 2017, by order of the Bank of Russia, the branches of the Siberian, Far Eastern and part of the Prevolzhsky Federal Districts have been transferred to the control of the Ural Megaregal Directorate. Thus, this is one of the three main departments of the Mega-regulator in the territory of Russia. [98]

A major role in the formation of Yekaterinburg as a business centre has its infrastructural potential, which is growing at a high rate: transport accessibility for Russian and foreign economic entities, the availability of hotels, advanced communication services, business related services (consulting, exhibition activities, etc.). [94] Yekaterinburg has its own central business district, Yekaterinburg City. [99]

Yekaterinburg has been a major industrial centre since its foundation. In the 18th century, the main branches were smelting and processing of metal. Since the beginning of the 19th century, machine building appeared, and in the second half of the 19th century, light and food (especially milling) industry was widely spread. A new stage in the development of production occurred during the period of industrialisation – at this time in the city, factories were built, which determined the industry specialisation of heavy engineering. During World War II, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) hosted about sixty enterprises evacuated from Central Russia and Ukraine. As a result, there was a sharp increase in the production capacity of existing plants and the emergence of new branches of the Urals industry.

At present, more than 220 large and medium-sized enterprises are registered in Yekaterinburg, 197 of them in manufacturing industries. [94] In 2015, they shipped 323,288 million rubles worth of own-produced goods. Production by industry was divided accordingly: metallurgical production and metalworking 20.9%, food production 13.3%, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment 9.2%, production of vehicles 8.4%, production of machinery and equipment 6.4%, chemical production 5.5%, production of other nonmetallic mineral products 3.7%, production of rubber and plastic products 2.8%, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing 0.5%, and other 29.3%. [100]

Several headquarters of large Russian industrial companies are located in the city: IDGC of Urals, Enel Russia, Steel-Industrial Company, Russian Copper Company, Kalina, NLMK-Sort, VIZ-Stal, Sinara Group, Uralelectrotyazhmash, Automation Association named after academician NA Semikhatov, Ural Heavy Machinery Plant (Uralmash), Fat Plant, Fores, confectionery association Sladko, Machine Building Plant named after M.I. Kalinin, Ural Turbine Plant, Uralkhimmash and others. [101]

Yekaterinburg ranks first in retail trade of the Russian Federation per capita, ahead of Moscow. [102] The consumer market contributes significantly to Yekaterinburg's economy. Revenue of retail stores in 2015 amounted to 725.9   billion rubles, and the number of retailers totaled 4,290. [103] As of 1 January 2016, 36 shopping centers operate in the city, taking up a total area of which was 1,502,700   m 2 (16,175,000   sq   ft) . The availability of shopping centres per 1,000 inhabitants increased to 597.2   m 2 (6,428   sq   ft) . [104]

Retail areas amounted to 2,019,000   m 2 (21,730,000   sq   ft) , with the availability of retail space reached 1,366.3   m 2 (14,707   sq   ft) per 1,000 inhabitants. According to these statistics, Yekaterinburg holds leading positions among other major cities of Russia. In the consumer market of Yekaterinburg, 1041 network operators are represented. The number of wholesale enterprises totalled 1,435. Among the Federal construction stores represented in the city, you can select: Leroy Merlin, [105] Castorama, [106] Domostroy, [107] Maxidom, [108] OBI, [109] Sdvor. [110] Yekaterinburg has an agricultural market named Shartashsky. [104] [111]

The revenue of catering in 2015 totalled 38.6   billion rubles. The network of catering enterprises in Yekaterinburg is presented as follows: 153 restaurants, 210 bars, 445 cafes, 100 coffee houses, 582 dining rooms, 189 eateries, 173 fast-food establishments, 10 tea shops, 319 other types of institutions (buffets, cafeterias, catering companies). 82.6% of catering enterprises provide additional services to consumers. [112]

The revenue of the services industry in 2015 totalled 74.9   billion rubles. The fastest pace in the city is developing hairdressing services, sewing and knitting atelier services, pawnshop services, fitness centre services. The network of public service enterprises in Yekaterinburg includes 5,185 facilities. In 2015, the provision of service areas for service enterprises totaled 382.1   m 2 (4,113   sq   ft) per 1,000 citizens. The highest concentration of household services is observed in the Verkh-Isetsky, Oktyabrsky and Leninsky districts. [113]

Greenwich Shopping Center, as of 2021, is the largest shopping center in Europe. [114]

The largest store in the world by area is Sima-Land. [115]

Yekaterinburg is a major centre for the Russian tourist industry. In 2015, the city was one of the top five most visited Russian cities (others being Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk , and Vladivostok ) according to the Global Destinations Cities Index, which represents the payment system Mastercard . [116] In recent years, a lot of work has been done to create a positive image of Yekaterinburg as a centre for international tourism, including holding of summits for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in 2008 and 2009 and the international exhibition Innoprom in 2009 and 2010. [117] In 2014, Yekaterinburg ranked third among Russian cities in popularity among foreign tourists after Moscow and St. Petersburg. [118]

In 2015, the total flow of inbound tourism grew by 10% compared to the previous year and amounted to 2.1   million people. [119] In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the role of business tourism in the overall flow: if in 2013 about 80% of trips were business, in 2015 their number was already 67%. Most tourists go to "bow to the memory of the last and his family." In addition, new tourist ideas are developing such as the Bazhov theme, the geological and mineralogical theme, industrial tourism, and the event calendar. [120]

Yekaterinburg is the third largest transport hub of Russia, behind Moscow and St. Petersburg. The city has 6 federal highways, 7 main railway lines, and an international airport. The location of Yekaterinburg in the central part of the region allows for 7 to 10 hours to get from it to any large city of the Urals. [121] The formation of Yekaterinburg as an important transportation hub is largely due to the city's favourable geographical location on a low stretch of the Ural Mountains, through which it was convenient to lay the main roads connecting the European and Eastern parts of Russia. [122]

Yekaterinburg is one of the ten Russian megacities with the largest car fleet (0.437 megacars were registered in the city in 2014), which has been intensively increasing in recent years (by 6–14% annually). [123] [124] The level of car ownership in 2015 has reached 410 cars per 1,000 people. [125] Its pace in the past few years has seriously exceeded the pace of development and the capacity of the road infrastructure. For the first time, transport problems started to appear in Yekaterinburg in the 1980s and though it did not seem threatening at first, the situation gets worse every year. Studies have shown that as early as 2005, the capacity limit for the road network was reached, which has now led to permanent congestion. [126] To increase the capacity of the street-road network, stage-by-stage reconstruction of streets is being carried out, as well as multi-level interchanges being built. In order to reduce the transit traffic, the Sverdlovsk Oblast administration announced two road projects in 2014: the Yekaterinburg Ring Road (EKAD) and an overpass road on Sovetskaya Street. The Yekaterinburg Ring Road would surround the largest municipalities of Yekaterinburg. Its purpose would be to help the city's economy and reduce traffic on the Middle Ring Road of the city, making it easier for civilians to commute around the city than going through the city's traffic congestion. Eventually, the Ring Road would connect to other federal roads in order for easier access between other Russian cities. Construction of the road started in the same year. The projects were assigned to the Ministry of Transport and Communications since the projects were crucial to the city's economy. Officials hope the road projects will build environments more conducive to improving local quality of life and outside investments. Completing these major inter-regional roads will increase productive traffic by 50% to 100%, improving the local economy with its ease of access to industries. [127]

Since 2014, the project for the introduction of paid parking in the central part of Yekaterinburg is being implemented. The project is implemented in parallel with the increase in the number of intercepting parking lots and the construction of parking lots. At the end of 2015, in the central part of the city there were 2,307 paid parking places. [125]

The total length of the road network in Yekaterinburg is 1,311.5   km (814.9   mi) , of which 929.8   km (577.8   mi) is cobbled carriageways, 880   km (550   mi) is with upgraded coverage, 632   km (393   mi) is backbone networks, of which 155   km (96   mi) are on the citywide backbone network movement. 20 interchanges have been constructed at different levels within the city limits, including 11 on the EKAD and 9 on the middle ring. 74 transport facilities (27 bridges across the Iset River, Patrushikha, Mostovka, Istok Rivers, 13 dams on the Iset, Patrushikha, Istok, Olkhovka, Warm, Shilovka Rivers, 23 road overpasses , and 18 out-of-the-way pedestrian crossings) were built as well. [128]

Yekaterinburg is served by the following highways: [129]

Yekaterinburg uses almost all types of public transport. The largest transportation services—the Municipal Association of Bus Enterprises, the Tram-Trolleybus Office, and the Yekaterinburg Metro —transported 207.4   million people in 2015. [130] The total volume of passenger transportation by all land transport modes decreases annually. If the annual passenger traffic of municipal transport was 647.1   million people in 2002, and according to this index the city occupied the third place in the country with a wide margin, then in 2008 this figure would be 412 million people (the fourth place in Russia). [131] [132]

Since 1991, the city operates the sixth metro in Russia and the thirteenth in the CIS . At the moment there is one line with 9 stations. In 2015 49.9   million passengers were transported; according to this metric the Yekaterinburg Metro is the fourth in Russia, behind the Moscow Metro, Saint Petersburg Metro, and Novosibirsk Metro . [133] Although the metro is the second most popular type of public transport, in recent years significant problems have appeared in its work: loss-making, obsolete rolling stock, and a shortage of funds for modernisation. [134] The tram network was established in 1929 and currently [ when? ] plays a leading role in the urban transport system. The volume of passengers carried for 2013 is 127.8   million, [135] but this declines every year (245   million people in 2013 [136] ). In 2016 there were 30 routes operating 459 cars. The total length of the tracks is 185.5   km. As of 2016 [ update ] , the construction of a tram line "Ekaterinburg-Verkhnyaya Pyshma" was planned. [137]

There are 93 bus routes operating in Yekaterinburg, including 30 municipal ones (EMUP "MOAP"). [138] In 2007, 114.5   million passengers were transported by municipal intercity buses (124.6   million in 2006). [139] The decrease in volume is due to the increasing role of the fixed-route taxis in the urban transport system of Yekaterinburg, as well as the high cost of travel. However, the city bus transport network provides significant employment for the people of Ekaterinburg, including the formidable babushkas who collect passenger fares. In the park of EMPU, there are 537 buses. [140] In 2013, there are 19 routes, which employ 250 trolleybuses. The total length of trolleybus lines is 168.4   km. The number of passengers transported by trolleybus in 2007 amounted to 78.4   million (84.3   million in 2006). [139]

In addition, the city operates an electric train route linking the north-western and the southern parts of Yekaterinburg, from Sem' Klyuchey to Elizavet.

Yekaterinburg is a major railway junction. In the Yekaterinburg node, 7 main lines converge (to Perm , Tyumen , Kazan , Nizhny Tagil , Chelyabinsk , Kurgan , and Tavda ). The Sverdlovsk Railway Administration is located in the city, which serves trains on the territory of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen Regions, the Perm Territory, the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, as well as parts of the Omsk Region, and there is a single road traffic control centre. The Perm–Yekaterinburg–Tyumen section is now part of the main route of the Trans-Siberian Railway .

Yekaterinburg is served by two primary airports: Koltsovo International Airport (SVX) and the smaller Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport . Koltsovo Airport is one of the largest airports in the country, serving 5.404   million passengers (including 3.485   million serviced by domestic airlines, 1.919   million at international flights) in 2017, making it the sixth busiest airport in Russia . [141]

Yekaterinburg has an extensive network of municipal, regional and federal health facilities. There are 54 hospitals, designed at a capacity of 18,200 beds, [142] 272 ambulatory polyclinics, and 156 dental clinics and offices. [143] Some health facilities are based on medical research institutes such as the Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, [144] the Research Institute of Dermatology and Immunopathology, [145] and the Ural State Medical University, as well as others.

In clean areas of the city, there is the Yekaterinburg Medical Centre, which includes the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 (also includes a polyclinic and a boarding house), Central City Hospital No. 40 (polyclinic, therapeutic building, surgical building, infectious body, neuro-surgical building, maternity hospital), Regional Cardiology Centre, Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS, and MNTK Eye Microsurgery. [146]

Other large medical centres are the Uralmash Health Centre (Hospital No. 14), the Hospital of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the district hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the district military hospital, the Oncology Centre, the Sverdlovsk Oblast Psychiatric Hospital, the Disaster Medicine Centre, the Sanguis Blood Transfusion Centre, children's versatile hospital No. 9, and the regional rehabilitation centre on Chusovsky lake. There are about 300 pharmacies in the city. [143] The number of doctors in public medical institutions is 11,339 people (83.9 per 10,000 people) and the number of nurses is 16,795 (124 per 10,000 people).

Private medical institutions also operate in the city. [147]

Yekaterinburg's education system includes institutions of all grades and conditions: preschool, general, special (correctional), and vocational (secondary and higher education), as well as others. Today, the city is one of the largest educational centres of Russia, with Yekaterinburg considered to be the leading educational and scientific centre of the Urals . [148]

There are 164 educational institutions in Yekaterinburg: 160 of them operate in the morning and the other 4 in the evening. In 2015, 133,800 people were enrolled in general education institutions, which holds a capacity of 173,161 people. [149] Yekaterinburg's education system also includes state pre-school educational institutions, non-state pre-school institutions, out-of-town health camps, and municipal city health facilities with a one-day stay. [150] Five educational institutions of the city: SUNC UrFU, Gymnasium No. 2, Gymnasium No. 9, Gymnasium No. 35, and Lyceum No. 135, were included in the rating of the five hundred best schools in the country by the Moscow Center for Continuous Mathematical Education and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation . [151]

On 16 July 1914, the Ural Mining Institute of Emperor Nicholas II (now the Ural State Mining University ) was established as Yekaterinburg's first educational institution. [152] In 1930, the Sverdlovsk Power Engineering College (now the Ural Technical Institute of Communications and Informatics) was opened to train specialists in the field of communications. The Alexei Maximovich Gorky Ural State University (now the Ural Federal University ) became the first university in Yekaterinburg by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR , signed by Vladimir Lenin on 19 October 1920. The Sverdlovsk Engineering and Pedagogical Institute (today the Russian State Vocational and Pedagogical University) became the first university of the USSR for the training of engineering and pedagogical personnel when it was opened in 1979.

In terms of the level of qualification of the graduates, Yekaterinburg's universities are among the leading in Russia, in particular in terms of the number of graduates representing the current managing elite of the country, Yekaterinburg universities are second only to the educational institutions of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. [153] [154] Currently, there are 20 state universities in the city, which currently holds a total of 140,000 students. [155] In addition, there are 14 non-state institutions of higher education in the city, such as the Yekaterinburg Academy of Contemporary Art and the Yekaterinburg Theological Seminary. The prestigious architecture school, the Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts , is also located within the city limits. Other institutions of higher education Ural State Pedagogical University, Ural State University of Forestry, Ural State University of Railway Transport, Ural State University of Economics, Military Institute of Artillery, Ural State Conservatory , Ural State Agricultural Academy, Ural State Law Academy , Ural State Medical University, Ural State Academy of Performing Arts, Ural Academy of Public Service, and Institute of International Relations .

In May 2011, the Ural State University and Ural State Technical University merged to form the Boris N. Yeltsin Ural Federal University , making it the largest university in the Urals and the largest university in Russia. As of 1 January 2016, the university had 35,300 students and 2,950 teachers. The university's budget in 2015 totalled 9,1   billion rubles and the volume of research and development work totalled 1,6   billion rubles. [156] As of 2021, UrFU is the largest university in Russia in terms of the number of students, being on the 351st place in the QS World University Rankings. [157] [158] The number of publications of the university in the Web of Science database is about a thousand per year. [159]

There are many branches of non-resident universities in the city, including the Ural branch of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Private Law, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Plekhanov Russian Economic Academy, the Yekaterinburg branch of the University of the Russian Academy of Education, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Moscow State University, and Sholokhov Humanitarian University, as well as others.

In Yekaterinburg, a large number of print publications are published: about 200 newspapers, the most read being the Ural Worker , Vecherny Yekaterinburg , Oblastnaya Gazeta , and For Change! , and 70 magazines, with most read being Red Burda and I'm Buying . [160] [161]

A television studio was built in Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) in 1955 and on 6 November of the same year, the first telecast appeared. Coloured television later appeared in 1976. [162] Now the television is broadcast by 19 companies, including but not all: STRC Ural, Channel Four, 41 Home, Channel 10, OTV, Union (Orthodox), and UFO 24. Broadcasting is carried out from the TV tower on Lunacharsky street (television studio GTRK Ural), the TV tower on the Moskovskiy Hill, and from the TV tower (radio relay tower) on Blyukher Street. In 1981, construction of a new television tower was started, which was to become the second tallest in Russia after the Ostankino Tower and cover the territory of most of the Sverdlovsk region, but economic difficulties postponed construction. As a result, the television tower was the tallest uncompleted structure in the world. On 24 March 2018, the television tower was demolished by detonation for the city's beautification in preparation of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . [163] The Shartash radio mast, which broadcasts, is the tallest structure in the city, with a height of 263 meters. [164] In addition, several dozens of national and local news agencies are broadcast in Yekaterinburg, with the most watched being ITAR-TASS Ural, RUIA-Ural, and Interfax-Ural.

At the moment [ when? ] , there are 26 internet providers and 6 cellular operators in the city. [165] According to Yekaterinburg News , the city has signed a cooperative agreement with the Russian mobile operator Vimpelcom , working under the Beeline brand. The partnership will involve cooperation on investment projects and social programmes focused on increasing access to mobile services in the city. Beeline has launched an initiative to provide Wi-Fi services in 500 public trams and trolley buses in Yekaterinburg. [166]

Yekaterinburg is a multipurpose cultural centre of the Urals Federal District. [148] There are about fifty libraries in the city. The largest library organisations are the Sverdlovsk Oblast Universal Scientific Library, the V.G. Belinsky Scientific Library, which is the largest public library in Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the Municipal Library Association, which is composed of 41 libraries throughout the city, including the AI Herzen Central City Library. [167]

There are about 50 different museums in the city. [168] Yekaterinburg has unique museum collections, such as the collections of Russian paintings in the Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts and the Nevyansk icons in the Nevyansk Icon Museum , with more than 300 icons representing the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries on display. There is also a unique exhibit, the Kaslinsky cast iron pavilion, which received main awards at the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris. The Kasli Pavilion was registered by UNESCO as the only cast-iron architectural structure in the world, which is in the museum collection. [169] Museums of the city also have collections of jewellery and stone ornaments. The United Museum of Writers of the Urals presents exhibitions in memory of writers such as Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak and Pavel Bazhov . It also is the home of the Shigirskaya Kladovaya ( Шигирская кладовая ), or Shigir Collection, which includes the oldest known wooden sculpture in the world. The sculpture was found near Nevyansk and originally estimated to have been made approximately 9,500 years ago, but now is estimated to have been made 11,500 years ago. [170] Yekaterinburg museums annually participate in the international event Long Night of Museums .

Yekaterinburg has the third most theatres in Russia. [171] The influence of theatrical life of the city was made by the Moscow Art Academic Theater and the Central Theater of the Soviet Army when they evacuated to Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) during World War II, and they had their own theater in the city. [172] Notable theatres that operate in the city are Academic Theater of Musical Comedy, Drama Theater, Kolyada-Theater , the youth theatre, and the puppet theatre, as well as others. The Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater received four awards at the Golden Mask 2020 Festival in Moscow, including the main Golden Mask for the Best Opera Performance [173]

In 2014, the city showcased its education, literary, art, and theatre culture through the Russian Year of Culture Programme. [174]

The city has a well-developed film industry. Opened back in 1909, Laurage was the first cinema in Yekaterinburg. In 1943, the Sverdlovsk Film Studio was opened and produced its first feature film Silva a year later. After the Second World War, the studio produced up to ten feature films a year. There are more than 20 cinemas in Yekaterinburg, the oldest of which is the Salyut, while the most capacious is the Cosmos spacecraft. [175] [176] There are also chains of movie theatres such as Premier-Zal, Kinomaks, and Kinoplex, which usually open in shopping and entertainment centres.

A number of popular Russian rock bands, such as Urfin Dzhyus, Chaif , Chicherina , Nautilus Pompilius , Nastya, Trek, Agata Kristi , Slaughter to Prevail and Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii , were originally formed in Yekaterinburg ( Ural Rock is often considered as a particular variety of rock music. Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg are actually considered to be the main centres of the genre in Russia). Also, opera singers like Boris Shtokolov , Yuri Gulyayev , Vera Bayeva graduated from the Urals State Conservatory. The Ural Philharmonic Orchestra (currently conducted by Dmitry Liss ), founded by Mark Paverman and located in Yekaterinburg, is also very popular in Russia and in Europe, as well as the Ural Academic Popular Chorus, a folk-singing and dance ensemble. [ citation needed ]

Yekaterinburg V. I. Filatov State Circus is located in the centre of the city, on the western bank of the Iset River. In 2012, the Yekaterinburg Circus was nominated "Best Circus of the Year" for the circus show Sharivari by the Rosgoscirk and the Ministry of Culture . [177]

The Presidential Center named after Boris Yeltsin was built in Yekaterinburg in 2015. It is considered to be a public, cultural and educational center. Center has its art gallery, library, museum equipped with the newest multimedia technologies that help to present the documents, video materials and archive photos. In 2017, the Yeltsin Center was recognized as the best museum in Europe by the Council of Europe, the first of the museums in Russia. [178]

The Urals Society of Natural Science Lovers pushed Yekaterinburg to have a zoo. Currently, the zoo has more than 1,000 animals that belong to more than 350 species. The zoo covers an area of 2.7 hectares.

On 18 June 2011, Yekaterinburg launched Red Line as a pedestrian tourist route for self-guided tours by residents and visitors to go to 34 landmarks in the historical section of the city. [179]

Many buildings of Yekaterinburg are ranged from a different number of architectural styles. The city had a regular layout, based on the fortresses of the Renaissance and by the principles of French town planning during the 17th century. By the 18th century, the Baroque movement was not that influential in Yekaterinburg, with the style being seen in churches which later declined [180]

In the first half of the 19th century, neoclassicism grew influential in the Yekaterinburg's architecture. The estates were built in the neoclassic style, including the main house, wings, services, and often an English-style park. This style's influence in Yekaterinburg is mostly due to the contributions of architect Michael Malakhov, who worked in the city from 1815 to 1842. He designed the assemblies of the Verkhne-Isetsky factory as well as the Novo-Tikhvinsky Monastery. [180]

At the beginning of the 20th century, eclecticism became a dominant influence in Yekaterinburg's architecture. Buildings such as the Opera House and Yekaterinburg railway station were built in this style. During the 1920s and the 1930s, constructivism took effect, influencing residential complexes, industrial buildings, stadiums, etc. Architects Moses Ginzburg, Jacob Kornfeld, the Vesnina brothers, Daniel Friedman, and Sigismund Dombrovsky contributed greatly to the constructivism in the city. More than 140 structures in Yekaterinburg are designed through the constructivist style. [181]

During the 1930s to 1950s, there was a turn back to neoclassicism, with much attention paid to public buildings and monuments. Notable examples include the buildings of the Ural Industrial Institute on Lenin Avenue, the City Party Committee and the City Council Executive Committee building (now the City Administrative building), the District Officers' House, and the House of Defense complex. Cultural buildings are built in the squares in orderly composition. In these years, architects Golubev, K. T. Babykin, Valenkov worked fruitfully in Yekaterinburg with this style. In the 1960s, changes in the approach to construction led to widespread distribution of apartment blocks common in the Khrushchev era . Buildings built by individuals were rare, among them being: KKT "Kosmos", the Palace of Youth, and DK UZTM. [182]

From the 1960s to the 1980s, as industrial development grew in Yekaterinburg, so did rationalism . The situation changed in the 1990s when Russia transferred into a market economy. At that time, older buildings were restored, giving the urban area a new environment such as: the Cosmos Concert Hall, the Puppet Theater, the children's ballet theatre The Nutcracker, the Palace of Justice, the Cathedral of the Blood, and the Church of the Transfiguration . At the same time, the construction of new buildings was accompanied by the demolition of historical buildings, leading to the development of the "facade" phenomenon, where the facades of historic buildings are preserved while adjacent modern buildings are built. [183]

The centre of Yekaterinburg became the centre of new construction, where banks, business centres, hotels, luxury residential complexes, and sports and shopping centres were built. High-tech architecture grew influential, with buildings such as the Center for Railway Transportation Management, the Summit business centre, the Aquamarine residential complex, and the retail strip at Vaynera Street being notable examples. Along with this, postmodernism revived interest in the older architectural styles of Yekaterinburg, growing more emphasis on historicalism and contextualism. In the late 1990s, architects grew interested in regionalism . [183]

At the beginning of the 21st century, Yekaterinburg architects turned back to the Soviet-based avant-garde, and influence future city buildings with the neoconstructivist style. The practice of attracting large foreign investors to projects has become popular. In 2007, the construction of the Central business district started, being headed by the French architect Jean Pistre. [183] In 2010, Yekaterinburg became one of the largest centers for the construction of High-rise buildings. In the city, 1,189 high-rise buildings were built, including 20 skyscrapers, the tallest of which is the Iset Tower , with a height of 209 meters. [184]

Yekaterinburg is also a leading sports centre in Russia. A large number of well-known athletes, both world and Olympics champions, are associated with the city. Since 1952, Yekaterinburg athletes have won 137 medals at the Olympic Games (46 gold, 60 silver and 31 bronze). In the 2008 Summer Olympics , 8 residents of Yekaterinburg returned with medals (1 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze). [185]

In 1965, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk), along with a number of Russian cities, hosted the Bandy World Championship . In 2018, Yekaterinburg was one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena (called Central Stadium before the World Cup). [186]

Yekaterinburg has a total of 1728 sports facilities, including 16 stadiums with stands, 440 indoor gyms and 45 swimming pools. There are 38 sports children's and youth schools for reserves for the Olympic Games, in which more than 30,000 people are participating. [187]

Sport clubs

Yekaterinburg has many professional sports clubs in sports such as volleyball, basketball, futsal , bandy , and ice hockey for both women and men. Bandy club SKA-Sverdlovsk , women's volleyball club VC Uralochka-NTMK , women's basketball club UMMC Yekaterinburg , and futsal club MFK Sinara Yekaterinburg were among the best teams in Russia and Europe.

2018 FIFA World Cup

Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup [59] Yekaterinburg is one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena . [186]

For the World Cup 2018, from 7 October 2015 to 29 December 2017, the Central Stadium was upgraded to bring it into compliance with FIFA requirements for the World Cup and was renamed Yekaterinburg Arena. The architectural concept of the new stadium is built on a combination of historical walls and the built-in core of the modern arena. During the reconstruction of the sports facility, which is a monument of history and culture, the facades are carefully preserved, and the arena itself is equipped with the latest technical achievements of the sports industry. Temporary stands extending outside the stadium's original perimeter were erected to comply with the FIFA requirement of seating for 35,000 spectators. They can hold a total of 12,000 spectators, but the seating will be removed after the World Cup, decreasing the seating capacity back to 23,000. [188] [189]

The FIFA Fan Fest in Yekaterinburg is located in the Mayakovsky Central Park of Entertainment and Culture. Located just outside the city centre in a popular and well-known amusement park, it will have a capacity to hold 17,000 people. [190]

Koltsovo Airport was also reconstructed and had a second runway built. In addition, work was done to prepare another passenger terminal, modernize the technical infrastructure, and launch the business aviation hangar. The airport's capacity in preparation for the World Cup has increased to two thousand people per hour. The street and road network was also upgraded. [191]

The United States, [192] United Kingdom, [193] Germany, [194] France, [195] China [196] and several other countries have consulates in Yekaterinburg.

The BRIC countries met for their first official summit on 16 June 2009, in Yekaterinburg, [197] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , Dmitry Medvedev , Manmohan Singh , and Hu Jintao , the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending.

The foreign ministers of the BRIC countries had also met in Yekaterinburg previously on 16 May 2008.

In June 2013, at the 153rd General Assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions held in Paris, representatives from Yekaterinburg presented the city's bid to host the 2020 World Expo . Yekaterinburg's concept for the upcoming exhibition relates to the impact of globalisation on the modern world.

Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed during a televised statement in English to earmark the required funds to build an exhibition complex large enough to receive the estimated 30 million visitors from more than 150 countries. [198]

Yekaterinburg later bid for the Expo 2025 . Yekaterinburg's concept for the bid exhibition relates to the technologies to make people happy by changing the world with innovation and quality of life. The host was announced on 23 November 2018 and Yekaterinburg lost out to Osaka, Japan.

Yekaterinburg hosted the Global Summit on Manufacturing and Industrialization (GMIS — 2019) GMIS under the auspices of the United Nations. [199] The annual INNOPROM exhibition is among the five largest industrial exhibitions in the world. [200]

Yekaterinburg is twinned with: [201]

• Anton Bakov , Leader of the Monarchist Party
• Irina Antonenko , Miss Russia 2010
• Aleksei Balabanov , film director, screenwriter, producer
• Vera Bazarova , pairs figure skater
• Pavel Bazhov , folklorist and children's author
• Old Man Bukashkin , artist and poet
• Pavel Datsyuk , ice hockey player
• Nikolay Durakov , bandy legend
• Chiang Fang-liang , former first lady of Taiwan
• Aleksey Fedorchenko , film director, producer
• Denis Galimzyanov , sprinter cyclist
• Anna Gavrilenko , Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
• Nikolay Karpol , national women volleyball team coach
• Nikolai Khabibulin , ice hockey player
• Alexei Yashin , ice hockey player
• Alexei Khvostenko , avant-garde poet, singer-songwriter, artist, and sculptor
• Nikolay Kolyada , actor, director, writer, playwright, and playwriting teacher
• Ilya Kormiltsev , poet, translator, publisher
• Olga Kotlyarova , Olympic runner
• Maxim Kovtun , figure skater
• Vladislav Krapivin , children's author
• Valeria Savinykh , WTA Professional player
• Nikolay Krasovsky , mathematician
• Yulia Lipnitskaya , figure skater
• Iskander Makhmudov , businessman
• Vladimir Malakhov , ice hockey player
• Gennady Mesyats , vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• Maxim Miroshkin , pairs figure skater
• Vladimir Mulyavin (1941 – 2003), Belarusian musician and the founder of the folk-rock band Pesniary [202]
• Alfia Nazmutdinova , rhythmic gymnast
• Ernst Neizvestny , sculptor
• Oleg Platonov , writer, historian, and economist
• Daria Pridannikova , rhythmic gymnast
• Eduard Rossel , ex-governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast
• Boris Ryzhy , poet
• Mikhail Shchennikov , race walker
• Vera Sessina , rhythmic gymnast
• Georgy Shishkin , painter
• Vassily Sigarev , playwright, screenwriter, film director
• Anastasiia Tatareva , Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
• Sergei Tchepikov , Olympic biathlon competitor
• Vladimir Tretyakov , ex-rector of the Ural State University
• Lev Vainshtein , Olympic shooter
• Sergei Vonsovsky , physicist
• Alexander Dudoladov , writer
• Alexander Malinin , singer
• Petr Yan , Former UFC Bantamweight Champion
• A ballistic missile submarine of the Project 667BDRM Delfin class ( NATO reporting name: Delta IV ) is named Ekaterinburg (K-84/"807") in honour of the city.
• The asteroid 27736 Ekaterinburg was named in the city's honour on 1 June 2007.

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Sverdlovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk. Its population is 4,268,998.

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Yevgeny Vladmirovich Kuyvashev is a Russian politician serving as Governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast since 29 May 2012. He served as the acting governor from 14 May 2012 to 29 May 2012, and again from 17 April 2017 to 18 September 2017.

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• 1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #30-OZ
• 1 2 3 Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: A Cultural History , Oxford University Press, p.   32
• ↑ Charter of Yekaterinburg, Article   24.1
• ↑ Official website of Yekaterinburg. Alexander Edmundovich Yakob, Head of Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• ↑ "Проект о внесении изменений в Генеральный план развития городского округа – муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург» на период до 2025 года" (in Russian). p.   168. [ permanent dead link ]
• 1 2 Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
• ↑ "Federal State Statistic Service" . Government of Russia. 1 January 2024 . Retrieved 6 June 2024 .
• 1 2 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации.   №ОК 019-95   1 января 1997 г. « Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код   65 401 », в ред. изменения №278/2015 от   1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification.   # OK 019-95   January   1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code   65 401 , as amended by the Amendment   # 278/2015 of   January   1, 2016. ).
• 1 2 3 Law #85-OZ
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• 1 2 "Срок регистрации домена закончился" . www.ekaterinburg.com . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ Upton, Clive ; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd   ed.). Routledge. p.   1552. ISBN   978-1-138-12566-7 .
• ↑ "RUSSIA: Ural'skij Federal'nyj Okrug: Ural Federal District" . City Population.de . 4 August 2020 . Retrieved 2 October 2020 .
• ↑ "Рейтинг столичных городов России от Фонда "Институт экономики города" " . Urbaneconomics.ru .
• ↑ Kolossov, Vladimir; Eckert, Denis (1 January 2007). "Russian regional capitals as new international actors: the case of Yekaterinburg and Rostov" . Belgeo (1): 115–132. doi : 10.4000/belgeo.11686 .
• ↑ "Central Asian Chapter by Eurasian Respiratory and Allergy Consortium" . Era-cac.org . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 .
• ↑ "Yekaterinburg - Entertainment - Russia.com" . Russia.com .
• ↑ "Конструктивизм. Жемчужина архитектуры Екатеринбурга" . www.e1.ru (in Russian). 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Как Екатеринбург за 10 лет стал столицей конструктивизма" . Strelka Mag (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ Урал, Наш (19 May 2016). "Советская утопия: эпоха конструктивизма в Екатеринбурге" . Наш Урал (in Russian) . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Все кругом храпят, а Екатеринбург — пробужденный Когда уральский город объявил себя российской столицей стрит-арта, многие смеялись. А потом он стал ею" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Как Екатеринбург становится столицей стрит-арта" . Российская газета (in Russian). 16 April 2019 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Екатеринбург – столица стрит-арта. Часть первая" . www.uralweb.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Памятникик археологии" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "1.2. Палкинские каменные палатки. Проект 1. | "Образование Урала" " . uraledu.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ ГАМАЮНСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА – Уральская Историческая Энциклопедия . ural.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Екатеринбург" . Геральдика Свердловской области . Официальный сайт областной думы законодательного собрания. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 .
• ↑ Юрий, Коновалов (26 March 2004). "Первые русские поселения на реке Уктус" . www.okorneva.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 7 June 2024 .
• 1 2 Кулешов, Николай (2001). "Горных заводов щит" . Домострой (4).
• ↑ Архипова, Нина (2001). "Тайны "превысочайшего Камня" ". Родина (11).
• ↑ Корепанов Н. С. Уктус — исток Екатеринбурга — Екатеринбург: Грачёв и партнёры, 2012. — 40 экз. — ISBN 978-5-91256-129-0
• 1 2 3 4 5 Юхт, Александр (1985). Государственная деятельность В. Н. Татищева в 20-е — начале 30-х годов XVIII века (in Russian). Moscow: Наука .
• ↑ "Библиотека истории: Ремесло историка в России – Бердинских В.А." history-library.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Завод-крепость – История основания Екатеринбурга – Информационный портал Екатеринбурга . ekburg.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "Основание Екатеринбурга" . Histrf.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ Металлургические заводы Урала XVII—XX вв.: Энциклопедия / глав. ред. В. В. Алексеев. — Екатеринбург   : Издательство «Академкнига», 2001.
• 1 2 ipravo.info. "О ликвидации Баженовского и Сысертского районов Уральской области и о расширении городской черты и пригородной зоны города Свердловска – Российский Правовой Портал" (in Russian). ipravo.info. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 .
• 1 2 "History of the Verkh-Isetsky district" . Administration of Verkh-Isetsky district . Archived from the original on 16 December 2021 . Retrieved 7 June 2024 .
• ↑ "Золотой век Екатеринбурга" . Уралнаш. Интересно о Екатеринбурге . 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021 . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ "50 интересных фактов об Екатеринбурге — Общенет" . obshe.net . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ Massie, Robert K. (22 February 2012). The Romanovs: The Final Chapter . Random House Publishing Group. ISBN   9780307873866 .
• ↑ "FSU News" . fsu.edu . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 История Екатеринбурга – Информационный портал Екатеринбурга . ekburg.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Временное Областное Правительство Урала – Энциклопедия Екатеринбурга – Энциклопедии & Словари" . enc-dic.com . Archived from the original on 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Главная: НОВОСТИ . familii.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Справочник по административно-территориальному делению Свердловской области" (PDF) . ГАСО (State Archive of the Sverdlovsk oblast). p.   37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 .
• ↑ Rappaport, Helen (1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion . ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-57607-084-0 .
• ↑ Беркович Артём. "Пермь и Екатеринбург: история соперничества" . Муниципальный музей истории Екатеринбурга. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2009 .
• ↑ In the name of Victory. Sverdlovsk-Yekaterinburg during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 . 2005 – via Ekaterinburg: Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
• ↑ "Свердловск – 1983 год" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Интервью – АПИ-Урал" . apiural.ru . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• ↑ "President Yeltsin speaks about Tsar Murder" . BBC News . 17 July 1998 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 .
• ↑ Matthew S. Meselson, et al., "The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979", Science 266:5188 (18 November 1994): 1202–1208.
• ↑ Martin McCauley, "Who's who in Russia since 1900", Routledge , 1997: p.133.
• ↑ Ровно 18 лет назад Свердловск снова стал Екатеринбургом . Официальный портал Екатеринбурга (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• ↑ "О возвращении городу Свердловску его исторического названия Екатеринбург, Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 23 сентября 1991 года №1674-1" . docs.cntd.ru . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• ↑ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "First BRIC summit concludes | DW | 16 June 2009" . DW.COM . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 FIFA.com. "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia" . fifa.com . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Russia moves to year-round winter time" . BBC News . 22 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 Грязнов Олег Николаевич; Гуляев Александр Николаевич; Рубан Наталья Валентиновна (2015). "Факторы инженерно-геологических условий города Екатеринбурга" . Izvestiia Uralʹskogo Gorno-Geologicheskoĭ Akademii (журнал) (3) (Известия Уральского государственного горного университета   ed.). Екатеринбург: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский государственный горный университет": 5–21. ISSN   2307-2091 .
• ↑ Погода и Климат – Климат Екатеринбург [ Weather and Climate – The Climate of Yekaterinburg ] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) . Retrieved 8 November 2021 .
• ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for Sverdlovsk 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 29 October 2021 .
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ "Национальный состав населения" (PDF) . Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Свердловской области и Курганской области . Retrieved 7 June 2023 .
• ↑ "В Екатеринбурге заложили первый камень в основание соборной мечети – Уральская палата недвижимости" . upn.ru . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Четвертый канал" . channel4.ru . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Встреча Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла с общественностью Уральского федерального округа / Видеоматериалы / Патриархия.ru" . Патриархия.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Устав Свердловской области (с изменениями на 7 декабря 2017 года), Устав Свердловской области от 23 декабря 2010 года №105-ОЗ, Закон Свердловской области от 23 декабря 2010 года №105-ОЗ" . docs.cntd.ru . Retrieved 2 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "Закон Свердловской области Губернатора Свердловской области № 141-ОЗ" . www.pravo.gov66.ru . Retrieved 12 March 2022 .
• 1 2 "Закон Свердловской области от 18.02.2021 № 9-ОЗ ∙ Официальное опубликование правовых актов ∙ Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации" . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Archived from the original on 12 March 2022 . Retrieved 12 March 2022 .
• 1 2 The population of the Russian Federation for municipalities as of 1 January 2019 Archived 16 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine (2 May 2019)
• ↑ "К 2023 году население Академического района вырастет до 120 тысяч человек" . Новый День (in Russian). 27 March 2019 . Retrieved 12 March 2022 .
• 1 2 "Chapter IV. Bodies and officials of local self-government of the municipality "city of Yekaterinburg" " . екатеринбург.рф . 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации" . publication.pravo.gov.ru .
• 1 2 "Вы точно человек?" . КиберЛенинка . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "город Екатеринбург", Решение Екатеринбургской городской Думы Свердловской области от 12 октября 2010 года №62/29" . docs.cntd.ru .
• ↑ Article 42 of the Charter of Sverdlovsk Oblast
• ↑ "О ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИИ И РЕОРГАНИЗАЦИИ АДМИНИСТРАЦИИ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (с изменениями на: 06.02.1997), Постановление Правительства Свердловской области от 27 сентября 1995 года №13-П" . docs.cntd.ru .
• ↑ "Сведения о проводящихся выборах и референдумах" . sverdlovsk.vybory.izbirkom.ru . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Voting results for the Federal Electoral District – Election of Deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the Seventh Convocation – September 18, 2016" . CEC. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Российские города отстают в развитии" . НИУ ВШЭ . 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ "Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities" . McKinsey Global Institute . March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ "Рейтинг столичных городов России от Фонда "Институт экономики города" | Институт экономики города" . urbaneconomics.ru . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Economics of Russian cities and urban agglomeration , Institute for Urban Economics
• 1 2 Алексей Белоусов, Орнат Валентина. (13 October 2015). "Екатеринбург – глобальный город" . Мегаполис. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ Зубаревич Н.В. (2013). "Крупные города России: лидеры и аутсайдеры" (PDF) . Demoskop Weekly (журнал) (551–552) (Демоскоп Weekly   ed.). М.: НИУ ВШЭ: 1–17. ISSN   1726-2887 .
• ↑ "Екатеринбург вошел в топ-10 городов с самым высоким уровнем жизни" . JustMedia . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 "Results of social and economic development of the municipal formation "city of Yekaterinburg" in 2015" . 2016. p.   202 – via Ekaterinburg: Department of Economics of the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg.
• ↑ "Итоги социально-экономического развития Екатеринбурга" . Archived from the original on 2 December 2020 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 .
• ↑ Дарья Воронина. (19 June 2013). "Главными проблемами Екатеринбурга назвали медицину, ЖКХ и дороги" . Российская газета . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ Юлия Позднякова. (22 April 2016). "Расходы бюджета Екатеринбурга за 2015 год составили почти 33 млрд рублей" . Коммерсантъ . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ Полина Путякова. (30 August 2016). "Меряемся бюджетами: Откуда города берут деньги и на что тратят" . zvzda.ru. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• 1 2 3 Kachanova E.A. Strategic Priorities for the formation of finance for municipalities in the context of reforming the budgetary system Archived 15 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine , – Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and State Service under the President of the Russian Federation, 2013. – 354 p.
• ↑ Vyacheslav, Kostyuk (12 December 2014). "His alien" . The Ural Worker . Archived from the original on 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Крупнейшие банки России по капиталу" . Журнал "Коммерсантъ Деньги" . 25 July 2016. p.   60 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Крупнейшие производители ПО" .
• ↑ "О распределении обязанностей по контролю и надзору за соблюдением законодательства Российской Федерации организациями, осуществляющими профессиональную деятельность на рынке ценных бумаг, деятельность центрального депозитария, деятельность по проведению организованных торгов, клиринговую деятельность и деятельность центрального контрагента, репозитарную деятельность, а также деятельность саморегулируемых организаций в сфере финансового рынка, объединяющих профессиональных участников рынка ценных бумаг, и об отмене отдельных распорядительных актов Банка России, Приказ Банка России от 07 августа 2017 года №ОД-2228" . docs.cntd.ru .
• ↑ "Падающие пиксели и огромный шар: как может выглядеть "Екатеринбург-Сити" " . РБК Недвижимость . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 76
• ↑ "ТОП-100 крупнейших предприятий Свердловской области Екатеринбург" . Деловой квартал. 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ "ИТОГИ социально-экономического развития муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург» в 2019 году" . Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 .
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , p. 127–128
• 1 2 Development results, 2016 , p. 129
• ↑ "Леруа Мерлен" . Archived from the original on 18 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Castorama – строительный гипермаркет: купить товары для дома, дачи и ремонта" . Castorama.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Домострой" . Archived from the original on 30 July 2019 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Максидом - интернет-магазин товаров для дома" . www.maxidom.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ "ОБИ строительный гипермаркет: товары для дачи, сада, дома и ремонта: каталог ОБИ" . Obi.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Строительный Двор – интернет-магазин стройматериалов, купить с доставкой строительные материалы в магазинах сети" . Sdvor.com . Archived from the original on 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 130
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 131–132
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 133–135
• ↑ "Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ" . marketmedia.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 11 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Сима-Ленд" . 20 October 2016.
• ↑ Вячеславовна, Логунцова Ирина (2015). "Специфика и перспективы Российской индустрии туризма на современном этапе" . Государственное управление. Электронный вестник (52): 259–278.
• ↑ Геннадьевич, Шеломенцев Андрей; Сергеевна, Головина Анна (2011). "Индустрия туризма региона в контексте принципов саморегулирования региональных социально-экономических систем" . Экономика региона (1): 166–170. ISSN   2072-6414 .
• ↑ Екатеринбург поднялся на третье место в топе российских городов по популярности среди иностранных туристов . URBC.RU – новости экономики (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Число посетивших Екатеринбург туристов выросло в 2015 году на 10%" . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Туристический мастер-класс" . expert.ru . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Маренков Г.В. (2012). "Транспортная инфраструктура Свердловской области – связующее звено между Европой и Азией" (PDF) . Инфраструктура России (Том 1   ed.). М.: Центр стратегического партнёрства. pp.   254–260. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ Мальцева Ю.; Волкова М.В. (2015). "Изучение возможности постройки современного экологического жилья в Свердловской области" (PDF) (сборник трудов IX заочной международной научно-практической конференции (Екатеринбург, 30–31 мая 2015 г.)) (Система управления экологической безопасностью   ed.). Екатеринбург: УрФУ. pp.   138–141.
• ↑ Ведомости (10 March 2015). "Автопарк России увеличился в 2014 году на 1 млн легковых машин" . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Вы точно человек?" . КиберЛенинка . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• 1 2 "ИТОГИ социально-экономического развития муниципального образования в 2015 году" . 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021 . Retrieved 7 July 2022 .
• ↑ Цариков А.А.; Обухова Н.А.; Оглы Мирзоев Н.З. (2015). "Эволюция системы заторов на улично-дорожной сети города Екатеринбурга" (PDF) (журнал) (Эксплуатация автомобильного транспорта   ed.). Екатеринбург: Общероссийская общественная организация "Российская академия транспорта". pp.   74–86. ISSN   2311-164X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ Reports, Yekaterinburg News. "Sverdlovsk focusing on two road projects" . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 .
• ↑ Крицкий В.П. (2009). "Дорожное хозяйство Екатеринбурга" (PDF) . Дороги России-2009. Информационно-аналитический каталог (Издание второе, подготовлено к IХ Международной выставке-форуму "Дороги России XXI века" и Дню работников дорожного хозяйства 3000 экз   ed.). Екатеринбург: Информационно-издательский холдинг "Реал-Медиа". pp.   204–205, 302. ISBN   978-5-98266-061-9 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Google Maps" . Google Maps . Retrieved 1 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Скандальный бывший МУП Мирошника лидер сферы общественного транспорта Екатеринбурга? По данным мэрии, именно трамваи перевезли больше всего горожан за 2015 год" . Ведомости-Урал. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ "БГД" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Города Свердловской области" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Основные технико-эксплуатационные характеристики метрополитенов за 2015 год" (PDF) . asmetro.ru. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ Дмитрий Ольшванг. (18 March 2016). "Проблемы екатеринбургского метро: убытки, снижение пассажиропотока! Общественник Беззуб: "Если учитывать стоимость строительства станций, то цена билета на метро должна быть 144 рубля"..." Ведомости-Урал. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ "Шины для трамваев, бензин для поездов. Документы: на что транспортные МУПы Екатеринбурга тратят деньги" . uralpolit.ru . Retrieved 13 March 2014 .
• ↑ "Города Свердловской области" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Строительство трамвайной линии Екатеринбург – Верхняя Пышма начнут в 2016 году" . Портал 66.ru. 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 .
• ↑ "Официальный портал Екатеринбурга" . Официальный портал Екатеринбурга . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• 1 2 "Города Свердловской области" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ Автобусный парк Екатеринбурга утепляют к зиме . УралИнформБюро (in Russian) . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Более 5,4 миллионов пассажиров обслужил аэропорт Кольцово в 2017 году   (АвиаПорт)" . АвиаПорт.Ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 1 May 2018 .
• ↑ "БГД" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• 1 2 According to the city directory Dubl.
• ↑ Уральский научно-исследовательский институт фтизиопульмонологии – филиал ФГБУ "НМИЦ ФПИ" Минздрава России . urniif.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Официальный сайт ГБУ СО "Уральский научно-исследовательский институт дерматовенерологии и иммунопатологии" " . urniidvi.ru . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ Екатеринбургский центр МНТК "Микрохирургия глаза" . eyeclinic.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ Открытие второго центра МРТ-диагностики в городе Екатеринбурге! . ekaterinburg.ldc.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• 1 2 М.м, Рогалёва (2014). "Екатеринбург как современный мегаполис" . Человек в мире культуры (4): 14–17. ISSN   2227-9857 .
• ↑ Report of the head of the Yekaterinburg administration, 2016 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine , p. 14.
• ↑ Report of the head of the Yekaterinburg administration, 2016 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine , p. 13, 15.
• ↑ Лучшие школы России-2015 . РИА Новости (in Russian). 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Общие сведения об университете – ФГБОУ ВО "Уральский государственный горный университет" " . about.ursmu.ru . Archived from the original on 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ The second business rating of higher education Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine – Federal Portal Russian Education, 22 May 2018
• ↑ Formation of the state elite 2008 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Federal Portal Russian Education, 22 May 2018
• ↑ "Российская академия наук намерена готовить кадры самостоятельно | Новости образования | Обучение Екатеринбург" . uchim66.ru . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "УрФУ перестраивается в школы" . Коммерсантъ (Екатеринбург) . 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "По количеству бюджетных мест мы уже обошли МГУ" . 7 April 2021.
• ↑ "Ural Federal University – UrFU" .
• ↑ Case study: Ural Federal University as a basic university of industry in the region Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine . – Ekaterinburg: Ural Federal University, 2016. – p. 2, 9–10.
• ↑ "Гильдия издателей периодической печати" . 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Welcome media-atlas.ru - BlueHost.com" . www.media-atlas.ru . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ Официальный сайт "Вести Урал" – Официальный сайт "Вести Урал" . Официальный сайт "Вести Урал" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ Вальханская, Наталья (24 March 2018). Взрыв и обрушение: снос телебашни в Екатеринбурге на видео очевидцев . Телеканал "Звезда" (in Russian) . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Тёмная башня" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Uralnets" . uralnets.ru . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ Fletcher, Martin. "Yekaterinburg signs cooperative agreement with Vimpelcom under Beeline brand" Archived 22 July 2013 at archive.today , Yekateringburg News , 19 July 2013. (Retrieved 22 July 2013).
• ↑ "WiseCms – troubles..." culture.ekburg.ru . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ "WiseCms – troubles..." Culture.ekburg.ru . Archived from the original on 19 January 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Триумф России на Всемирной выставке в Париже 1900 года – Новости РуАН" . новости-россии.ru-an.info . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ Lykova TR   Cultural and historical centres of the Sverdlovsk region Archived 11 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine   // method. instructions for studying the course "Cultural and Historical Centres of the Urals" for full-time or part-time students, direction 100400 – Tourism. – Ekaterinburg: UGLTU, 2014. – P. 15-16 .
• ↑ "Главная страница - АПИ-Урал" . www.apiural.ru . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Архитектура и планировка социалистического Свердловска. Часть 2" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ Вейн, Инна (10 November 2020). "Уральские актеры и режиссеры привезли домой сразу четыре "Золотые маски" " . Ekb.dk.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ Fletcher, Martin. "Yekaterinburg to showcase city’s cultural achievements during Year of Culture" Archived 13 February 2014 at archive.today . Yekaterinburg News . 13 February 2014. (Retrieved 13 Feb 2014).
• ↑ Pozdnyakova, Julia (27 May 2016). "Sverdlovsk Oblast was in the picture" . Kommersant . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Интервью - АПИ-Урал" . www.apiural.ru . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Премией "Шаривари" отметили лучших деятелей циркового искусства – В МИРЕ ЦИРКА И ЭСТРАДЫ" . ruscircus.ru . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Ельцин Центр признали «лучшим европейским музеем 2017 года»" . The Village (in Russian) . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ Самые популярные достопримечательности Екатеринбурга соединит красная линия на тротуаре . Interfax-Russia.ru (in Russian). 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• 1 2 Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia (PDF) . Yekaterinburg: "Akademkniga". 2002. p.   30. ISBN   5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
• ↑ Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia (PDF) . Yekaterinburg: "Akademkniga". 2002. pp.   30–31. ISBN   5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
• ↑ Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia (PDF) . Yekaterinburg: "Akademkniga". 2002. p.   31. ISBN   5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
• 1 2 3 Shvets, A. V. (2016). "Domestic architecture of the late XX – early XXI century" (PDF) . New Ideas of the New Century: Scientific. Compilation . 2 . Khabarovsk: Pacific State University: 355–362. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 – via PDF.
• ↑ GmbH, Emporis. "Yekaterinburg | Buildings | EMPORIS" . Emporis . Archived from the original on 8 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 .
• ↑ "Официальный портал Екатеринбурга" . Официальный портал Екатеринбурга . Archived from the original on 8 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "The announcement ceremony of the host cities of the 2018 World Cup united the whole of Russia" . ru.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ "База данных показателей муниципальных образований" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 14 August 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ sport, Guardian (4 October 2017). "Outer space: the Russia World Cup stadium with a novel seating extension" . the Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Construction: Tsentralnyj Stadion Yekaterinburg – StadiumDB.com" . stadiumdb.com . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ FIFA.com. "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia - News - FIFA Fan Fest venues announced for 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia" . fifa.com . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ Azmukhanov, Alexander (3 May 2018). "The three most expensive projects of the region for the World Cup" . Oblastnaya Gazeta . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Official website of the U.S. Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Archived from the original on 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Official website of the British Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Official website of the German Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Official website of the French Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Chinese Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Retrieved 7 September 2013 .
• ↑ "First summit for emerging giants" . BBC News . 16 June 2009 . Retrieved 16 June 2009 .
• ↑ Hamilton, Louis (18 June 2013). "Yekaterinburg presents city's bid for 2020 World Expo" . Yekaterinburg News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 .
• ↑ "Глобальный саммит по производству и индустриализации (GMIS – 2019)" . Росконгресс . Retrieved 12 December 2021 .
• ↑ КИРЯГИН, Кирилл (22 July 2015). "ИННОПРОМ – в пятёрке крупнейших промышленных выставок мира" . ural.aif.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 12 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Побратимы и тезки Екатеринбурга" . ekb-room.ru (in Russian). The Ekb Room. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018 . Retrieved 22 December 2020 .
• ↑ "Museum Vladimir Mulyavin in Belarusian State Philharmonic" . Retrieved 22 April 2022 .
• Екатеринбургская городская Дума.   Решение   №8/1   от   30 июня 2005 г. «О принятии Устава муниципального образования "Город Екатеринбург"», в ред. Решения №1/27 от   27 января 2015 г.   «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Екатеринбург"». Вступил в силу   со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вестник Екатеринбургской городской Думы", №95, 15 июля 2005 г. (Yekaterinburg City Duma.   Decision   # 8/1   of   June   30, 2005 On the Adoption of the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yekaterinburg" , as amended by the Decision   # 1/27 of   January   27, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yekaterinburg" . Effective as of   the day of the official publication.).
• Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области.   Областной закон   №30-ОЗ   от   20 мая 1997 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №32-ОЗ от   25 апреля 2012 г.   «О внесении изменений в Областной закон "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу   со дня официального опубликования за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №81, 3 июня 1997 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast.   Oblast Law   # 30-OZ   of   May   20, 1997 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 32-OZ of   April   25, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast" . Effective as of   the day of the official publication with the exception of several clauses which take effect on a different date.).
• Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области.   Закон   №85-ОЗ   от   12 июля 2007 г. «О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №107-ОЗ от   29 октября 2013 г.   «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов, расположенных на территории города Ивделя, и о внесении изменений в Приложение   39 к Закону Свердловской области "О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу   через 10   дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №232–249, 17 июля 2007 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast.   Law   # 85-OZ   of   July   12, 2007 On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 107-OZ of   October   29, 2013 On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities on the Territory of the Town of Ivdul and on Amending the Law of Sverdlovsk Oblast "On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast" . Effective as of   the day which is 10   days after the official publication.).
• Official website of Yekaterinburg (in Russian)