the sports tourism system has how many components

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Sports Tourism: State of the Industry 2023

Sports-related travel is a substantial, billion-dollar industry.

Commissioned by the Sports Events and Tourism Association (ETA) and in partnership with Northstar Meetings Group, Tourism Economics assisted in the production of the recently released 2023 State of the Industry Report—a crucial resource that offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the sports-related travel industry. 

The report is conducted every two years to track trends on key metrics, including industry direct spending, economic impact, tax revenue and job creation. Additional highlights focus on valuable destination profile information, such as budget sizes, event dynamics, staffing and key performance indicators.

Together, these insights serve as a leading tool for advocacy among all industry segments.  Learn more about Sports ETA and this biennial report here .  

Key highlights from the report conclude that in 2023: 

• 63% of cities that responded said sports are the top room-night generator in their communities
• The sports-events industry had a direct economic impact of $52.2 billion ,  $128 billion in total economic impact and generated $20.1 billion in taxes
• More than 200 million people traveled to youth and adult amateur sports, plus collegiate championships
• Sports-related travel generated more than 73 million room nights
• The industry supported a combined  757,600 full-time and part-time jobs

Learn more about conducting an economic impact study with our team.

UN Tourism | Bringing the world closer

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Sports Tourism

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What it is : Sports tourism is a type of tourism activity which refers to the travel experience of the tourist who either observes as a spectator or actively participates in a sporting event generally involving commercial and non-commercial activities of a competitive nature.

Why it Matters : Sports tourism is a fundamental axis, generating around 10% of the world’s expenditure on tourism. It has an estimated growth rate of 17.5% between 2023-2030, moving masses intra and intercontinentally. Sports tourism can promote social, economic and environmental action, it accelerates development and can leave a long-lasting positive legacy.

Sports and Tourism are interrelated and complementary. Today, sports tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors in tourism. More and more tourists are interested in sport activities during their trips whether sports are the main objective of travel or not. Sport events of various kinds and sizes attract tourists as participants or spectators and destinations try to add local flavours to them to distinguish themselves and provide authentic local experiences. Mega sport events such as the Olympics and World Cups can be a catalyst for tourism development if successfully leveraged in terms of destination branding, infrastructure development and other economic and social benefits.

Sports Tourism Events

1 st World Sports Tourism Congress

2 nd World Sports Tourism Congress

UN Tourism International Conference on Tourism and Sports

UN Tourism / South Africa International Summit on Tourism, Sport and Mega-events

UPCOMING SPORTS TOURISM EVENTS

3 rd World Sports Tourism Congress (more information coming soon)

UN TOURISM PUBLICATIONS ON SPORTS TOURISM

Sport & Tourism

Sport and Tourism are two driving forces for the promotion and sustainable economic development of tourism destinations. To better understand the links between tourism and sport and to increase the awareness of the benefits of their joint contributions, UN Tourism and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) jointly organized the First World Conference on Sport and Tourism in Barcelona on 22-23 February 2001. This publication contains the studies prepared for the Conference as well as the speeches delivered there.

Sport Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Tourism can contribute to sustainable development and the achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This overview illustrates how sport tourism can contribute to the SDGs and what needs to be considered when developing sport tourism to ensure its contribution to sustainable development. The comparative strength of sport tourism lies in: Engagement in physical activities; Opportunities for interactions; and High development potential almost anywhere. Thanks to these characteristics, sport tourism can play an important role in achieving various SDGs if developed with consideration.

Maximizing the Benefits of Mega Events for Tourism Development

A mega event benefits a host destination in terms of attracting visitors to the event and drawing global attention to the destination. However, in addition to such short-term benefits, it can be a catalyst for longer-term tourism development in various aspects from economic to social. This publication on Maximizing the Benefits of Mega Events for Tourism Development provides practical references on what a host destination can do to fully leverage the event opportunity for tourism development with a variety of illustrative cases. Although the report refers to insights from mega events, the practical references can be applied to any scale of events in any destination.

Walking Tourism – Promoting Regional Development

Walking tourism is now one of the most popular ways to experience a destination. It allows tourists to better engage with local people, nature and culture. It also meets the growing demand of travellers of outdoor activities in general, including when they travel. Walking tourism can be developed anywhere as a sustainable tourism offer with a relatively small investment. It can bring about social and economic benefits to residents and communities if properly developed and managed. This report showcases various successful examples of walking tourism and aims to serve as a practical reference for destinations with a focus on the role of walking tourism in regional development.

Sports Tourism in Latin America

Tourism and sport are key cultural elements of today’s world and have significant impact on modern society and international tourism. With this in mind, the WTO has carried out a new study aimed at providing a more complete analysis of the role that sports tourism and sports in general among the products offered in Latin America by European tour operators and tourism websites.

Sport and Tourism – Introductory Report

Sport and Tourism have a major socio-economic impact, appreciated in most civilian societies and increasingly recognized by governments. This is one of the many conclusions of this report which was prepared for the First World Conference on Sport and Tourism jointly organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and WTO.After developing a theoretical framework for the system of Sport and Tourism and analysing the future trends of sport and sports tourism this report looks at the different socio-economic impacts of sport and tourism and how they can be managed best.

Sport Activities during the Outbound Holidays of the Germans, the Dutch & the French

The World Tourism Organization (WTO) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) prepared this study on the level and characteristics of the sport activities engaged in during holidays abroad. Germany, the Netherlands and France were chosen for this study. These countries ranked among the leaders in terms of international tourism expenditure in 1999. Even though this study does not cover all the major generating markets, we are sure that it gives a clear picture of the importance of sport activities in tourism, and it makes many suggestions. This study also deals with many practical aspects, e.g.: length of stay, expenditure, seasonal demand, booking patterns, accommodation, and consumer profiles such as gender, age, social status, and area of residence.

• Sport + Travel Magazine

What is sports tourism? 

According to a market report by Allied Market Research , the global sports tourism industry was pegged at $323.42bn in 2020. However, it is expected to reach $1.8 trillion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.1% from 2021 to 2030.

The report revealed that by region, Europe and North America held the largest share in 2020 – accounting for nearly two-fifths of the market, due to the presence of a large population and high participation in sports activities. However, the global sports tourism market across Asia-Pacific is projected to register the highest CAGR of 17.7% during the forecast period of 2021 to 2030, owing to increase in sports participation and sports event hosting.

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Sports tourism: a fast-growing niche

The sport and travel industries go hand-in-hand. Whether it is fans attending a match or an event, or if it is teams and officials travelling to fixtures or competitions, sports tourism is now a major niche in the travel industry.

It’s not just Fifa World Cups, the Olympics or major events that are driving the sector, but also team travel, school sports and smaller competitions. 

Did you know that the global sports industry is estimated to be worth between US$480bn and US$620bn, according to research by A.T. Kearney . Globally, travel and tourism’s direct contribution to GDP was approximately US$4.7trillion in 2020, according to a report by Statista .

UN Tourism describes sports tourism as “one of the fastest growing sectors” in the travel industry. It also states that international sports tourism is worth US$800bn and accounts for 10% of the world’s tourism industry. 

Here we look at what sports tourism is and an expert’s view on its impact…

The United Nations’s definition 

What UN Tourism said about sports tourism:

“ Sports tourism is a fundamental axis, generating around 10% of the world’s expenditure on tourism. It has an estimated growth rate of 17.5% between 2023-2030, moving masses intra and intercontinentally. Sports tourism can promote social, economic and environmental action, it accelerates development and can leave a long-lasting positive legacy.

“ Sports and Tourism are interrelated and complementary. Today, sports tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors in tourism. More and more tourists are interested in sport activities during their trips whether sports are the main objective of travel or not. Sport events of various kinds and sizes attract tourists as participants or spectators and destinations try to add local flavours to them to distinguish themselves and provide authentic local experiences. Mega sport events such as the Olympics and World Cups can be a catalyst for tourism development if successfully leveraged in terms of destination branding, infrastructure development and other economic and social benefits.”

Impact of sports tourism 

Akis Tsolis, CEO of Active Media Group , organisers of the Navarino Challenge and Santorini Experience in Greece, wrote on gtp.gr :

“Aside from the obvious and vast benefits of travel, sports tourism is great for the economy for one simple reason: it generates economic impact through direct spending into a community.  Sports tourism is a rapidly growing niche in the travel/tourism industry. In fact, we at ActiveMedia Group share the belief that it is the fastest growing segment within the travel industry today, generating billions of dollars every year. Sports tourism is a trend that’s not going away and is expected to continue growing.”

The ChatGPT answer to this question…

What is the definition of sports tourism, how does it benefit the economy and what can we expect in the future.

Sports tourism refers to the act of traveling to a destination with the purpose of participating in or watching a sporting event. It involves a wide range of activities, including attending professional sports games, participating in amateur sports tournaments, and visiting sports-related attractions such as museums or stadiums.

Sports tourism can benefit the economy in several ways. Firstly, it generates revenue for local businesses such as hotels, restaurants, and retail stores. Secondly, it creates employment opportunities in the tourism and hospitality industries. Thirdly, it attracts investment in sports infrastructure such as stadiums and training facilities, which can benefit the local community beyond the tourism industry. Additionally, sports tourism can help to promote a destination as a sports hub, which can attract further sporting events and opportunities.

In the future, we can expect sports tourism to continue to grow, driven by the increasing popularity of sports and the ease of travel. Technological advancements such as virtual reality may also create new opportunities for sports tourism, allowing fans to experience sporting events remotely. Additionally, as sustainability becomes an increasingly important factor in tourism, sports tourism may shift towards more eco-friendly practices, such as promoting sustainable transportation and reducing waste.

SPORTS EVENTS CALENDAR

Tennis grand slam: 2024 us open, men’s golf: betfred british masters 2024 hosted by sir nick faldo, paris 2024 summer paralympic games, 2024 nfl são paulo game: eagles vs. packers, men’s golf: horizon irish open 2024, privacy overview.

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Sports Tourism: What it is and Why it’s Important

• Posted by jumpsix2
• on February 8, 2016

Sports tourism: the fastest growing segment within the travel industry today.

Defining sports tourism.

Broad in its scope, sports tourism is defined as an individual’s travel to a location for the specific purpose of either participating in or viewing a sporting event. Parents who support children who are participating in sporting events can be included in this definition as well. Essentially, sports tourism means different things to a myriad of people. It could be anything from a senior racquetball tournament for retired couples to little Johnny’s travel basketball team flying to Puerto Rico for a select invitational to a weekend getaway in March to see the Royals take on the Padres in Arizona. According to Ohio State University’s College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences , which houses their economic development programs, sports tourism can be broken into five categories:

• Sports participation
• Sports events
• Sports training
• Luxury sports tourism
• Tourism with sports content

Whatever sport tourists are traveling for, their presence has become quite lucrative. Youth sports tourism, a subset of sports tourism, is growing at a particularly rapid rate, Wintergreen Research, Inc has valued the youth sports tourism industry at $15.8 billion and has projected it to double in size in the next few years. The economic and cultural impact of youth sports tourism even drew the interest HBO’s Real Sports, who discussed it this recent episode.

Why Sports Tourism is Important

Economic impact.

Sports tourism is one of the fastest growing segments within the travel industry. From weekend tournaments to tailgating at Talladega, this kind of tourism brings hundreds of thousands of visitors to a specific location. And guess what? Those people need to eat, and they need places to stay (probably a good souvenir, too). That means more money to hotels, restaurants,  sports facilities , and gift-shops alike. Last year alone, SFM hosted more than 20 million visitors in our sports facilities, many of which were for the purpose of sports tourism. Rocky Top Sports World closed the ‘books’ on their 2017-2018 season and reported a whopping $45.7 million dollars in economic impact – significantly outperforming the original projections.

Placemaking

Sports tourism helps communities throughout the United States establish an identity that can draw visitors who, with time, may become residents. In 2004, the city of Round Rock, Texas launched a campaign to brand themselves as the “sports capital of Texas.” This was done to capitalize on a set of existing sports assets and draw regional and national events and visitors to this city of over 120,000 residents. The city’s branding efforts featured online and offline components and centered around the icon of a folding chair with the Texas flag on it- a nod to an essential item for parents of youth sports athletes.

Today, the Round Rock Sports Center and Round Rock Multipurpose Complex has hosted a myriad of events, including the U.S. Lacrosse Women’s Collegiate National Championship, US Quidditch Cup 11, USA Judo National Championship, and the UIL State Baseball Championship. It’s also the home of the Texas Rangers’ AAA affiliate team, The Round Rock Express and Major League Rugby team, the Austin Herd.

How to Start A Sports Tourism Complex

Starting a new sports tourism complex starts with a vision and quickly moves into understanding the opportunity in the community. If the location, market demand, and other factors are primed, cities of all sizes can take advantage of the economic development benefits generated from sports tourism. Here are a few high-level steps for bringing a sports tourism complex to your city:

• Determine the vision for your complex and define success: What type of complex do you want in your community? Do you want baseball fields? Hockey rinks? A surf park? Are there facilities in place to play these sports? If they exist, are they large enough to host regional or national events? From there, it’s critical to determine what success looks like for your community. For many communities, economic impact is critical. A sports facility needs to bring visitors to their community and generate revenue for local businesses.
• Assess the market: A vision for your sports complex is important, but it’s chances for success must be evaluated closely. A feasibility report provides an analysis of the factors that may impact a proposed facility. This includes an assessment of comparable venues in your market and an analysis of the region’s demographics. This information can help you determine your region’s ability to support a sports complex and inform decisions on the type of facility to pursue. Financial forecasting is critical as well. At Sports Facilities Advisory, we produce a ProForma , which is an institutional grade financial forecast that provides a comprehensive initial picture of all the financial considerations associated with a facility project. Report components include, preliminary construction and start-up cost estimates, a detailed 5-year financial forecast based on options for what a facility may offer, and an economic impact analysis.
• Seek funding and partners: Sports complexes don’t get built without funding. A financial forecast provides a clear picture for banks and other potential funding partners of a project’s ability and timeline for accomplishing its goals. From there, a funding strategy is devised to help identify key funding partners and further define the facility’s business model. Funding presentations are made in this stage in order to reach financial commitments for the project. Beyond financial institutions, partnerships can be built with a variety of entities that can provide financial support and awareness. This includes hospitals, educational institutions, and sports organizations among others.
• Development: Once funding is in place; all phases of facility development can commence. This includes operational tasks such as staff selection and development, facility branding and marketing, bringing in events and sponsors, and most importantly, the construction of the complex. The construction of the facility includes venue planning services . Sports facilities have requirements that stand apart from those of standard facilities. The equipment that is procured and put in place in these facilities must be compliant per the rules of event operators that you are looking to work with.

At Sports Facilities Advisory and Sports Facilities Management, we believe in the power of sports tourism to transform communities. We are with you every step of the way with comprehensive data from sports complexes in over 2,000 communities, the most trusted financial forecast, and expertise in every phase of sports facilities development and management.

Are you ready to learn more about sports tourism and how it can benefit your community? Contact us today or call us at (727) 474-3845 .

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Youth and Amateur Sports Tourism Brings Economic Benefits to Local Economies

On any given weekend, thousands of young athletes across the nation utilize their talents in baseball, football, soccer, tennis, volleyball and pickleball, which is booming in popularity. Most of these events occur in complexes developed explicitly for amateur sports.

Since the 600-acre National Sports Center in Blaine, Minnesota, launched in 1990, sports tourism has become an integral part of local economies. More families are traveling to out-of-town venues across the country for sports tournaments, races and events.

If you have been in an airport or hotel recently, there is a good chance you witnessed many groups of young athletes with travel gear attending out-of-town sporting events. These revenue-generating events result in families staying in hotels, eating at nearby restaurants, shopping at regional retailers and visiting local attractions. On average, families spend $700 to $1,000 a month on youth sports.

A Multibillion-Dollar Industry

According to the Sports Business Journal , youth and amateur sport-specific venues have spurred more than $9 billion in spending since 2017. Local communities, private developers, visitors and convention bureaus and club sports teams are developing sporting venues that attract visitors to their communities. These projects generate a boost in the local economy. Enticing sports travelers to come to year-round multisport destinations has become a major source of competitions between communities.

The economic impact of amateur and youth sports tourism is staggering. According to the Sports Events and Tourism Association, $39.7 billion on the direct spending impact of amateur and youth sports tourism in 2021, generated a total economic impact of $91.8 billion , which resulted in the generation of 635,000 jobs and a total tax revenue of $12.9 billion for the local economies. In 2019, 179 million people traveled to out-of-town events. During the first COVID-19 year of 2020, travel decreased by 46 percent, but it quickly rebounded in 2021 by 53 percent to 175 million travelers.

Spending decreased in 2020 as travelers focused more on regional and local events. It rebounded quickly in 2021 but is still slightly below pre-COVID spending. In 2021, sports-related travel accounted for 66.5 million nights families spent in hotels. Travel is essential because hotel tax revenue finances many sporting venues across the country. Since 2005, the annual growth rate of amateur and youth sports tourism has been 5.9 percent. All these statistics point to accelerated growth within the industry.

The economic impact on local communities can be divided into three categories: direct, indirect and induced. Direct impact includes local spending at hotels, restaurants, attractions, retailers, transportation costs and entry fees. Indirect impact is defined as purchasing goods and services and the impact on the supply chain. Induced impact encompasses employee spending—either directly or indirectly associated with sports tourism.

Making the Right Investment

Communities joining the youth and amateur sports tourism fray need methodical research, planning and design to build facilities that will attract athletes on a national scale to their local athletic facility.

Majestic Park in Hot Springs, Arkansas , is one example of how this planning can succeed. Once the original spring training home for Major League Baseball, the ballfields fell to shambles after years of decay. With systematic planning from the Sports, Entertainment and Tourism (SET) group at Halff, an innovative five-field baseball/softball complex was designed and built to attract all levels of sports.

Many events have filled the calendar since Majestic Park’s opening in February 2022, including an NCAA Division II Baseball Conference Championship hosted by the Great American Conference. An $8.5 million bond investment from the “Spa City” has resulted in multiple weekends of economic gain for Hot Springs, which before had been nonexistent. Meticulous details and planning resulted in a highly praised facility for locals and visitors.

Funding Opportunities

Funding for the development of amateur and youth sports facilities comes from various sources. Many communities are using Hotel Occupancy Tax funding for the development of sports facilities.

In Texas, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department provides funding through its Local Park Grant Program . Another source of revenue for developing sports facilities is municipal or county bonds and capital improvement program (CIP) funding. In Midland, a private 501(c)(3) charitable organization is helping fund the development of the Hogan Sports Complex. Soccer teams such as FC Dallas and the Sting Soccer Club are investing in the development of sports facilities on municipal park sites.

Additionally, for-profit organizations such as Perfect Game and Big League Dreams are financially supporting the development of youth and amateur sports facilities.

Finding the Right Solution

SET experts at Halff can determine the best solution for your community. As municipalities across the Southeast continue to grow their youth and amateur sports facilities, we are helping them achieve these goals. Current projects include a 20-field soccer complex in Conway, Arkansas, the Primrose Park baseball complex in Fulshear, Texas, and the up to $55 million Hogan Sports Complex in Midland, Texas.

In addition to Majestic Park, other recently completed projects include the Softball World at Texas Star renovation in Euless, Texas, and the Blue Ridge Soccer Complex in Harris County, Texas.

By investing in youth and amateur sports, local communities  create tremendous economic opportunity and potentially boost local tourism. Reach out to the SET group to see what options it has to improve lives and communities by turning your ideas into reality.

Halff’s SET team can help you navigate funding opportunities and building options for your next project. Reach out to Sports, Entertainment and Tourism Leader David McCaskill, [email protected] , or Senior Landscape Architect/Project Manager Brian Binkowski, [email protected] .

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The Role of Sports Tourism Infrastructures and Sports Events in Destinations Competitiveness

• Conference paper
• First Online: 22 June 2021
• Cite this conference paper

• Dália Liberato 3 , 4 ,
• Pedro Liberato 3 , 4 &
• Catarina Moreira 3  

Part of the book series: Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics ((SPBE))

1629 Accesses

3 Citations

This study reports two thematic areas that have been very relevant, in the last years, to Oporto as a tourism destination, focusing on attraction and competitiveness: sports and tourism. In this context, this research aims to understand the relevance of sports tourism, in Oporto as a tourism destination, using the analysis of two infrastructures, relevant to the city, which are still poorly explored, the Dragão Stadium and the FC Porto Museum. This study intends to be an important contribution to the scientific literature in the field of sports tourism, namely in the relationship between the Porto Football Club and Oporto as a tourism destination, regarding the definition of future strategies for collaboration and strengthening partnerships in a competitive perspective for both. Visioning the research objectives, a quantitative methodology was employed through the application of a questionnaire to 400 tourists/visitors in the city of Oporto. The data gathered confirm that the main reasons for the trip influence the visit to the Dragão stadium and the FC Porto Museum, and the assistance to a football game at the Dragão stadium influences the visit to the Dragão Stadium and the FC Porto Museum.

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The authors acknowledge the financial support of CiTUR, R&D unit funded by the FCT—Portuguese Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, under the scope of the project UID/BP/04470/2020.

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Liberato, D., Liberato, P., Moreira, C. (2021). The Role of Sports Tourism Infrastructures and Sports Events in Destinations Competitiveness. In: Katsoni, V., van Zyl, C. (eds) Culture and Tourism in a Smart, Globalized, and Sustainable World. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72469-6_9

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Value of Sport tourism in 2019 tops $7 Billion

Sep 27, 2021 | Announcements , Industry News , Press Release

The latest figures to assess the impact of Sport Tourism on the Canadian economy indicate that the industry generated $7.4 billion in value in the calendar year 2019.

The analysis, released by Sport Tourism Canada, was based on two surveys from Statistics Canada, the National Travel Survey (NTS) which covers domestic travel and the Visitor Travel Survey (VTS) which provides information from U.S. and overseas travellers.

“While the sport tourism industry both in Canada and internationally has been significantly impacted by the global pandemic since March of 2020, the analysis of the 2019 data indicates just how much value is associated with hosting sport events,” said Grant MacDonald, Chief Operating Officer, Sport Tourism Canada. “We anticipate with the safe return to holding events from the local level to international events, sport will definitely be a strong component in our overall economic recovery for Canada and at the community and provincial levels.”

At the provincial level , Ontario reaped the most benefit from visitor spending at $2.45 billion, followed by British Columbia at $1.72 billion and Quebec at $1.25. The city with the largest total visitor expenditure was Toronto at $1.1 billion, followed closely by Vancouver at $1.01 billion and then Montreal at $0.6 billion.

Spending on accommodation was the highest expenditure by visitors, followed by food and beverages, vehicle costs (gas/repairs/rental), sports/recreational activities and commercial transportation.

“We know that Canada will return to its position as an attractive host country in the near future, continued MacDonald. “We have proven from hosting several modified events in Canada that we can adapt and innovate to ensure the safe delivery of sport events at all levels.”

The 2019 numbers remained relatively stable from the 2018 data, which was updated at the end of 2018 upwards from the initial projection of $6.8 billion to $7.4 billion when the actual number of international visitors were factored in.

More details are available here .

The statistics in this report used the following data sources:

• Statistics Canada 2019  National Travel Survey  (public-use microdata file) Statistics Canada
• Statistics Canada 2019  Visitor Travel Survey* (U.S. and overseas travellers), Statistics Canada

* The VTS includes information regarding trips made by U.S. sameday visitors, U.S. overnight visitors and overseas overnight visitors. In previous years, visitor spending was allocated based on the province of entry into Canada. Thus if a traveller cleared customs in Vancouver before continuing their trip to the final destination (for example Calgary), all of the spending was allocated to British Columbia. This methodology makes use of reallocated travel expenditures. The microdata contains information as to the spending in each of up to 10 separate destinations visited as part of a trip. Almost 42% of international respondents indicated that they visited more than one destination with their total trip spending being allocated across the two (or more) destinations that they visited. This provides a more accurate assessment of the impact of sport tourism throughout Canada by reducing the spending allocated to gateway provinces (such as BC, Ontario, and Québec) and allocates more to other regions (i.e. Maritimes). As such, the provincial value of sport tourism is not consistent with previous years. It also makes historical comparisons of the volume of sport tourism, when broken out by region, more challenging as each ‘trip’ can consist of one or more ‘visits’ to multiple regions.

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Tourism System

A system consists of several parts that are interconnected and interrelated, each part influencing each other through its dynamic nature while responding to the external influences as well.  All the components within the system work to attain a common goal or purpose.  

An influence in one part of the system will be felt throughout the system.  It can be also referred to a spider’s web.   Ludwig von Bertalanffy,  a biologist has defined ‘ General system theory’  as a set of elements that experience interrelationship among themselves and with their external environments.

A system is an assemblage or interrelated combination of things or elements or components forming a unitary whole (Hall 2008).  Tourism can be referred to as a system as it reacts to the external environments like the social, political, technological and ecological.  Elements like attraction, transport, accommodation, facilities interact with each other while it interacts with the external environment too.

Concept of Tourism as a System

Tourism is conceptualized as a system by many scholars.  It was in the 1970s that the General Systems Theory was applied to the concept of tourism and it has resulted in a number of system theories of tourism.  Scholars like Leiper, Getz, Gunn and Mill and Morrison have suggested systems model for tourism.   In his book, tourism planning

(1979), Gunn put forth the “tourism fundamental system” that involved five components: tourist, transportation, attractions, services-facilities, and information-direction. Leiper (1979) developed the whole tourism systems based on the systems theory and identified   five basic components: tourists, generating regions, transit routes, destination regions, and a tourist industry operating within physical, cultural, social, economic, political, and technological environments. He conceptualized tourism as an open system.

Neil Leiper’s Whole Tourism System Model

Neil Leiper devised a Whole Tourism System Model in the year 1979 and the same was restructured in the year 1990.  It is completely based on the Systems Approach consisting of three major components or elements.  The following are the four components embedded in the Leiper’s model. 

Pic credit-  https://www.slideshare.net/Poddar25/got-3-module-1

I.  The Human Component:

 The Tourist

II.  The Geographical Component:

•      The Generating Region

•      Transit Route Region

•      The Destination Region

III. The Industrial Component 

Iv. the environmental component.

Leiper proposed six aspects within the model which are interrelated, interdependent and interact with each other and function as a group while responding to the external influences.  Thus it is an open system where influences are found within the system as well as external to the system. 

The human component consists of the tourists, the geographical component consists of traveler-generating regions, transit route regions and tourist-destination regions, the industrial component involving the various business and organizations that provide services and finally, the environmental component comprising of the social, technological, legal and ecological aspects.  

All these aspects weave together as a whole tourism system in a structural manner.  Figure-1 provides the pictorial representation of the Leiper’s model of the components of the tourism system.

1. The Human Component

The human component specified in the model is the tourists who undertake tourism to a destination of their interests.  A tourist is a person who traverses away from his place of residence to another place for a short span of stay with an aim to spend his holidays.  

A person can be called as a tourist if he stays for at least 24 hours and not more than one year in a destination either within the country or outside the country of residence not involving in any remunerative activity.   Tourism, according to the Oxford dictionary, is “the theory and practice of touring or travelling for pleasure”.

Tourists undertake different forms of tourism as per their need like recreation, pleasure, business, education, health, pilgrimage, culture and they are called as recreational tourists, pleasure tourists, business tourists, education tourists, health tourists, pilgrimage tourists and cultural tourists in that order.  

It is based on the motivational push that tourists undertake their trip to a particular destination.  It all happens with the available forms of tourism.  Therefore, it completely depends on the purposes of travel.

As per the definition of UNWTO’s (United Nations World Tourism Organization), “tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes”. It is clear from the definition that tourists are temporary residents of the destination of visit.  

After touring, they return to their original place of residence or their place of departure. According to Leiper (1979), the fundamentals of tourism are traced back to Greek origins, likened to a circle, reflecting a key component of tourism and returning to the point of departure.

2. The Geographic Component.

The geographic component refers to the geographical area involved in the tourism process.  Tourists depart from a geographical area – the place of origin, utilize a geographical route and reach a geographical area – the place of arrival or destination of visit.  

Similarly, they reach their area of origin after completion of the trip taking a complete cycle of the geographical components.  Thus, there are three geographical areas involved in the conduct of tourism.

The geographic components comprise of the following three aspects:

1.      Tourist Generating Region(TGR)

2.      Travel Route Region(TRR) and

3.      Tourist Destination Region(TDR) 

2.1 Tourism Generating Regions (TGR).

Tourism Generating Region refers to the place where the tourist starts and ends his tour.  It is the location of permanent residence from where he departs for tour and reaches after completion of trip. It is also referred to the source region of journey as well as the geographical area of demand. According to Dann (1977), it is the geographical setting pertaining to the motivational and behavioral pattern termed as “Push” factors.

‘Push’ factors are the intangible wishes or desires arising in the minds of a person. These are influenced by the social, psychological, and economic forces generated from within the person.

The aspects like mundane environment, exploration, self-evaluation, relaxation, prestige, family relations, and social interaction are found within the minds of the people of the tourist-generating region.  These pertain to the psychological push factors.  Influence of family, reference groups, social classes, culture, and sub-cultures are the factors pertaining to the social push factors.  

The demographic aspects like age, sex, educational qualification, income and marital status also contribute to the push factors.  The economic push factors are the disposable income added with the available leisure time joint together that play vital role in the tourist-generating region.  

Apart from the above mentioned factors in the tourist generating region, the aspects like ticketing services, tour operators, travel agents and marketing and promotional activities present in the departure area play a major role as push components.

2.2. Transit Route Region (TRR).

Transit route refers to the path throughout the region across which the tourist travels to reach his or her destination.  It is the path that links the tourist generating regions and the tourist destination regions, along which the tourists travel.  

When the tourists undertake a long haul, travel it is necessary to take a temporary stoppage called a transit route.  The transit route includes stopover points, which might be used for convenience of the tourist or due to the presence of various attractions throughout the travel route that can be visited by the tourists.

The transit route enables the tourists to change flight or stop for some time for refueling. The transit route might differ from the start of the travel from the generating region and ending of the travel from the destination region.  

The transit route may be crossed with the different types of transportation like air transport or rail transport or water transport or road transport or a combination of all these types of transports according to the necessity of the tourist. Thus, the transit rout region is a vital component in the tourism system.

2.3 Tourist Destination Region (TDR).

Tourist Destination Region refers to the destination, which the tourists prefer to visit during their travel.  It is the location, which attracts tourists for their temporary stay.  The destination region is the core component of tourism, as it is the region, which the tourist chooses to visit, and which the core element of tourism is based on.  It is the supply side of the tourism products that pull the tourists.

This component includes the natural attractions, cultural attraction, and various entertainment factors, accommodation, facilities, services, amenities, safety and security available in the destination of visit that ultimately pull the tourists. The new age tourists mostly demand now-a-days special interest tourism products available in the destination region. 

The qualitative aspects that are absent or lacking in the tourist-generating region and available in the tourist destination region form as the basic attractions that pull the tourists towards TDR.  The location has the attributes as anticipated by the tourists that retains loyal tourists from the generating regions

3. The Industrial Component..

The next important component in the Lieper’s model is the industry.  Industrial component refers to the businesses and organizations that promote tourism related products.  These firms thrive to cater to the needs and wants of the tourists.They impart full-fledged products and services to the tourists through attractions, accommodation, accessibility and amenities.

It is a composition of many small firms that provide tourist attractions and services to the tourists in an affordable manner. Tourism industry is not an individual entity and all the industrial components of the tourism industry function together as an amalgam as tourism cannot function in the absence of even a single aspect of the industrial component.  Tourism industry is a mixture of many industries.  They are:

•      Tourist Services Industry

•      Accommodation Industry

•      Transport Industry

•      Entertainment Industry

•      Tourist Attraction Industry

•      Shopping Industry

These industries are located in different places some in the tourist generating region and some in the destination region. The travel agents and tour operators are located in the tourist generating region who help in the arrangement of travel for the tourists.  

They do marketing activities motivating the tourists to visit specific destination regions while designing tailor made tourism products.  The travel agents and tour operators in  the destination region are facilitators of the tourists.  Thus, they form to be the tourist services industry.

The accommodation industry, the sub-component comprises of hotels, motels, resorts, guest- houses and home stays that provide temporary residential facility for the tourists.  There is variety of options in the accommodation sector affordable to the different category of tourists. The transport industry consists of four forms of transport like air, rail, sea and road transport.

A number of carriers are there in the transport industry transporting the tourists from the tourist-generating region to the tourist destination region through the transit route region.  It is one of the most indispensable components as tourism cannot happen without movement of people and transport industry solely takes care of it.

The entertainment industry pertains to the products provided in the destination region by the service providers with a motive to bring enjoyment, pleasure, fun, excitement, amusement and recreation to make the tourists’ leisure time fruitful and lively. Theaters, games, sports, gambling, bars and pubs are some of the products in the entertainment industry available in the destination region

The attraction industry comprises of the tourism experiences based on which tourists ultimately gets high level of satisfaction. Nature, culture, heritage, monuments, climate, beaches, events, sunshine, snow, are some of the attractions which pull the tourists towards the tourist destination region. Attractions are unique to the destinations, as these will not be found in the tourist-generating region.

Shopping Industry is another sub-component, which is unique to the destination region as tourists wish to shop products that are traditional or famous to that particular destination.  For example, Kashmir is famous for shawls and Gujarat is famous for saris.  

Therefore, tourists wish to buy souvenirs from the destinations and wherever they travel, they desire to go to some of the shopping malls to buy their choice products selected from souvenirs which happen to be ready-made wear, cosmetics / skin-care products, snacks / confectioneries, shoes/ other footwear, handbag /wallets/belts, souvenirs / handicrafts, medicine/ herbs, perfume, personal care and jewelry.

4. The Environmental Component.

The last component in the Leiper’s model of tourism system is the environment component that surrounds the three geographical regions.  Tourism is an open system and it interacts with the external environment. Environment is the surrounding circumstances that affect the tourism system and vice versa. These forces either induce positive or negative influences on the tourism system.  The environmental components that affect the tourism system are as follows:

1.      Political Factors

2.      Economic Factors

3.      Social/Cultural Factors

4.      Technological Factors

5.      Environmental Factors

6.      Legal Factors 

4.1 Political Factors

Political factors influences the tourism system according the available political situation.  An unstable political situation will hamstring the tourism development.  Tourism system will function effectively if there is political harmony and law and order are executed in a proper manner.  

It will further get developed in case the government enforces tourism policy planning, makes more investments in the tourism industry and ensures tax benefits.  If there is good relationship existing between the countries of the tourist generating region and tourist destination region tourism will flourish.  Otherwise tourism growth will be adversely affected.

4.2 Economic Factors

The economic factors influence the system of tourism as it is directly related to the per capita income of the tourist generating region, their disposable income and standard of living.  On the other hand if tourist destination region provides affordable tourism products and services tourism development is likely to go up.  

Therefore, the income and expenditure of the tourists will be balanced ensuring tourist flow.  Economic factors are also directly related to the general global financial situation.  The financial depression that was prevalent in the year 2008 had severely affected the tourism industry as the per capita income decreased all over the world.

4.3 Social/Cultural Factors

Social or cultural factors spell significant influences on the tourism system.  Based on the attitude of the local people in the tourism destination region the tourists of the generating region will be pulled towards it.  The experience of the tourists depends upon the receptive nature of the hosts of the destination.  

If aversion prevails over the behavior of the tourists in the minds of the host people, loyal tourists cannot be pulled by the destination region.  The tourists will not prefer to visit a destination which is not tourist friendly.

4.4 Technological Factors

Technology is another important factor that affects the tourism system.  Technology has been developing swiftly and it has spread its wings in all the sectors especially in tourism.  It has changed the travel behavior of the tourist of the generating region and the organizations of the tourism industry are using technology to market their their services and products of the tourist destination region.  

Internet is used by the tourists to gather information about the destinations, the transit routes and the attractions to decide on their travel.  They make reservations online instead of approaching the travel agents and tour operators – traditional methods of  distribution system.  The suppliers of the destination region and the transit route region like the airlines, hotels, and tourism attraction operators make direct contact with the tourists generating region and create great challenge to the intermediaries.

4.5 Environmental Factors

The environmental factors are related to the rich biodiversity existing in the tourist destination region.  The more the pressure given to the environmental chasteness more will be the impact on the biodiversity.  The ecosystem of the destination region is affected by the tourists of the generating region and the tourism industrial operators.

Negative impacts like pollution, loss of greeneries, congestion, over utilization creates the imperatives for making tourism sustainable for the future.  Therefore, such negative impacts have to be eliminated or reduced by the government creating awareness about sustainability of tourism resources in the minds of the stakeholders otherwise severe loss will be exerted on the tourism system.

4.6 Legal Factors

The legal factors refer to the prevalent law and order in the tourist generating region, transit route region and the tourist destination region. These laws act as a framework  to protect the tourists and the organizations of the tourism industry.  It leads to the proper development and management of tourism and the components of the tourism system.  There are laws pertaining to tourism infrastructure, conservation of natural rich biodiversity and the cultural resources.

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The Host Community and Its Role in Sports Tourism—Exploring an Emerging Research Field

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